Conditions Of Hunger Research Articles

A Comparison of the Reinforcing Value of a Nutritive and a Non-Nutritive Substance under Conditions of Specific and General Hunger

of hunger. The reinforcing agents used were glucose and saccharin. Glucose is known to reduce hunger whereas saccharin passes through the body unchanged.' Both, however, are preferred over water by rats in a free-drinking situation.2 Furthermore, Sheffield and Roby have shown that saccharin has reinforcing value for learning of a simple T-maze under conditions of general hunger.3 Most experiments designed to examine the effect of different conditions of hunger upon the reinforcing value of a stimulus or upon the performance of learned behavior have defined the hunger in terms of the amount of food deprivation. Simple food deprivation gives rise to what we may call a general hunger. There are, however, other techniques of manipulating the hunger-drive. These usually consist of removal of some specific nutritive substance from the diet. This produces a specific hunger. The present experiment compares the effects upon reinforcement and performance of a general hunger for food with that of a specific hunger for calories.

山羊の第一胃内に棲息する繊毛蟲類に關する研究 (第1報)

With the aim to study physiological value of the rumen infusoria to their host ruminants, the following items were investigated with 8 Saanen Goats:(1) the species of infusoria present in rumen of each goat, (2) the time to appear in kid's rumen after birth, (3) the distribution of Infusoria in a goat stomach, (4) the numerical changes of infusoria per cc of rumen contents under the various feeding and hunger conditions and during conception.(1) The species of infusoria found in those goats' rumen are as follows:(2) While two kids were fed on milk alone, any Infusoria could not be found in their rumen contents. However some species of Entodinium appeared even in a small number on the third day since they began to receive some hay, and Diplo. maggi did after 8 days.(3) From our observation of a slaughtered goat's stomach, the infusoria were distributed equally in both the rumen and the reticulum with a great majority (80-90%), but in the omasum only a few were found in dead forms and nane in the abomasum.From this fact it is considered that the infusoria multiply in the rumen and reticulum, and synthesize protein to construct their own bodies obtaining the raw material from the ingested food, and when they are sent to the abomasum with the ruminated ingesta, infusoria protein may be digested.(4) The numbers of rumen infusoria varied by changing the ration of their hosts as follows:From the above data it may be said that the numbers of infusoria increase when the hosts inges a good deal of plant protein, but Diplodinium can not multiply actively in such rumen condition below pH 6.8 as appeared during the oat alone feeding period.(5) Under the hunger condition the numbern of infusoria decreased promptly, and the rumes content was almost free from infusoria on the 72nd hunger hour.(6) The remarkable tendency to increase in the number of rumeninfusoria as pregnancy advances which had been pointed out by FERBER was not observed.

Observations on the cannibalism in the Hynobius.

Cannibalism in Hynobius leechii Boulenger was observed in relation to appetite and size of life circle. The conclusions are as follow : Cannibalism was observed only in the hunger condition. In 15 individuals out of 127 of the hunger groups this behavior appeared. Smaller size of the aquarium was in. favor of its appearance. The animals, however, preferred Tubificidae to their companion as food. Through the experiment the animals of the hunger groups lived for more than one month without any food, and their genetic development corresponded with that of the food group. These hunger animals have had normal appetite for Tubificidae even after the experiment.

ON THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS KINDS OF NUTRITION UPON THE ACETALDEHYDE FORMATION IN THE LIVER

ON THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS KINDS OF NUTRITION UPON THE ACETALDEHYDE FORMATION IN THE LIVER: Report II. I. The acetaldehyde formation in the liver of dogs in a condition of hunger. II. The acetaldehyde formation in the liver of dogs nourished by a protein-fat diet. III. The acetaldehyde formation in the liver of dogs damaged with carbon tetrachioride Get access KOKUSHO RI KOKUSHO RI Medical Clinic of Nagasaki Medical CollegeJapan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Biochemistry, Volume 31, Issue 2, March 1940, Pages 215–241, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a125947 Published: 01 March 1940 Article history Received: 26 December 1939 Published: 01 March 1940

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE STOMACH

Recent studies by Carlson 1 and his co-workers emphasize the importance and the relative simplicity of an accurate study of hunger in normal and pathologic conditions. Cannon and Carlson have shown that the sensations of hunger are due to regular periodic contractions of the stomach. Deviations from the normal hunger sensations are associated with changes in the character of the hunger contractions and stomach tonus. This has been demonstrated in man and animals in many conditions such as gastric ulcer, gastric carcinoma, diabetes and gastritis. Meyer and Carlson 2 studied the condition of hunger and appetite in fever and found that the hunger contractions are absent in temporary fevers when the temperature reaches 103 F. and over, and that the dogs will not eat when febrile. USUAL SYMPTOMS Loss of appetite and absence of hunger are well recognized clinical manifestations of early and advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. The close relationship between the temperature

IX. Contribution to the study of intestinal rest and movement

Experiments were made upon a dog in which a Weller’s fistula had been established. The length of the isolated intestine (upper part of the jejunum) was 18·5 cm. By merely observing the mouths of the fistula, it was ascertained that during a condition of hunger, periods of complete quiescence, varying from two to twelve minutes, occur. At any time, however, contractions having a very regular rhythm, might make themselves manifest. On food being presented to the animal, immediately after swallowing and for some time after ingestion the movements became much more active and persistent. Some hours (four to five) after a full meal they fell to their minimum.