Metabolism In Human Body Research Articles

Rethinking phage-bacteria-eukaryotic relationships and their influence on human health

There is a rapidly growing body of research demonstrating the unique and often surprising mechanisms by which bacteriophages, specialized viruses of bacteria, can influence human health and disease states. This can occur directly by shaping their bacterial host's ecology through top-down pressure or via more indirect routes, including influencing the human body's metabolism or immune system. These microbial interactions can affect health and disease states in both the local environment or by influencing the body's distal organs or systems. Here we provide an update on the current understanding of bacteriophages' influence on human health within the context of tripartite symbioses with their bacterial and human hosts.

Disposable and portable gold nanoparticles modified - laser-scribed graphene sensing strips for electrochemical, non-enzymatic detection of glucose

Glucose is one of the most important metabolites and a primary nutrient in human body metabolism. Abnormal levels of glucose can cause diabetes mellitus and related complications. Here, we developed a disposable and portable non-enzymatic glucose sensor strip based on gold-nanoparticles (AuNPs)-modified laser-scribed graphene electrode (LSGE). Disposable LSGEs, with a highly porous structure, were fabricated by laser scribing on a commercially available polyimide plastic sheets, followed by electrodepositing of AuNPs, that are electrocatalytic for glucose oxidation. The laser scribing process was optimised in term of laser power, laser speed and pulse per inch (PPI). The effect of number of the electrochemical deposition cycles of AuNPs on LSGE was also investigated and optimised. The sensor provides a linear detection range for the glucose concentrations between 10 µM to 10 mM with a limit of detection of 6.3 µM and shows a good selectivity towards interfering agents, such as urea L-ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine, and Na+. The LSGE/AuNP strips have a potential to be used as disposable glucose sensor strips for point-of-care glucose measurements, including self-monitoring and nutrition management.

Systemic cross-talk between brain, gut, and peripheral tissues in glucose homeostasis: effects of exercise training (CROSSYS). Exercise training intervention in monozygotic twins discordant for body weight

BackgroundObesity and physical inactivity are major global public health concerns, both of which increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Regulation of glucose homeostasis involves cross-talk between the central nervous system, peripheral tissues, and gut microbiota, and is affected by genetics. Systemic cross-talk between brain, gut, and peripheral tissues in glucose homeostasis: effects of exercise training (CROSSYS) aims to gain new systems-level understanding of the central metabolism in human body, and how exercise training affects this cross-talk.MethodsCROSSYS is an exercise training intervention, in which participants are monozygotic twins from pairs discordant for body mass index (BMI) and within a pair at least the other is overweight. Twins are recruited from three population-based longitudinal Finnish twin studies, including twins born in 1983–1987, 1975–1979, and 1945–1958. The participants undergo 6-month-long exercise intervention period, exercising four times a week (including endurance, strength, and high-intensity training). Before and after the exercise intervention, comprehensive measurements are performed in Turku PET Centre, Turku, Finland. The measurements include: two positron emission tomography studies (insulin-stimulated whole-body and tissue-specific glucose uptake and neuroinflammation), magnetic resonance imaging (brain morphology and function, quantification of body fat masses and organ volumes), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (quantification of fat within heart, pancreas, liver and tibialis anterior muscle), echocardiography, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue biopsies, a neuropsychological test battery as well as biosamples from blood, urine and stool. The participants also perform a maximal exercise capacity test and tests of muscular strength.DiscussionThis study addresses the major public health problems related to modern lifestyle, obesity, and physical inactivity. An eminent strength of this project is the possibility to study monozygotic twin pairs that share the genome at the sequence level but are discordant for BMI that is a risk factor for metabolic impairments such as insulin resistance. Thus, this exercise training intervention elucidates the effects of obesity on metabolism and whether regular exercise training is able to reverse obesity-related impairments in metabolism in the absence of the confounding effects of genetic factors.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03730610. Prospectively registered 5 November 2018.

Silica‐Templated Metal Organic Framework‐Derived Hierarchically Porous Cobalt Oxide in Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Glucose Sensing

AbstractAs glucose molecules are well recognized to supplement the main energy source of living cells as the intermediate product of metabolism in human body, it is of great importance to develop a convenient and quantitative glucose sensor with high selectivity, high sensitivity, and high accuracy. In this work, a simple and novel strategy has been developed to obtain a high‐performance non‐enzymatic glucose sensor by constructing hierarchically porous Co3O4 embedded into the metal organic framework (MOF)‐derived N‐doped carbon matrix based on a SiO2 template, denoted as ST‐Co3O4. The removal of the SiO2 template creates abundant voids and a large specific surface for the obtained layered mesoporous ST‐Co3O4 composite, which enhances the electron transfer kinetics and the ability to adsorb biomolecules, further greatly improving the surface reaction efficiency and promoting the improvement of its catalytic performance. Compared with pure Co3O4 nanoparticles from ZIF‐67 without a silica template, as‐obtained ST‐Co3O4 shows a good mesoporous environment, provides more active sites, and makes the non‐enzymatic glucose sensor exhibit high sensitivity (2860 μA mM−1 cm−2) and fast response time (<1 s) over a wide linear glucose concentration range of 1.0–1300.0 μM. Additionally, the ST‐Co3O4/CC electrode demonstrates good anti‐interference, high repeatability, and robust stability (>3000 s), which can repeatedly detect the glucose species in real human serum (RSD<9.69 %, n=3), and shows broad prospects in non‐enzymatic sensors.

RECONSTRUCTION, VERIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF WBC MEASUREMENTS DATED 1986 THAT WERE INPUTTED TO ELECTRONIC DATABASE IN 2019-2021.

In 2013-2015 during a revision of databases (DB) of WBC measurements results dated1986-2014, it was discovered a great amount of paper carriers with information about WBC measurements, includ-ing the ones dated 1986, that were not inputted to the electronic DB. The paper carriers were systematized andordered by the following indicators: place of residence of a person and place of WBC measurement, institution andoperator that made the measurement, measurement device and date of measurement. For a comfortable inputtingof the information to the electronic DB, it was additionally created a form which exists as an option in existing program complex Silbody (Version 19.0.9). In the revised DB of WBC measurements dated 1986 internal exposure dosesfrom radio-cesium of Chornobyl origin were computed based on an ecological and dosimetric model for radio-cesiummigration in environment and a model for radio-cesium metabolism in human body. In the work, mathematical andstatistical methods of research were used. In 2019-2021 additionally 35,319 notes were inputted to the electronic DB of WBC measurement dated1986, and as a result its volume increased in 2.2 times. Mostly those are data on results concerning residents of Kyiv,Zhytomyr, Donetsk, Cherkasy, Odessa, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Rivne Oblasts. It was established the information onmeasurement devices and respectively on the minimal detected activity (MDA) for 27,119 notes (76.7 % of all newentered). Information is reconstructed about the body mass of all persons under investigation. Evaluation is madefor values of intake of incorporated radionuclides 137Cs and 134Cs for all new entered to DB. Quality of reconstructedinformation was analyzed. To group 1, «qualitative», it was classified 18,598 notes (53 % of all new entered), measurements in 1986 (including new entered). Dose not exceeding 1 mSv was obtained by 80 % of adults (older than20), as well as 73 % of persons younger than 20. To DB of WBC measurements, it was additionally inputted 35,319 notes on results of measurementsdated 1986. New entered information is verified and distributed by the quality groups. Individual exposure dosesevaluated based on those data can be used for further scientific research.

Comparative analysis of thermodynamics of a human organism from the standpoint of waste formation as compared to artificial technologies

The paper studies the features of the functioning of the human body from the standpoint of its thermodynamism. A conditional cybernetic model of the human body metabolism has been compiled, it reflecting the main routes of energy input and expenditure. The approximate material and energy balance of the human body in metaphysical terms has been calculated. Comparative characteristics of a human being and some technical systems are presented as waste-forming in terms of comparable indicators of affinity functions an and rejection functions gn. The correlation between the thermodynamic parameters of the most ancient technologies, such as production of cheese, wine, bread, that is, the first truly artificial food technologies in comparison with the thermodynamics of the production of the human body itself, has been estimated, at least in relation to such indicators as affinity and rejection functions. It has been shown that all thermal processes occurring in the human body are thermodynamically stable and clearly nonequilibrium, which indicates its high thermodynamic efficiency in relation to waste products, and the state of thermodynamic equilibrium or close to it only results from either the inhibition of this system or its death. The condition of thermodynamic nonequilibrium in a biological system has been presented in terms of affinity and rejection functions, as for a waste generating system in terms of graph theory. It has been shown that the body, in conditions of such a balance of the parameters of the feedstock (food), with a certain frequency, turns it into amino acids, carbon dioxide, water, etc., thereby independently preventing the achievement of instant thermodynamic equilibrium. The entropy of the human body depends on the efficiency of its work aimed at maintaining its functions (PAM) and on the performance of external work (PAL) and depends on the conditions of the course of both metabolism and catabolism. The paper presents a solution to the problem of conditions of thermodynamic dualism for the human body, by analogy and in comparison with artificial technologies. Using the function diagrams and , a comparative analysis has been carried out, confirming the existence of conditions for thermodynamic nonequilibrium and thermodynamic bi-unity of metabolic processes in the human body. The conditions of thermodynamic stability have been calculated for the human body at rest, for moderate work, for physically hard work. It has been shown that such data coincide with the diagrams of thermodynamic stability plotted for water, aqueous solutions, various states of aggregation of water, in view of the fact that 80% of the human body consists of this fluid

Computer-Aided Estimation of Biological Activity Profiles of Drug-Like Compounds Taking into Account Their Metabolism in Human Body.

Most pharmaceutical substances interact with several or even many molecular targets in the organism, determining the complex profiles of their biological activity. Moreover, due to biotransformation in the human body, they form one or several metabolites with different biological activity profiles. Therefore, the development and rational use of novel drugs requires the analysis of their biological activity profiles, taking into account metabolism in the human body. In silico methods are currently widely used for estimating new drug-like compounds’ interactions with pharmacological targets and predicting their metabolic transformations. In this study, we consider the estimation of the biological activity profiles of organic compounds, taking into account the action of both the parent molecule and its metabolites in the human body. We used an external dataset that consists of 864 parent compounds with known metabolites. It is shown that the complex assessment of active pharmaceutical ingredients’ interactions with the human organism increases the quality of computer-aided estimates. The toxic and adverse effects showed the most significant difference: reaching 0.16 for recall and 0.14 for precision.

Flavonoids: Biosynthesis, Metabolism, Mechanism of Antioxidation and Clinical Implications: A Review

Flavonoids are the molecules derived from a core molecule flavan which are synthesized in plants and microbes by a complex process catalyzed by enzymes located in endoplasmic reticulum. These exist in human body in association with glycosides which can be absorbed in small intestine and are metabolized further in liver. This review consolidates the Biosynthesis of flavonoids in plant systems, its metabolism in human body, the role of different rings and groups on the antioxidant potential of flavonoids, the chemical mechanisms of its actions and finally clinical implications of these molecules against Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis and cancers.

Relationship between Escherichia coli and colon cancer

Microbiota in the intestine provides major benefits to human health. The development of these microbiota depends on the individual's diet and lifestyle and is reflected in the impact of the microbiota on the body's energy and metabolism. In a normal healthy environment, Escherichia coli grows healthy and reflecting in the human body's metabolism. However, it has been known that there is linking the community of bacterial structure factors of the intestinal microbiota to colorectal cancer development and progression, E. coli can infect and cause changes in the gut that can finally lead to cellular transformation. Thus, chronic inflammation induced by E. coli during inflammatory bowel disease predisposes an individual to colorectal cancer. E. coli is a type species of the genus Escherichia. E. coli is a Gram-negative bacillus, facultative anaerobe, motile. E. coli producing many of toxin such as colibactin is a hybrid nonribosomal peptide-polyketide encoded by polyketide synthase (pks) can induce DNA double-strand breaks leading to chromosomal aberrations and increases the frequency of gene mutations and able to induce senescence-associated secretome to contribute to colon cancer development. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the bioactivity of E. coli on colon cell that has transformed to a cancer cell and to understand the E. coli as microbiota behavior in a certain environment the effect of this new environment on its activities.

Bioavailability and health benefits of major isoflavone aglycones and their metabolites

Isoflavones are stored in various plants and widely present in different kinds of food in variable amounts. However, isoflavone aglycones are found less frequently in natural products, a greater amount of isoflavone aglycones are found in fermented food. Isoflavone aglycones are more lipid soluble and thus easily able to go through the intestinal villi, resulting in increased bioavailability and greater bioactivity than glucosides. Recently, isoflavone aglycone and its metabolites were applied in different diseases in numerous studies. Thus, this review organizes and collects newly-found reports of aglycones and their metabolites’ bioavailability toward metabolism in human body, and the application in the prevention and treatment of various disorders such as cancers, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders and osteoporosis from the past decade providing the latest findings and evidence in different pathways.

Prevalence of gynecological and obstetric disorders in patients associated with thyroid dysfunction

Thyroid gland is the most vital endocrine gland which plays a major role in growth, development and metabolism of human body. Thyroid dysfunction is an important causative factor of gynecological and obstetric abnormalities. This is an observational study conducted at Obstetrics and Gynecology department of a private hospital in Warangal district. A total of 60 patients were recruited in the present study after satisfying all inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among 255 patients with gynecological complaints, 195 patients (76 %) were euthyroid, 59 patients (23 %) were hypothyroid and 1 patient (01 %) had hyperthyroidism. Among 60 patients with thyroid dysfunction, the most common menstrual disorder observed was oligomenorrhoea. Predominant gynecological disorders associated with thyroid dysfunction were PCOS and Fibroid uterus (51 %). The most common obstetric conditions associated with thyroid disorders are Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH), miscarriage and oligohydramnios all together accounting for 67 %. As thyroid disorders may accompany with alterations in menstrual and reproductive function of women, screening for thyroid dysfunction should be made an integral part of investigations and in the treatment of gynecological and obstetric disorders.

भारतीय महिलांच्या आहाराचा अभ्यास (Dietary Study of Indian Women)

Marathi Abstract: साराश : अनन, वसतर, निवारा या मानवाचया पराथमिक गरजा आहत. भारतात कलया जाणाऱया सरवकषणावरन अस लकषात यत की बहताश लोकाचा आहार हा पौषटीकतचया दषटीन अतयत अपरा असतो. महिलाच आरोगय उततम राहणयासाठी योगय परमाणत आहारातील सरव पोषक घटक मिळण आवशयक आह. शरीराला जया दरजाचा अननपरवठा होईल तयावर शरीराचया करिया अवलबन असतात. महिलाना परतयक अवसथतील आहार हा वगवगळा घयावा लागतो. उदा. किशोरावसथतील आहार, गरभावसथतील आहार, दगधसजन काळातील आहार. गरभावसथत तिन घतललया आहारावर बालकाच आरोगय अवलबन असत. गरभावसथत जर महिलन समतोल आहार घतला नाही तर नाही तर कपोषीत बालक जनमाला यत. गरामीण भागातील महिलचया आरोगयाचाविचार कलयास अस दिसन यत की गरिबी, अजञान यामळ ज पोषक घटक मिळायला पाहिज त मिळत नाही व याचा परिणाम महिलचया आरोगयावर होतो. English Abstract: Food, clothing, shelter are basic needs of human. According to a survey conducted in India, the diet of most of the people is very inadequate hence they cannot get proper nutrition. Women should get all the nutritional contents in order to maintain their health. The amount and quality of food decides the rate of metabolism of human body. Women have to take a different diet for each stage, for example adolescent diet, pregnancy diet, in the period of lactation. The health of the baby depends on the diet taken by women during her pregnancy. If a woman does not eat a balanced diet during her pregnancy, a malnourished child is born. Due to poverty and lack of knowledge regarding nutritious diet, women in rural area doesn’t get the proper diet which affects their health.

Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Serum Adiponectin Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background: Adiponectin, a well-known adipokine plays a number of regulatory actions in human body metabolism. Decreased levels of adiponectin have been reported in type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and hypertension. Coenzyme Q10 (Co Q10) is a fat-soluble antioxidant substance which has been reported to be effective in several metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance and inflammation. Objective: Present systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to assess the effects of CoQ10 supplementation on adiponectin serum level. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed in electronic databases including EMBASE, Google scholar, and PubMed up to January 2018. A meta-analysis of eligible studies was performed using random effects model to estimate pooled effect size of CoQ10 supplementation on adiponectin. Results: A total of 209 subjects were recruited from 5 eligible studies. Meta-analysis did not suggest any significant effect of CoQ10 supplementation on adiponectin serum level (0.240 mg/dl, 95%CI: -0.216, 0.696, P= 0.303), without significant heterogeneity between included studies (I2= 40.9%, p= 0.149). Conclusion: Although present meta-analysis did not indicate any significant effects of CoQ10 supplementation on serum adiponectin levels but future long-term dose-response trials are needed before any firm conclusion.

Estimation of trace elements (selenium, iron) and their biological effect in serum levels of breast cancer patients

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly occurring cancer that records a significant percentage of all cancers among women. The most common type of BC is ductal carcinoma. The trace elements, selenium (Se) and iron (Fe), have an important role in the metabolism of human body in which they have very vital biological effect on the enzymes involved in antioxidants and immune system. Materials and Methods: Venous blood samples were collected into plain vials from 50 patients and 50 controls, which were transported to the laboratory on ice and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min, and the serum was stored at −4°C until the day of mineral estimation, using SHIMADZU Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AA7000 using Graphite Furnace Technique. Results: There was a significant (P 0.05) in the serum of BC patients as compared with normal healthy controls. Conclusion: We found a significant association between trace elements (serum Se and Fe) with BC.

Physiological relevance of food antioxidants.

Dietary antioxidants are associated with prevention of oxidative stress related chronic diseases including certain types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in extending the knowledge on their physiological effects in human body. There are numbers of epidemiological, clinical, meta-analysis, and in vitro studies to explain formation mechanisms of each chronic diseases as well as the potential effects of dietary antioxidants on these diseases and gut health. Comprehensive studies for food antioxidants' journey from dietary intake to target tissues/organs deserve a serious consideration to have a clear understanding on the physiological effects of dietary antioxidants. Therefore, absorption and metabolism of dietary antioxidants, and the factors affecting their absorption, such as solubility of antioxidants, food matrix, and interaction between antioxidants have been evaluated in several research articles. This chapter provides an overview about potential health effects of dietary antioxidants considering with their absorption and metabolism in human body.

Pyridine functionalized carbon dots for specific detection of tryptophan in human serum samples and living cells

Tryptophan (Trp) serves as an essential amino acid in protein and peptide metabolism of human body. Sensitive detection and quantification of Trp is imperative for the early diagnosis and prevention of Trp-associated disease. Herein, a highly sensitive and selective carbon quantum dot (Py-CDs) was fabricated and synthesized by a high-efficiency, one-pot hydrothermal route utilizing pyridine (Py) derivative 3-aminoisonicotinic acid. The biosensor with superior optical and biological characteristics exhibited excellent water solubility, good photostability, high biocompatibility and great cellular imaging capability. The Py-CDs exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity toward Trp with low detection limits of 5.7 nM. The mechanism research of high selectivity revealed the surface pyridine ring of Py-CDs served as an active site and formed the table nonfluorescence composite with tryptophan within just 15 s. Meanwhile, the biosensor has realized tryptophan detection in human serum samples with satisfactory accuracy and recovery. Furthermore, the biosensor was also extended to efficient detection of intracellular Trp, which illustrated its bright prospect and great potential in practical application of tryptophan associated disease prevention and early clinical diagnosis.

HUMAN AS A PHYSIOLOGICAL SOURCE OF DETERIORATION OF THE AIR QUALITY AND COMFORT CONDITIONS INDOORS

It is imperative a model be developed that can assess the difference between the amount of CO2, generated within the human body and the amount of CO2 that is ejected by the body as a function of indoor air parameters. This model would allow the assessment of the amount of the CO2 which is not ejected by the body through exhalation and which have to be neutralized and ejected by the body through other mechanisms or have to be accumulated in the body depots. Currently, there is no experimental data that allows for predicting the amount of CO2, ejected through the blood gas exchange in the lungs as a function of CO2 concentration in the inhaled air. Our study, conducted within the AIRMEN project, aims to research the phenomenology of the human body as a physiological source of the deterioration of both the indoor environment and conditions of comfort and in particular on the indoor air quality. It is based on an experimental investigation of the external result from the human body metabolism and gas exchange in the lungs. The results of this study make it possible to logically define the limits of the permissible CO2 concentration in the indoor air for the different air quality categories indoors.

Molybdenum Cofactor Biology and Disorders Related to Its Deficiency; A Review Study

Background: Molybden, as a vital and essential micronutrient is directly involved in the metabolism of other elements including carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. Molybdenum alone is not biologically active unless it binds to specific cofactors. Except for the bacterial nitrogenase, which contains molybdenum-Iron complex, molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is considered as the bioactive component placed in active site regions of molybdenum-containing enzymes. This review aimed to discuss the biological mechanisms involved in molybdenum metabolism highlighting Molybdenum cofactor deficiencies. Methods: Articles indexed in Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were used to extract the required information. Results: Moco, as the cofactor of sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrite reductase plays a substantial role in maintaining normal body homeostasis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Lack of Moco is found to be associated with many inborn genetic disorders, such as mental retardation, brain immaturity, nervous shocks, and neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusion: Moco insufficiency compromises normal human body metabolism since it is reported to regulate the metabolic pathways of other elements. Although in recent years, substitution- and gene-therapies have been introduced to restore the metabolic pathways of patients with MoCD type A and B, the definitive treatment for this type of inborn disease has still remained ill-defined. More investigations are needed to completely understand the underlying pathophysiology of molybdenum-related diseases.

An Performance Analysis of Thyroid Tumor Detection using CANFES Classification with Optimized Features

The human body metabolism is maintained by proper segregation of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland. The abnormal cells are formed in this thyroid gland due to improper food habits and genes from forefathers. These abnormal cells lead to the development of tumor regions in the thyroid gland. In this paper, a tumor region in thyroid ultra sound image is detected and segmented using Co-Active Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Expert System (CANFES) classification framework with its improved performance. The proposed framework is split into three main modules as Enhancement, Gabor transform, CANFES classification trained by feature extraction process with tumor segmentation method. The extracted features are optimized using Genetic Algorithm (GA). The CANFES classification with GA improves approximately 2.5% of classification rate when compared with CANFES classification without GA This proposed system achieves 97.7% of sensitivity, 99.8% of specificity and 99.1% of accuracy.

On a Novel, Simplified Model Framework Describing Ascorbic Acid Concentration Dynamics.

Ascorbic acid is an essential aminoacid which interacts in several parts of the human body metabolism. The ascorbic acid concentration is controlled by homeostasis, a biological, autonomous control function in the body. Humans are not able to produce ascorbic acid, and the ascorbic acid concentration is maintained by daily oral digestion. Ascorbic acid is buffered in various tissues, such as the adrenal glands, brain, muscles, and other. Excessive ascorbic acid is extracted from the body through urine and intestines. Measuring ascorbic acid concentration in the body is challenging, and special procedures must be followed when extracting a blood sample and performing a concentration analysis. This paper presents a novel, simplified model framework of the ascorbic acid homeostasis in the human body plasma and tissues, including tissues such as adrenal glands, brain, liver, muscles and bone marrow. These tissues also act as ascorbic acid concentration buffers, in case of low oral supply. The dynamic model framework is based on mass balances of ascorbate acid in various tissues, including tissue buffer terms involving the intestine, kidney, adrenal glands, and other critical and noncritical tissues. The interaction between buffer tissues and fluids is maintained by the body homeostasis using chemical transport protein molecules. Additional usage terms describing energy metabolism, body growth, and immune system response are also included. This dynamic model framework, including the ascorbic acid concentration control system, is simulated with assumed parameters based on available literature. The results indicates that further investigations using experiments, in addition to adaptive model parameter estimation schemes and additional model verification tests are needed in order to identify the various model framework parameters to fit the human body ascorbic acid homeostasis and pharmacokinetics.