High Prevalence Of Obesity Research Articles

The impact of prediabetes on cerebrovascular risk among patients with gastrointestinal malignancies.

817 Background: Cancer screening ingastrointestinal (GI) malignancies has translated into an improvement in overall survival due to detection at an earlier stage. The majority of survivors (up to 67%) are over the age of 65. The impact of metabolic profiles on cerebrovascular events amongst this population of cancer survivors is unclear. Methods: Data from the NIS database from 2016 to 2020 were reviewed for patients with seven GI malignancies. Analysis was performed based on the presence or absence of prediabetes using ICD-10 codes. Baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and cerebrovascular outcomes were studied in these 2 cohorts. Results: 1,532,250 hospitalizations of patients with seven GI malignancies, namely colorectal cancer (CRC), pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gastric cancer, small intestinal cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, and esophageal cancer, were evaluated and divided into two subgroups: prediabetics (15,610) and non-prediabetics (1,516,640). Prediabetics with GI malignancies as compared to non-prediabetics with GI malignancies were noted to be older (67.7 years vs. 65.64 years), with higher total hospitalization charges (USD 87,267 vs. USD 80,173), greater rates of elective admissions (34.92% vs. 25.89%) but a lower length of stay (6.018 days vs. 6.53 days). Prediabetic patients with GI malignancies were noted to have a higher prevalence of obesity (18.64% vs. 7.69%), dyslipidemia (52.99% vs. 26.16%), and hypertension (49.59% vs. 39.37%). Prediabetics with CRC, as compared to non-prediabetics, had higher adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of occlusion/stenosis of precerebral or cerebral arteries not leading to cerebral infarction, and cerebral infarction, with aORs of 2.03 (95% CI 1.24-3.30, p 0.004), and 1.63 (95% CI 1.01-2.63, p 0.045) respectively. Additionally, prediabetics with pancreatic cancer had a higher aOR of cerebral infarction as compared to non-prediabetics, with aOR of 2.42 (95% CI 1.70-3.44, p<0.001). Conclusions: Prediabetic patients with CRC had higher aORs of cerebral infarction and occlusion/stenosis of precerebral arteries not leading up to cerebral infarction, and prediabetics with pancreatic cancer had twice the risk of cerebral infarction as compared to non-prediabetics. This study highlights the impact of prediabetes, a modifiable risk factor, on cerebrovascular outcomes in patients with GI malignancies.

How beliefs and policy characteristics shape the public acceptability of nutritional policies- a survey study in Germany

BackgroundDespite the high prevalence of obesity in Germany, few effective political measures have been implemented to protect population health and improve the sustainability of food systems. One argument frequently raised against policy implementation is the lack of acceptability for policy measures in the German population. AimWe aimed to evaluate the acceptability of policy measures currently discussed in Germany's national nutrition strategy and how perceived policy characteristics and participant characteristics influence policy acceptability. MethodWe conducted an online survey with 2001 participants between 06.12.2023 and 05.01.2024, in which we collected data on perceived policy characteristics (acceptability, equity, societal and personal effectiveness), as well as participant values and beliefs. ResultsMost policies were highly acceptable, with policies such as the introduction of free school lunches (84% acceptability), the introduction of a ban on fast food advertising aimed at children (71%) or a sugar tax (53%) being acceptable to a majority of the sample. The least acceptable policy was the introduction of a tax on animal products (36%). Logistic regression analyses showed that perceived equity and societal and personal effectiveness predicted policy acceptability. Likewise, environmental values and beliefs about state intervention of participants influenced policy acceptability. ConclusionThe high acceptability observed in this study suggests an opportunity for German policymakers to implement evidence-based and acceptable nutritional strategies to improve population health.

Body Fat and Obesity Rates, Cardiovascular Fitness, and the Feasibility of a Low-Intensity Non-Weight-Centric Educational Intervention Among Late Adolescents: Quasi-Experimental Study.

Obesity rates among Saudi adolescents are increasing, with regional variations highlighting the need for tailored interventions. School-based health programs in Saudi Arabia are limited and often emphasize weight and body size, potentially exacerbating body image dissatisfaction. There is limited knowledge on the feasibility of non-weight-centric educational programs in Saudi Arabia and their effects on health behaviors and body image. This study aimed to (1) assess the prevalence of obesity using BMI-for-age z score (BAZ) and fat percentage among Saudi adolescents; (2) evaluate key health behaviors, cardiovascular fitness, and health literacy; and (3) assess the feasibility and impact of a low-intensity, non-weight-centric educational intervention designed to improve knowledge of macronutrients and metabolic diseases, while examining its safety on body image discrepancies. A quasi-experimental, pre-post trial with a parallel, nonequivalent control group design was conducted among 95 adolescents (58 boys and 37 girls; mean age 16.18, SD 0.53 years) from 2 public high schools in Medina City, Saudi Arabia. Participants were randomly assigned to either the weight-neutral Macronutrient + Non-Communicable Diseases Health Education group or the weight-neutral Macronutrient Health Education group. Anthropometry (BAZ and fat percentage), cardiovascular fitness, physical activity, and eating behaviors were measured at baseline. Independent t tests and χ² tests were conducted to compare group differences, and a 2-way mixed ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of the intervention on macronutrient knowledge and body image discrepancies. A total of 69 participants completed the postintervention assessments. The prevalence of overweight and obesity based on BAZ was 37.9% (36/95), while 50.5% (48/95) of participants were classified as overfat or obese based on fat percentage. Students with normal weight status were significantly more likely to have had prior exposure to health education related to metabolic diseases than students with higher weight status (P=.02). The intervention significantly improved macronutrient-metabolic knowledge (F1,64=23.452; P<.001), with a large effect size (partial η²=0.268). There was no significant change in students' body image from pre- to postintervention (P=.70), supporting the safety of these weight-neutral programs. The intervention demonstrated strong feasibility, with a recruitment rate of 82.6% and a retention rate of 72.6%. This study reveals a high prevalence of obesity among Saudi adolescents, particularly when measured using fat percentage. The significant improvement in knowledge and the nonimpact on body image suggest that a non-weight-centric intervention can foster better health outcomes without exacerbating body image dissatisfaction. Region-specific strategies that prioritize metabolic health and macronutrient education over weight-centric messaging should be considered to address both obesity and body image concerns in adolescents.

P1037 Prevalence and factors associated with obesity in patients with IBD treated with infliximab and vedolizumab across the United Kingdom (UK)

Abstract Background Adipose tissue has a regulatory role in innate and adaptive immune processes and obesity has been linked to non-response to medical therapies and disease progression in patients with IBD1. Few studies have estimated the prevalence of obesity in patients with IBD in the UK and none have assessed associations with geographical determinants of health. We sought to define in adult patients with IBD treated with infliximab and vedolizumab who were recruited to the UK CLARITY IBD2 study the: 1. Prevalence of overweight and obesity 2. Demographic, geographic and disease factors associated with obesity 3. Influence of obesity on mood and anxiety 4. Relationship between obesity and geographical determinants of health Methods Obesity was defined according to World Health Organisation body mass index (BMI) definitions for adults. Mood and anxiety disorders were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) and General Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7). We collapsed individual’s postcodes to Level Super Output Areas (England and Wales) and data zones (Scotland) and extracted income decile from the index of multiple deprivation. We extracted geographical determinants of health data from the Access to Healthy Assests and Hazards [AHAH] (Version 3)3. This index combines health indicators across four domains: retail environment, health services, the physical environment and air quality. Income decile was extracted from the index of multiple deprivation. Statistical analyses were undertaken comparing patients with obesity with those who were overweight or had a normal BMI. Multivariable analyses were restricted to patients living in England. Results Body mass index data were available in 98.3% (6664/7020) of adults. Overall, 31.9% (1685/6664 95% confidence interval [CI] 30.8-33.0) and 25.3% (1685/6664 95% CI 24.2-26.3) patients were overweight and obese, respectively. The highest prevalence of obesity was observed in the West Midlands and the lowest prevalence in London and Scotland (Figure 1). Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that obesity was independently associated with female sex, older age, non-Asian ethnicity, non-smoking and active IBD (PRO-2). Obesity was associated with mild, moderate and severe depression but not anxiety. Obesity did not vary by urban or rural location. Obesity was significantly associated with higher deprivation scores but not the overall AHAH score. Factors associated with obesity are shown in Figure 2. Conclusion Obesity is common in UK patients living with IBD and is independently associated with female sex, older age, non-Asian ethnicity, geographical region, non-smoking, active IBD and deprivation.

Utilization Trends of Glucose-Lowering Medications Among Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients with Type 2 Diabetes in the United States.

Background: To date, there are limited studies describing the use of glucose-lowering medications (GLMs) in adult kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), and the uptake of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs). Thus, we aimed to evaluate the use of GLMs, including SGLT2i and GLP1RA, among adult KTRs with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: This is an ecologic study of adult KTR with T2D. Data were sourced from two large U.S. health insurance claim databases from 2014 to 2023. The proportions of any user and incident use of GLMs were reported in percentage. Any use of GLM was defined through prescription claims, and incident use was further defined as the absence of any prior dispensing within the preceding 365 days. Results: From 2014 to 2023, we identified 33,913 adult KTRs with T2D who were prescribed any GLMs. Any use of SGLT2i and GLP1RA increased throughout the study period (0.4% to 14.4% for SGLT2i, and 2.8% to 12.5% for GLP1RA). While insulin was the most frequently used GLM, ranging from 58% to 74%, the usage gradually declined over time. By 2023, SGLT2i and GLP1RA were initiated nearly as frequently as insulin (5.1% for SGLT2i, 5.7% for GLP1RA, and 5.7% for insulin). Compared with insulin initiators, SGLT2i initiators (n = 1009) had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities and proteinuria, while GLP1RA initiators (n = 2149) had a higher prevalence of obesity. Conclusions: Any use of both SGLT2i and GLP1RA among KTRs with T2D increased over time with the incident use of SGLT2i and GLP1RA as high as insulin by 2023. Our findings emphasize the need for the effectiveness and safety analysis of SGLT2i and GLP1RA among KTRs with T2D.

Influence of Persistently Elevated LDL Values on Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Elite Athletes.

Carotid IMT is a recognized marker for early atherosclerotic changes and a predictor of future CV events. Previous studies showed 11% increased risk of myocardial infarction with each 0.1mm incremental increase of carotid IMT. In general population, LDL cholesterol levels are positively correlated with carotid IMT in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies while its role in elite athletes remains understudied. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between persistent lipid profile alterations and early markers of atherosclerosis, specifically carotid IMT, in a cohort of elite athletes. We included 302 athletes serially evaluated for a prolonged time period. Anthropometric data, blood tests for lipid profiles, and carotid IMT measurements were collected. Dyslipidemia was defined as LDL ≥ 116mg/dL, and persistent elevation when LDL values remained above the threshold limits in at least three pre-participation screenings. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages and were compared using Fisher's exact test or Chi-square test, as appropriate. 91 athletes (30.1%) had persistently elevated LDL levels. Dyslipidemic athletes were older (30.7 ± 5.7 vs. 29.1 ± 4.1 years, p = 0.008), had higher BMI (p = 0.032), and a higher prevalence of obesity (5.5% vs. 0.5%, p = 0.004) compared to those with normal lipid profiles. Additionally, they had higher total cholesterol (p < 0.0001) and triglycerides (p < 0.0001) but similar HDL levels (p = 0.213). Globally, athletes with altered LDL profiles over long-time period showed higher IMT (0.60 ± 0.10mm vs. 0.57 ± 0.07mm, p = 0.014). In particular, longer exposure to elevated LDL was significantly associated with increased IMT (0.61 ± 0.12mm vs. 0.57 ± 0.06mm, p = 0.035). Our study highlights the association between persistently elevated LDL-C and increased carotid IMT in elite athletes, with longer exposure time correlating with more pronounced carotid changes. These findings underscore the importance of regular monitoring of blood lipid profiles and carotid IMT measurements as a non-invasive, cost-effective method to prevent atherosclerotic vascular disease.

Sex and gender differentials in the prevalence of obesity and its association with multimorbidity among reproductive-aged individuals in India.

The increase in the prevalence of obesity has become a common public health issue worldwide, with low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like India witnessing an equal rise. It makes a considerable contribution to chronic diseases as it is a major risk factor for other chronic illnesses. Multimorbidity, or the presence of two or more chronic illnesses, is becoming more common in LMICs, resulting in poor health outcomes. However, research on obesity and multimorbidity in younger populations in LMICs is scarce, with most studies focusing on older persons. The study analyzed sex differences in the prevalence of obesity among reproductive-aged persons and its association with multimorbidity, as well as investigated their health-seeking behaviors. Data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) involving 751,831 females and 100,656 males were analyzed. Multimorbidity was defined by the presence of two or more chronic conditions out of the eight included chronic conditions. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to identify factors associated with obesity. The prevalence of obesity was 48.90% (95% CI: 48.60-49.20%) among males and 57.10% (95% CI: 57.00-57.22%) among females. Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) revealed higher obesity rates in females with multiple chronic conditions (70.8%) compared to males (65.1%). Males with multimorbidity had a 47% higher likelihood of having obesity (AOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.13-1.89, p < 0.003) compared to individuals without obesity. The study highlights high obesity prevalence among reproductive-aged individuals in India, with females having higher obesity rates overall. However, males with multimorbidity exhibit a significantly greater likelihood of obesity than males without. These findings emphasize the need for gender-specific public health strategies addressing obesity and multimorbidity, including promoting healthier diets, increasing physical activity, and improving disease management for both women and men.

Inpatient hospitalisations for patients with Prader-Willi syndrome: a 2019-2021 National Inpatient Sample analysis.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder characterised by hyperphagia, intellectual disability and increased propensity to a range of medical disorders. To better characterise the clinical presentation of PWS across the lifespan, this study reports on the demographics and clinical diagnosis of individuals with PWS hospitalised in the United States. The National Inpatient Sample, an all-payor administrative claims database of hospitalisations in the United States, was queried for patients with a coded diagnosis of PWS from October 2019 through December 2021. Hospitalisations for patients with PWS were matched to five non-PWS hospitalisations based on age, sex, year and hospital characteristics. There were 4400 (95% CI: 3,885 to 4,915) PWS hospitalisations, with a median age of 24. Compared to controls, PWS hospitalisations had longer hospital stays (median 5 vs. 3days) and higher in-hospital mortality (2.2% vs. 1.3%). Infectious (19.0%) and respiratory (16.2%) diagnoses were most common for PWS patients. Codes for overweight or obesity were present in 38.1% of PWS hospitalisations, with Hispanic ethnicity was associated with a higher odds of overweight/obesity in PWS patients (aOR 1.73; 95% CI: 1.11-2.71). PWS hospitalisations are characterised by higher healthcare utilisation and complexity compared to matched controls. The high prevalence of obesity and significant rates of infectious and respiratory conditions highlight specific health challenges for PWS patients. Validation of the Q87.11 administrative claims code is an essential step for ongoing health services research in this condition.

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Living With Disability in Yaoundé, Cameroon

Obesity is a global health concern, with children and adolescents living with disabilities being particularly vulnerable. This study investigated the prevalence of obesity and identified associated factors among children and adolescents with disabilities in Yaoundé, Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 135 children and adolescents with disabilities. Data on parent characteristics (e.g., age and household income) and child characteristics (e.g., sex and age) were collected through self-report questionnaires filled by parents. The children’s and adolescent’s weight (in Kg) and height (in m) were measured, and Body Mass Index (BMI) status calculated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to examine the associations between these independent variables and obesity. A p-value of less than .05 was considered significant. The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents with disabilities was 14% (95% CI: 8.1–19.9%). Increased meal frequency (OR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.6–12.6, p = .005) and experiencing emotional abuse (OR = 6.4, 95% CI: 1.2–41.8, p = .03) were significantly associated with obesity on multivariable analysis. This study reveals a high prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents with disabilities in the Yaoundé, Cameroon. Higher daily meal frequency and a history of emotional abuse were associated with obesity. Our findings suggest that comprehensive interventions addressing dietary habits, psychosocial well-being, and inclusive environments are essential to prevent and manage obesity among children and adolescents with disabilities.

Is there relationship between obesity and early postoperative survival after off-pump CABG?

The article studies and analyzes the prevalence of excess body weight and obesity in patients with coronary artery disease, as a leading medical and biological risk factor for the development of diseases of the circulatory system. The presence of obesity is associated with such concomitant diseases as arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, type II diabetes. The relationship of excess body weight and obesity with 30-day postoperative mortality, age and gender of patients was analyzed. The body mass index was determined and its value was interpreted in relation to the presence of excess body weight and obesity. It was established that in the sample of patients with coronary heart disease, the average height was 172.3 cm, the average body weight was 81.9 kg; the average value of the body mass index is 29.7 (variations of the body mass index from 18.3 to 44.9). As a result of the analysis of the received data, a high prevalence of excess body weight (45.5%) and obesity (40.1%) among patients with coronary artery disease was found. It was found that among male patients, normal body weight (χ²=8.26; p=0.004) and excess body weight (χ²=66.25; p=0.0001) were significantly more common, compared to female patients. And obesity (χ²=42.49; p=0.0001) and severe obesity (III degree), (χ²=4.21; p=0.04) were significantly more common among female patients. It was found that patients with normal body weight were 3.1 years older, which is reliable relative to obese patients (χ²=25.83; p=0.0001). It was determined that the highest frequency of 30-day mortality was observed in patients with normal body weight (1.1%), while in obese patients the corresponding frequency was 0.6%. It was found that deceased patients with normal body weight were significantly older than deceased patients with obesity (χ²=13.63; p=0.0001) and deceased patients who had excess body weight (χ2=6.10; p=0.01). Keywords: ischemic heart disease, risk factors, clinical and anthropological studies, body mass index, early postoperative mortality.

Risk Factors Related to Resting Metabolic Rate-Related DNAJC6 Gene Variation in Children with Overweight/Obesity: 3-Year Panel Study.

Over a three-year follow-up period, 63.3% of original students participated. Changes in the variables (anthropometrics, blood biochemistry, and dietary intakes) were analyzed and compared between those without obesity (non-OB) and with obesity (OB) classified at the study endpoint. The average MAF of nine SNPs (D-1 to D-IX) was defined as 18.1%. The OB group showed greater increases in RMR, BMI, WC, and SBP, while the non-OB group had significantly greater increases in HDL and intakes of nutrients (e.g., total calories, vitamins B2, C, folate, A, retinol, iron, and zinc). Increased RMR, BMI, BW, and RMR/BW changes were observed with mutant allele of D-I SNP, which was also associated with a higher prevalence of obesity. Greater increases in animal fat intake, including saturated fatty acids and retinol, were noted in the minor alleles of D-VI, D-VII, D-VIII, and D-IX SNPs compared to those of the major alleles. The odds ratio for BMI risk was significantly higher in the mutant alleles of D-I (rs17127601), D-VII (rs1334880), and D-VIII (rs7354899) compared to the wild type, with increases of 2.59 times (CI; 1.068-6.274), 1.86 times (CI; 1.012-3.422), and 1.85 times (CI; 1.008-3.416), respectively. RMR was a mild risk factor in minors of the D-1, D-VII, and D-VIII; however, a higher RMR/BW ratio significantly correlated with decreased BMI risk, and this effect was found in only the major alleles of D-I, D-VII, and D-VIII SNPs, not in the minor alleles. High retinol intake appeared to reduce obesity risk in the minor alleles of the D-I, D-VII, and D-VIII SNPs, even though intake of animal fats and retinol remained higher among minors over the three years. These findings suggest that the RMR/BW ratio and dietary fat/retinol intake should be considered in DNACJ6-gene-based precision medicine approaches for pediatric obesity prevention, particularly for boys.

A unique inflammaging profile generated by T cells from people with obesity is metformin resistant.

The alarmingly high prevalence of obesity in older adults coupled with the negative health effects of chronic inflammation in both obesity and aging highlight the importance of studies investigating the impacts of obesity on age-related inflammation. Since shifts in peripheral T-cell metabolism and function drive systemic inflammation in both obesity and aging, we hypothesize that obesity impacts the Th17-dominated inflammaging profile we identified in lean subjects and thus modifies the anti-inflammatory effects of geroprotective drugs like metformin. New cytokine profiling data showed that CD4+ T cells from older people with obesity generate a profile that specifically excludes Th17 cytokines. Metformin failed to change the age-associated T-cell profile in obesity, despite lowering both mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Metformin did not improve macroautophagy in T cells from older people with obesity, in sharp contrast to the ability of metformin to promote autophagy in T cells from older lean subjects. These data indicate that body mass index modifies the mechanisms supporting inflammaging in T cells from older subjects, and that metformin-mediated restoration of redox balance is insufficient to stem obesity-associated inflammaging. We conclude that obesity fundamentally changes the mechanisms that promote inflammaging, and thus obesity becomes a critical consideration for clinical trials of geroprotective agents such as metformin.

Prevalence of Obesity and Dental Caries in Kindergarten Children During the First Decade of Saudi Vision 2030: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background/Objectives: Obesity and dental caries are significant health issues affecting children worldwide. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of obesity and dental caries among kindergarten children in Saudi Arabia during the early implementation years of the Vision 2030 initiative. Specifically, it examines the obesity rates between public and private kindergartens and assesses the correlation between obesity and caries risk. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving a stratified sample of 347 kindergarten children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, from September 2022 to March 2023, as part of a larger project assessing the obesity and dental caries prevalence in school-aged children. Their body mass index (BMI) was computed after their weight and height were measured. Following an oral examination, the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) scores were noted. The relationships between dmft and BMI, sex, and school type were studied using non-parametric tests, and its predictors were assessed as well. Results: Our findings indicate that 15.3% of the children were classified as obese based on the BMI measurements, while 9.8% were categorized as overweight. The prevalence of obesity did not show significant differences by school type when classified by BMI. The mean dmft score was 2.8 ± 3.6, with those children in public kindergartens demonstrating significantly higher dmft scores compared to their private counterparts (p &lt; 0.001). Notably, there was no observed relationship between obesity and caries activity. Conclusions: Despite the implementation of Saudi Vision 2030, the high prevalence of obesity and dental caries among kindergarten children suggests that the current health initiatives may be insufficient. The lack of a relationship between obesity and caries activity highlights the complexity of these health issues and the need for targeted interventions. To improve the health outcomes, it is recommended to enhance the awareness campaigns regarding oral health and nutrition, increase access to preventive dental care, and integrate nutrition education into kindergarten curricula.

Junk Food Consumption and Obesity Risk Among Students at Benghazi University: A Cross-Sectional Study

Consumption of junk food is an environmental factor linked to obesity and may heighten the risk of obesity-related diseases, representing a significant public health issue. The study aim is to clarify the association between junk food consumption and obesity among students at Benghazi University and will also examine students' knowledge of the adverse effects of junk food consumption. A cross-sectional study was conducted among students in the medical colleges of the University of Benghazi from January 2024. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized, including socio-demographic data, patterns of junk food consumption, knowledge about Junk food, and weight and height measurements. A total of 354 students participated in the study, with 67.5% female and 32.5% male. The majority (84.4%) were less than 25 years old. Notably, 98.9% of students consume junk food. 39.5% of students reported consuming junk food once or twice a week. Knowledge assessment revealed that 47.7% had good knowledge, 26.3% had fair knowledge, and 26% had poor knowledge regarding junk food. Based on the Body Mass Index (BMI) classification, 52.8% of participants had a normal BMI, 26.3% were overweight, 13.6% were obese, and 7.3% were underweight. Increased weekly junk food consumption was observed, alongside a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among students, despite a majority having normal BMI. No significant association between junk food consumption and BMI was found. Students acknowledged junk food's negative effects but continued consumption due to emotional factors and taste preference.

Prevalence of Obesity among Elementary School Students in Yazd in 2016

Background: Pediatric obesity is one of the most serious public health problems due to high prevalence andnegative outcomes. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Pediatric overweight and obesityand some associated factors among students of elementary school in Yazd- Iran- 2016. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 1253 healthy elementary school students wereselected by multistage sampling. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The diagnosis of childhoodoverweight and obesity was based on WHO criteria. The parents of the students had the consent to participatein the study. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS version 16 software. Data were reported as mean ±standard deviation or frequency and analyzed by using chi-square test. P-value less than 0.05 were consideredstatistically significant. Results: In this study 531 (42.4%) were male and 722 (57.6%) were female. In this study 11.5 % of the boysand 10.2 % of the girls were obese. Also, 10.2 % of the boys and 14.8% of the girls were overweightrespectively. Relationship between gender and BMI was statistically significant (P&lt; 0.0001). Obesity wasmore frequent in boys but overweight was more frequent in girls. The relationship between BMI and father'soccupation (P= 0.03) and mother's occupation (P= 0.03) and mother's education (P= 0.02) was statisticallysignificant. Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of obesity and overweight in primary school children, school-basedinterventions in this age group is necessary

Obesity Prevalence and Associated Factors in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in China: A Body Condition Assessment Study.

Obesity is a prevalent health issue among captive wildlife, but the obesity status of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in China has not been systematically investigated. This study assessed obesity in 204 captive Asian elephants across 43 facilities by recording seven potentially relevant variables: sex, age, daily feed supply, proportion of high-calorie feed, outdoor enclosure area, outdoor time, and foot disorders. Body condition was evaluated using visual scoring, revealing a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly in zoo-kept elephants. Over 70% of captive Asian elephants in China were classified as overweight or obese. Statistical analysis indicated that insufficient outdoor time is likely a primary contributor to obesity among zoo elephants. We recommend extending outdoor time and regulating the supply of high-calorie feeds (e.g., fruits, vegetables, and pellets) to promote exercise and balance energy intake. Additionally, implementing positive reinforcement training for routine health checks, including foot exams and blood sampling, could improve data collection on elephant health and welfare, ultimately enhancing obesity management and overall animal well-being.

Diets, Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Nutritional Status in Tanzania: Scoping Review.

Globally, the intake of fruit and vegetables (F&V) is far below the recommended levels, contributing to various health challenges including micronutrient deficiencies and non-communicable diseases. In Tanzania, where the triple burden of malnutrition persists, there is a need to identify gaps in evidence, better understand diets and F&V intake and identify promising interventions for improved intake. We conducted a scoping review to summarize the evidence on dietary intake, F&V intake and nutritional status in Tanzania. This included three separate literature searches in PubMed covering the years 2012-2023. A total of 62, 37 and 15 articles met predefined eligibility criteria for the review of overall diet, dietary intake of F&V and nutritional status, respectively. Identified studies suggest that overall dietary practices among all population groups were primarily based on carbohydrate-rich foods, complementary feeding practices were suboptimal among young children and a low proportion of women of reproductive age (WRA) and pregnant and lactating women achieved minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W). Across all population groups, F&V intake was below the recommended 400 g per day. Analysis of nutritional status in Tanzania in population representative surveys showed high stunting prevalence in children below 5 years of age, and a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among WRA, particularly in urban areas. Additional research is needed to understand better the complex interactions between diet and nutrition and health outcomes, and to identify efficient and cost-effective strategies to improve overall dietary quality, including increasing F&V intake.

Dietary Quality and Its Impact on Maternal Nutritional Status in Ondo State, Nigeria

Background: Malnutrition is one of the major problems that have bewildered human health in developing countries Objective: The study aimed to assess maternal diet quality and nutritional status of in Ondo state. Methods: This was a community based descriptive and cross-sectional study that consisted of 420 respondents (mothers). Respondents were drawn using multistage sampling procedure. Pre-test, semi-structured Interviewer administered questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents while anthropometric indices such as height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference were measurement and Waist hip ratio, mid upper arm circumference were computed according to standard. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated from weight and height measurements and classified into underweight (&amp;lt;18.5), normal weight (18.5-24.9), overweight (25.0-29.9) and obesity (≥30.0). Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics while level of significant was set P (&amp;lt;0.05). Results: The nutritional status of the women shows that there was a double burden of malnutrition indicating 10.7% under nutrition, 29.0% overweight and 4.8% obese. BMI was significantly associated with mothers’ age (p= 0.000), place of residence (p= 0.009), marital status (p= 0.017), mothers’ occupation (p= 0.026), occupation of spouse (p= 0.009), and monthly income (p = 0.008). Conclusion: There were existence of a double burden of malnutrition and high prevalence of overweight and obesity in the study area. Household food insecurity contributed greatly to the malnutrition observed in many mothers in the study. Nutrition and health promotion education intervention is recommended in the study area.

Obesity and anesthesiology: A permanent association

Mexico is a country with a high prevalence of obesity in adults, reaching 36.9%1. Body mass index (BMI) linearly increases the risk of perioperative complications, such as atelectasis, obstructive sleep apnea, cardiovascular and thromboembolic diseases, among others. This situation highlights the importance of anesthesiologists being trained to adequately address the perioperative care of patients with obesity, since approximately one third of the population is in this category. Currently, there are multiple approaches to obesity management, ranging from lifestyle changes and surgeries for metabolic control and weight loss, to new generation medications, such as GLP-14 analogues. This has led to physicians from various specialties needing to update themselves on the mechanism of action and side effects of these new treatments.

The Potential for Lifestyle Intervention Among Patients Undergoing Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour Based on Patient Needs Including Smoking and Other Risky Lifestyle Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer worldwide, with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounting for 75% of cases. Transurethral resection of bladder tumours (TURBT) is the standard treatment, but it is associated with significant risks of complications and recurrence. Risky lifestyle factors, including smoking, malnutrition, obesity, risky alcohol use, and physical inactivity (collectively termed SNAP factors), may worsen surgical outcomes and increase cancer recurrence. Prehabilitation programmes targeting these modifiable risk factors could improve patient outcomes. This cross-sectional study assessed 100 TURBT patients at a Danish university hospital to determine the prevalence of SNAP factors and the potential for lifestyle interventions. Data were collected via structured interviews, and intervention scenarios were projected based on efficacy rates of 5-100%. In total, 58% of patients had at least one risky SNAP factor, with smoking (29%) being the most prevalent, followed by physical inactivity (19%) and risky alcohol use (18%). Obesity (7%) and malnutrition (8%) were less common. Seventeen percent had multiple SNAP factors. No significant demographic indicators were associated with the presence of SNAP factors. TURBT patients with NMIBC show a high prevalence of risky lifestyle factors, including smoking and obesity, with over half affected. Systematic screening and targeted interventions could significantly improve patient outcomes and long-term health.