HOMER Software Research Articles

Feasibility analysis of hybrid photovoltaic, wind, and fuel cell systems for on–off‐grid applications: A case study of housing project in Bangladesh

AbstractThis study investigates the viability of hybrid photovoltaic (PV), wind, and fuel cell (FC) systems for on‐grid and off‐grid operations for the Ashrayan‐3 housing project in Bangladesh, with an increased focus on sustainable energy solutions. Motivated by the issue of the delivery of proper and sustainable energy services to remote locations, we conducted an extensive analysis of load demand and found that an average daily demand of 46,176.65 kWh exists, with a peak load of 4852.8 kW. In this research, the HOMER software has been used to make a simulation of five different hybrid system configurations with differing mixes of renewable technologies. From the analyses, the systems based 100% on renewable resources suffer more initial capital costs, with a total net present cost increase of up to 20%, in comparison to conventional systems. On the other hand, the systems give much lower operational costs and cost of energies (COEs) of a minimum of $0.0253/kWh, reported from the on‐grid PV‐based system. On the other hand, the off‐grid PV–FC–wind turbine system showed a COE of $0.286/kWh, along with a decrease in CO2 emissions by about 15,000 kg/year, showing a 30% decrease, compared with on‐grid systems. The results form a basis for the conclusion that such hybrid renewable energy systems are both economically and environmentally feasible. They can reduce COEs by up to 70% in off‐grid systems. This proves that the quality of life and energy security in developing regions will be highly increased, supporting the goals of sustainable development.

Design and Economic Analysis of a Grid-Tied Microgrid Using Homer Software

The demand for electrical energy is increasing due to reasons such as economic growth, industrialization and electrification. The world responds to a large part of this electricity demand with fossil fuel-based production. However, the constraints on the sustainability of fossil resources and the negative effects of fossil-based production on nature have made renewable energy one of the most talked about concepts in the energy sector in recent years. After Russian – Ukrainian conflict, the effects of political crises between countries were seen in the field of energy, and many countries faced the risk of energy supply and high pricing policies. With its easy integration of renewable energy and its structure that reduces dependency in energy, Microgrids (MGs) are important for the energy systems of the future. However, the environmental dependence of renewable energy prevents it from being used as an absolute energy source in systems. In this study, a microgrid design for the city of Duquesne, USA whose main sources of electricity generation are solar and wind, has been realized and electrical and economic analyzes have been made over different scenarios as grid-tied, limited grid activation and standalone. Scenarios are evaluated on Net Present Value (NPV), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), installation cost and renewable penetration. The grid-tied scenario, which reduces the LCOE by around 33% compared to the existing grid has been determined as the most economic option.

Optimal Arrangements of Renewable Energy Systems for Promoting the Decarbonization of Desalination Plants

In this research, a renewable energy hybrid system (PV-Wind) is modeled to compare different design options based on their economic and technical features. The energy requirements of a Reversible Osmosis desalination plant located on the island of Tenerife with a water production capacity of up to 20,000 m3/day was considered. The system is connected to the electricity grid. The HOMER software, version 2.75 was used to produce optimum strategies for renewable energy. The assumptions input into the model were: the technical specifications of the devices, electricity demand of the desalination plant, as well as the solar radiation and the wind speed potentials. Numerous arrangements were considered by the software, version 2.75. The optimal results were obtained based on the use of renewable energy. The data used in the study were recorded in Tenerife in the Canary Islands. The experience of this research could be transferred to other Atlantic islands with similar renewable energy sources (specifically the wind) and water scarce conditions.

Building integrated photovoltaic with hydrogen storage as a sustainable solution in Iranian rural healthcare centers

The reliable and sustainable energy source for supplying energy demand of rural health clinic centers (RHCC) is very important especially in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. However, diesel generator due to the fuel supply and environmental challenges can’t be a sustainable source. In this regard a standalone energy system based on solar with hydrogen storage/fuel cell system is proposed to solve this issue. In the present study, five regions with different climatic conditions in Iran are considered and the layout are evaluated for the first time in RHCC with a load demand of about 10 kWh/day. HOMER software is used to optimize the size of the equipment. The results showed the capacity factor (CF) of photovoltaic panels is about 17.4–20.4%, while the CF of electrolyzers is 17–25%. The CF of fuel cell remains similar at about 36–37%. The net present value of the systems ranges 22,000–27,000$ and the levelized cost of electricity ranges 0.28–0.34 $/kWh, with the lowest (highest) values in Kerman(Gylan). The proposed system reduced the consumption of approximately 1,830 L of diesel, resulting in significant environmental benefits. The hybrid renewable energy system combining solar and hydrogen storage can be considered as sustainable solution in RHCC in Iran.

Optimisation of an On-grid Hybrid Energy System: A Case Study of the Main Campus of the University of Abuja, Nigeria

The challenge of meeting the energy demands of institutions and organisations in an economically viable and environmentally friendly manner is becoming more and more complex especially in developing countries like Nigeria. This work presents a resilient hybrid renewable energy system to supply the electric power requirement of the main campus of the University of Abuja, Nigeria, estimated as 900 kW at a consumption rate of 6300 kWh/day. HOMER software was used as the modelling tool for simulations, optimizations, and sensitivity analyses carried out to explore the feasibility of utilizing Abuja’s (MSW) in hybrid with the mini hydro power potential of River Wuye and solar PV resources to meet the load demand of the campus. The hybrid plant has the following component specifications:hydro resourcenominal flow rate is 14.5 m3/s; maximum head is 10 m and potential capacity is 885 kW;MSW plant specifications were determined to be 500 kW capacity, waste treatment of 2.3 ton/day; lower calorific value for MSW of 15.84 MJ/kg with the solar PV component having a capacity of 500 kW. Total installation cost for the hybrid plant for the 2 MW hybrid plant was determined to be ₦5.44 billion (US$7.225 million) with annual energy generation calculated to be 799,000 kWh/yr. The net present cost for the simulated system was found to be ₦ 9.37 billion ($12,486,120) with the corresponding LCOE being ₦55.2/kWh ($0.0736/kWh). The carbon emission was estimated to be 7.33 g per day which approximates to a net zero emission, demonstrating the environmental friendliness of renewable energy sources utilised. Sensitivity analysis performed on the system using project life span, inflation rate, solar irradiance, MSW’s lower heating value (LHV), capacity shortage and the annual average volumetric flow rate of River Wuye showed that the net present cost increased with increasing plant life while the levelized cost of energy reduces with increasing life from ₦55.02/kWh for plant life of 25 years to ₦43.73/kWh for 30 years.

Investigation of self-excited induction generator for supporting domestic loads and its extension to a microgrid

This study provides a technical and financial analysis for the incorporation of a microgrid structure with a wind energy conversion system for producing electricity. This study’s primary aim is to provide solutions for issues that arise when isolated induction generators are employed with microgrids. A closed-loop smart electronic load controller is used to regulate the loads in the system that are supplied by the generator. A switched variable capacitor bank is used to supply reactive power initially during a voltage dip at varying winds and loads to sustain the voltage profile. Additionally, a simple voltage control loop-based controller for the generator-side converter maintains the voltage at a steady level. Using HOMER software, an economic study of the suggested wind-based microgrid structure is also presented. A laboratory experimental setup is used to support the MATLAB/Simulink study of the proposed method and its control. The findings support the feasibility of implementing the suggested plan in grid-isolated regions for supplying critical loads.

Thermoeconomic analysis of a novel configuration of a biomass‐powered organic Rankine cycle for residential application with consideration the effect of battery energy storage

AbstractIn this article, the energy, exergy, and economic analysis of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system powered by biogas to provide electricity, heating, and cooling loads for a residential building in Munich city is investigated. Two methods have been proposed to meet the heating and cooling needs of the residential building. In the first method, heating and cooling needs are provided by a heat pump and mechanical refrigeration (System I), and in the second method, these needs are provided by a radiator and absorption refrigeration cycle (System II). In both modes of this system, the effects of battery energy storage (BES) have been analyzed for peak shaving. The working method of this research is that the residential building's electricity, heating, and cooling needs are calculated by Homer and Carrier software, respectively. Engineering equation solver software models the main local power generation system. A new method has been proposed to select the required number of units to meet the needs of the building with and without BES. The results showed that for System I with and without BES, 3 and 1 ORC units with a nominal power of 2 kW can meet all the needs of the building, respectively. In contrast, for System II, the number of 1 unit with 2 kW and 1 unit with 1 kW is needed to meet the energy needs of a residential building with and without BES. It can be concluded that heating and cooling the building with a radiator and absorption chiller cycle is more cost‐effective. The energy and exergy efficiency of ORC is reported as 11.3% and 65.7%, respectively, and the highest exergy destruction rate is related to the heater and boiler. From the economic point of view, the payback period of System II compared with System I is reduced from 18.4 to 5.66 years without using BES. With the use of BES, the payback period is reduced to 5.3 and 5.66 years, respectively. The lowest and highest electricity prices belong to System I with and without BES, which are 3.11 and 0.36 US$/kWh, respectively.

Optimal Sizing and Management of Hybrid Wind Turbine-Diesel-Battery System for Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination in NEOM City

Optimal sizing and management of hybrid wind turbine-diesel-battery system for reverse osmosis seawater desalination in NEOM city is the objective of the paper. Therefore, the paper explored the different factors to optimize and introduce a technoeconomic evaluation and energy management of a stand-alone wind turbine (WT) system, diesel generator (DG), and battery storage (BS). The suggested WT/DG/BS system is implemented to feed seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) unit in NEOM. The necessitated desalinated water per day is 100 m3. To determine the optimal size of WT/DG/BS corresponding to the minimum cost of energy (COE) and net present cost, two different ratings of the SWRO units (SWRO-100 and SWRO-150), three control dispatch strategies (load following, cycle charging, and combined dispatch), and five types of batteries are considered. HOMER software is performed to simulate and optimize the WT/DG/BS. The optimization results indicated that the best battery storage is the Trojan SAGM battery. In this case, the COE ranged between $0.337/kWh and $0.564/kWh. The lowest COE of $0.377/kWh is obtained when using a combined control strategy and SWRO-100 unit, whereas the worst COE of $0.564/kWh is obtained when using load following control strategy and SWRO-150 unit. The best option of the WT/DG/BS system to supply the SWRO unit is option number 26. This system includes one wind turbine of 90 kW, DG of 25 kW, 47 Trojan SAGM batteries, a 23.8 kW converter, a SWRO-100 unit, and a combined control strategy. The net present cost and the initial cost are $950,725 and $221,495, respectively. The annual operating cost and annual consumed fuel are $56,409 and 36,396 L, respectively. Compared with using only a 25 kW diesel generator, the COE reduced from $0.373/kWh (using only DG/BS) to $0.337/kWh (using the best option) by around 9.65%. Under this condition, the values for the internal rate of return, return on investment, and simple payback are 11%, 7.8%, and 8.3 years, respectively.

Techno-economic feasibility analysis of an on-grid IOT-based rooftop solar photovoltaic system for prosumers with a real-time implementation: a detailed case study and analysis using HOMER software

Techno-economic feasibility analysis of an on-grid IOT-based rooftop solar photovoltaic system for prosumers with a real-time implementation: a detailed case study and analysis using HOMER software

Design of a Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) System for a Three-Bedroom Apartment in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

In the world today, electricity is also among the essential basic amenities of every human being because it drives the socio-economic activities of any country. More than 1.3 billion of the populations across the globe are living with low or no source of electricity. The lack of accessibility to electric power to this population brought an existence of a wide gap in current energy sources and this affected the growth of such population mostly residing in remote settlements of developing nations. Electrical energy is a significant feature for the economic and developmental advancement in every nation. Even with the abundance of many sources of energy (conventional and non-conventional sources) around the world and in Nigeria, there are still problems in accessing electricity which could be attributed to its generation, transmission, or distribution. These challenges hinder the socio-economic advancement of a country. About 95 million (55 % of Nigeria's population) Nigerians are living with no supply of electricity and the total power/electricity produced, there is about 30-35 % loss in the generated energy from transmission and distribution. This research studied the possibility of electrifying a three-bedroom apartment in Mubi's high residential layout using a solar photovoltaic system through the adoption of HOMER Software. The parameters/data used in this research work were obtained from the basic appliances usually found in an average household and from works of literature on studies performed on energy utilization in some residential areas in Nigeria, taking into consideration their power ratings, quantity, and solar component prices. These and some design considerations like system fixed capital operation and maintenance cost of ₦ 4,000 per year, project lifetime of 20 years, system fixed capital cost, discount rate of 9 %, average solar radiation data, coordinate of Mubi, among other parameters were applied in the HOMER software for the design, simulation and optimized results obtained. The optimized results indicate that a solar PV array of 5 kW comprising 25 solar panels of 200 W each, 10 sets of 12 V / 220 Ah batteries, and a 5000 VA inverter with charger are sufficient to accommodate the load of 16.086 kWh/day. The cost of energy (COE) with a 100 % renewable fraction is ₦ 410.94 / kWh.

Optimal Load Shedding Based On Hybrid Energy Generation

The demand for electricity is growing at an exponential rate with no corresponding increase in the electricity production, which has led to voltage collapse in many practical power systems all over the world. This has, therefore, been a serious concern to power system engineers, investors and utilities as its effect is highly detrimental to power system operation and its reliability. Consequently, in the quest for providing solutions to this problem, integration of various renewable energy sources are deployed in recent years. This paper, therefore, presents an effective approach to solving voltage collapse problems through load shedding optimization. HOMER software was deployed due to its great features of quality design and evaluation, coupled with its technicality and economical options for both standalone and grid-connected power system. The results show that the utilization of the hybrid Hydro/PV produces 91kWh annually, whereas 88.5% of the electricity is produced by hydroelectric system while the remaining 11.5% of the electricity comes from the integrated photovoltaic system with excess electricity of 84kwh per year. The results obtained, therefore, show that there is an assurance of stable electricity with the introduction of backup battery banks even with the intermittent nature of the renewable energy systems.

Optimal techno-economic design of PV-wind hydrogen refueling stations (HRFS) for 20 selected Saudi sites

The current study proposes a model of an autonomous HRFS installed on different sites in 20 Saudi cities powered by renewable clean energy sources. The station is fully powered by photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines involving an electrolyzer and hydrogen tank for producing and storing hydrogen. Three scenarios are investigated to propose an optimized model, namely Scenario 1 containing (PV-Wind-Battery) system, Scenario 2 with (Wind-Battery) technologies, and Scenario 3 with (PV-Battery) components. The HRFS is expected to feed the load hydrogen demand of 25 hydrogen cars with a storage tank capacity of 5 kg. The simulation is carried out using the well-known HOMER software and the description of the technical parameters of the renewable plant together with a detailed economic feasibility for the investigated cities are also performed. Furthermore, the optimization process executed demonstrates a competitive levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) especially for the third scenario with a LCOH varying within $12–15.9/kg and LCOE in range $ 0.332–0.414/kWh, for all 20 cities. For instance, encouraging lowest values of net present cost (NPC) and LCOE are obtained for the futuristic NEOM mega city relatively to the first and third scenarios with values (NPC = $1,576,000, LCOE = $ 0.627/kWh) and (NPC = $830,494, LCOE = $ 0.332/kWh), respectively. On another hand, thorough analysis of PV/Wind hydrogen technoeconomic operation is provided including improvements recommendations, scenarios comparison and environmental impact discussion.

Techno-Economic Analysis of Off-Grid PV Solar System for Residential Building Load: A Case Study in Baidoa, Somalia

Currently, the majority of the Somali population does not have access to a regular source of power. The country does not have a national grid, relying on outdated, costly and inefficient diesel generators. The energy consumption in Somalia is dependent on firewood and charcoal, dependencies that rely on deforestation and desertification, which negatively influence the agricultural sector and also the environment. In this work, the potential of solar power in Somalia is assessed while estimating the cost of solar panels per household. This study aims to assess the cost, ecological and economic efficiency of the off-grid PV home system in residential buildings in Baidoa, Somalia. A stand-alone solar home system of 1.98kW PV capacity with battery backup is designed by using HOMER software. The daily primary load considered is 7.530 kWh, with a peak of the nominal power of 1.60 kW. The results show that renewable energy sources can replace conventional energy sources and that they would be a viable solution for generating electrical energy in residential houses in Baidoa with a reasonable investment. It was also found that the amount of power produced by solar panels is 7,400kWh/year. With an initial investment of $5580, the annualized life cycle cost of the system is $0.483, the payback period of initial investment is 2 years and 7 months period, and the net present cost (NPC) of the project is $18,684.

Design and performance evaluation of an off-grid hybrid solar system in a remote location: A case study of Legundi Island

Legundi Island, located in Lampung Bay, Indonesia, has high solar energy potential but still relies on Diesel Power Plants. This research aims to design a hybrid Solar Power Plant and Diesel Power plant system that is environmentally friendly and reliable. Analysis was conducted using the Homer software.•This research designs a hybrid Solar Power Plant system with a capacity of 170.2 kWp and a battery of 1,036 kWh, integrated with three existing Diesel Power Plants units with a capacity of 200 kW.•This system can generate electricity of 296,391 kWh/year with a renewable energy fraction reaching 79.9% and an electricity surplus of 0.988%.•Fuel consumption decreased by 79.3% compared to the existing Diesel Power Plant system.

Investigation of the effects of synthetic wind speed parameters and wind speed distribution on system size and cost in hybrid renewable energy system design

The accuracy of wind speed data has an important impact on determining power output from a Hybrid Renewable Energy System including wind turbine. For a better estimation of energy price or payback period, it is crucial to determine both monthly average wind speed values and distribution parameters. Studies evaluating the sensitivity of wind speed distribution parameters concerning the optimal system size are lacking in the literature. This work fills the gap in the literature and for the first time, the effects of wind speed distribution parameters and wind speed distribution on the optimum system are statistically demonstrated. According to this case study, if these parameters are not set correctly, the Cost of Energy may be faulty between −14.024% and +37.804% for the Photovoltaic-Wind-Battery-Inverter system, may be faulty between −19.024% and +97.05% for the Wind-Battery-Inverter system and may be faulty between −56.437% and +65.250% for the Wind-Inverter system. When the default distribution parameters of the HOMER software are used, the errors are −0.609%, −18.30%, −34.215% respectively. This study reveals that in addition to monthly average wind speed values, distribution parameters should be chosen as accurately as possible. The innovative aspect of this work is the statistical presentation of how synthetic wind speed distribution can affect Hybrid Renewable Energy System sizing and at the same time Cost of Energy. Its importance is that it provides more precise results by guiding optimization studies using synthetic meteorological data, which is a popular field of study.

Achieving green mobility: Multi-objective optimization for sustainable electric vehicle charging

This study optimizes and evaluates a Photovoltaic-Wind-Battery/Electric Vehicle Charging Station (PVWB/EVCS) system using four Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) techniques: MOPSO, NSGAII, NSGAIII, and MOEA/D. The main goals are to minimize the Total Net Present Cost (TNPC) and Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) of the system, which are crucial for sustainable electric vehicle charging. The study analyzes the economic, operational, and sustainability aspects of the optimized system and compares it with HOMER software. The results show that NSGA-II is the best MOO technique for this problem, as it has the best performance and robustness. The Discounted Cash Flow analysis confirms the economic feasibility and sustainability of the optimized system over its lifetime. The technical analysis demonstrates the system's ability to use renewable energy from solar and wind sources, along with efficient energy storage and distribution. The study also conducts a sensitivity analysis to investigate the effects of changes in load, irradiance, wind speed, and component costs on the system performance. The findings reveal the system's resilience and adaptability under different scenarios, thus enhancing its suitability for renewable energy generation and electric vehicle charging. The study showed that the optimized PVWB/EVCS system is a promising solution for reducing reliance on non-renewable sources and promoting a more eco-friendly sustainable future.

Optimal planning of solar energy using a sensitivity factor for rural electricity needs in an off-grid system (case study: Sebesi Island, South Lampung, Indonesia)

ABSTRACT Small islands in Indonesia usually have a million beauty and extraordinary natural wealth. However, the development of remote islands is prolonged due to the limited electricity supply on these islands. This limitation occurs because the island is far from the primary power grid or uses a diesel generator (DG). Using the DG will increase the cost of shipping fuel oil through limited sea transportation. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a feasibility study of a solar power plant to meet the electricity needs of Sebesi Island, South Lampung, Indonesia. The availability of solar Energy and limited battery life are the main challenges in providing solar Energy today. Therefore, this study also considers the uncertainty of resources by using the sensitivity factor. This research uses HOMER software. This study assumes operating reserve peak, operating reserve, solar reserve, and lifetime battery life to account for resource uncertainty. This method is very effective in overcoming operational limitations and problems. The research results show that the optimal peak operating reserve, operating reserve, solar reserve, and lifetime battery are 10%, 10%, 10–30%, and 5 years, respectively. To meet the daily electrical energy needs of 505.1 kWh, the minimum net current cost (NPC) and energy cost (COE) are $1.26 million and 0.346 $/kWh, respectively. Therefore, this research succeeded in finding a scenario that takes into account sensitivity factors that are more economical. Compared with a diesel generator (DG) with a capacity of 100 kW, the NPC and COE values are $1.29 million and 0.397 $/kWh. Meanwhile, in terms of technology, solar power systems produce much more energy than DG. This system has an energy of 583,316 kWh/year, while the DG system can produce an energy of 268,469 kWh/year. As a result, this system can also reduce CO2 emissions by 241,812 kg/year.

Development of an intelligent solution for the optimization of a hybrid system using renewable energy sources

Renewable energy technologies offer the promise of clean and abundant energy harvested from natural resources, self-renewable sources such as sun, wind, water, earth, and plants. In this work, we optimize the hybrid system using Homer power program, where the hybrid system is composed by solar panels, wind turbines with batteries to supply 20 homes that are not equipped with electricity in Ouzera area (Medea, Algeria), and by taking the results presented by the Homer program for Ouzera region, we obtained the cost of each day, of each season and the cost of energy ($/kWh), as well as the optimal number and characteristics for each solar panels and wind turbines with storage batteries. The homer software allows us to obtain real results in taking into account the constraints cost and variations in off-grid weather data. The most important criterion of this technique for optimizing renewable energy systems was the cost, seeking to minimize the expenses, while ensuring optimum quality and continuity of electricity supply.

A stochastic approach to determine the energy consumption and synthetic load profiles of different customer types of rural communities

The electricity demand is highly stochastic and unpredictable. This is due to the fact that it is significantly impacted by a number of factors, including the type of load, weather, time of day, seasonality, economic limitations, customers’ way of living, and other randomness factors. An accurate load model is one of the main inputs for the design of an economical and reliable renewable-based rural electrification system for rural communities and demand management systems. This paper presents a generic methodology for determining a rural community's energy consumption load profile, which is used to determine the most cost-effective size of renewable energy sources for rural electrification purposes. To determine the load profile parameters, such as the types of appliances used, their functioning times, functioning windows, and expected minimum and maximum cycle time, a field survey was conducted in four rural electrified Ethiopian villages. Since the survey findings will not fully explain the stochastic nature of the load profile, the load parameters are randomly generated, and a bottom-up approach is used to estimate the rural community's energy usage. In this study, household loads, public institution loads, business loads, and small industrial loads are the main consumer types taken into account. These loads are classified according to their energy usage as weekdays, weekends, and national and religious holidays. A MATLAB program is developed and implemented to obtain the load profiles of different customer groups. The results of this study are assessed in accordance with the multi-tier criterion and verified through the use of the well-known software HOMER Pro- and LoadProGen.

Assessing the utilization of palm oil mill effluent in photovoltaic and biogas hybrid energy system for off-grid village

The increasing demand for electricity, high prices, and lack of fossil fuels are forcing local community to look for renewable energy sources. Villages in palm oil mills have large volumes of biomass waste, especially palm oil mill effluent (POME), which causes environmental and health issues. This study proposed a hybrid renewable energy system consisting of solar photovoltaic (PV) and biogas to provide sustainable electrification for an off-grid village. To minimize the environmental impact and availability of the applied technology, the PV panels were incorporated with a biogas-fueled generator. Simulation experiments were carried out using the HOMER software for an average daily demand of about 159.65 kWh/day and a peak load of 20 kW. The investigation was emphasized to find the optimal PV/biogas system to serve the village community considering electrical, economical, and environmental aspects. Subsequently, a standalone biogas system was used as the base case. The proposed configuration consisted of a biodigester, a biogas-fueled generator, PV panels, an inverter, and batteries with 8.5 hours of autonomy to produce electricity of around 67,216 kWh/year. The results demonstrated the technical and economic feasibility, as well as the environmental benefits of a PV/biogas system for generating electricity for the off-grid village community.