High Dietary Fiber Intake Research Articles

CN12 Impact of diet on immune checkpoint blockade: Nurse-directed dietary intervention

Gut microbiota modulates the response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in various cancers, and diet represents the most natural and non-evasive method to shift its composition. A recent study suggests that a high dietary fiber intake may improve progression-free survival (PFS) of melanoma patients treated with ICB. However, the impact of diet on patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been yet investigated. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of diet, including fiber intake, in patients with NSCLC amenable to ICB.

Acute effect of Melon Manis Terengganu peel powder on glycemic response, perceived satiety, and food intake: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes

BackgroundMelon Manis Terengganu (MMT) peel has a high dietary fiber content, but there is no data examining its health benefits in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes. The objective of the study was to evaluate whether consumption of MMT peel powder improves glycemic response, satiety, and food intake in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes.MethodsAn open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design trial was conducted among adults (n = 30, ages 18–59 y) at risk of type 2 diabetes. They consumed Formulation 3 (formulated MMT peel powder) [A] and control (glucose) [B] with study breakfast based on randomly assigned treatment sequences (AB, BA) established by Research Randomizer (www.randomizer.org). Capillary blood glucose and perceived satiety were determined at baseline (0 min), 30, 60, 90 and 120 min, followed by a post-intervention food intake measurement.ResultsThe repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant time (F = 84.37, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.744), condition (F = 22.89, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.441), and time*condition effects (F = 24.40, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.457) in blood glucose levels. Respondents (n = 30) who consumed Formulation 3 also had a significantly lower blood glucose 2-hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of 134.65 ± 44.51 mmol/L*min and maximum concentration (CMax) of 7.20 (7.10, 8.20) mmol/L with relative reduction of 26.8 and 13.3% respectively, when compared with control (p < 0.001). Besides, significantly greater perceived satiety, lower energy and fat intake as well as higher dietary fiber intake were also observed in the intervention group compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05). There were no marked side effects associated with the ingestion of the test products.ConclusionsShort-term consumption of formulated MMT peel powder may improve glycemic response, increase perceived satiety and reduce food intake in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes with the potential to be utilized as a functional beverage. Medium-to long-term clinical trial is warranted to determine whether taking this formulated MMT peel powder on a daily basis has an influence on health outcomes.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05298111. Registered 28/03/2022.

Association between Dietary Fiber Intake and Mortality among Colorectal Cancer Survivors: Results from the Newfoundland Familial Colorectal Cancer Cohort Study and a Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.

Simple SummaryHigh dietary fiber intake has been linked to a lower risk of Colorectal cancer (CRC), but the role of dietary fiber in CRC survival is understudied. We examined dietary fiber intake for its relevance to CRC survival in a cohort of 504 CRC patients and a meta-analysis including results from four prospective cohort studies. We found that high dietary fiber intake was negatively correlated with all-cause mortality and CRC-specific mortality among CRC survivors. These new findings support the protective effect of dietary fiber on CRC survival. By enhancing fiber intake, this research may contribute to the development of novel therapies that add to our armamentarium for CRC.We examined dietary fiber intake for its relevance to Colorectal cancer (CRC) survival in a cohort of CRC patients and a meta-analysis including results from four prospective cohort studies. We analyzed 504 CRC patients enrolled in the Newfoundland Familial Colorectal Cancer Study (NFCCS) who were newly diagnosed with CRC between 1999 and 2003. Follow-up for deaths was through April 2010. All participants completed a self-administered food frequency questionnaire to evaluate their dietary intakes one year before diagnosis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to explore the associations of dietary fiber intake with all-cause mortality and CRC-specific mortality. In the meta-analysis, we identified prospective cohort studies published between January 1991 and December 2021 by searching PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. Fixed-effects or random-effects models were used to combine the study-specific hazard ratio (HR) from our original analysis and three other cohorts. In the NFCCS, we found that CRC patients with the second quartile of dietary fiber intake had a 42% lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.35–0.98) and 58% lower risk of CRC-specific mortality (HR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.21–0.87) compared with those with the lowest quartile. In the meta-analysis, a similar inverse association between dietary fiber and total mortality was detected among CRC patients; each 10 g/day increase in dietary fiber intake was associated with a 16% decreased risk of total mortality. The dose–response meta-analysis showed a linear relationship between dietary fiber intake and all-cause mortality, with no sign of a plateau. For CRC-specific mortality, intriguingly, the benefit associated with increasing dietary fiber intake achieved its maximum at approximately 22 g/day, and no further reduction in CRC-specific mortality was observed beyond this intake level. Our results suggest that high dietary fiber intake may be associated with prolonged survival among CRC patients. Our findings add to the sparse literature on the role of dietary fiber in CRC survival.

Effectiveness of Power Point Assisted Teaching on Knowledge regarding Breakfast Skipping among School Children at a selected School, Hyderabad, Telangana.

Breakfast is widely acknowledged to be the most important meal of the day. Children who habitually consume Breakfast are more likely to have favourable nutrient intakes including higher intake of dietary fibre, total carbohydrate and lower total fat and cholesterol. Main aim of the study was to evaluate the Effectiveness of Power Point Assisted Teaching regarding Breakfast Skipping among School Children. A Quasi Experimental one group pre-test post-test research design was considered appropriate for the study. 100 School Children were selected through random sampling technique. The data was collected by using Structured Knowledge Questionnaire. The major findings of the study revealed that pre-test mean Knowledge score (6.86), post-test mean Knowledge score (20.86) and the calculated ‘t’ value (60.37) was found to be significant at 0.05 levels. Hence it indicates that the Power Point Assisted Teaching was highly effective in improving Knowledge regarding Breakfast Skipping among School Children. The Chi-square test showed that there was significant association found with variables of Age, Educational status of Students, Occupational status of Father and Mother and Family income per month, rest of the variables were not significantly associated at 0.05 levels of significance. Hence research hypothesis (H2) was accepted. Education Programme using motivating interventions like Power Point Assisted Teaching for School Children was essential to sensitize them about the problems faced by Breakfast Skipping among School Children and the intervention that can be taken to render help to such Children.

Association of Dietary Fiber Intake with All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: A 10-Year Prospective Cohort Study.

Although previous studies have established that dietary fiber (DF) intake reduces the total cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in general populations, limited studies have been conducted in individuals with pre-existing chronic conditions, especially in Asian countries. We aimed to investigate the association of DF intake with all-cause and CVD mortality in the general population and in the subpopulation with hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. We examined the relationship between DF intake and all-cause and CVD mortality using the Korean genome and epidemiology study. Diet was assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for confounders. During the mean 10.1 years of follow-up, higher DF intake was significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality after adjusting for confounders (HR and 95% CIs for Q5 vs. Q1: 0.84 (0.76–0.93); p < 0.001). DF intake was inversely associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality after adjusting for the same confounders (HR and 95% CIs for Q5 vs. Q1: 0.61 (0.47–0.78); p < 0.001). Total DF intake was inversely associated with all-cause and CVD mortality in middle-aged and older adults.

Association of Dietary Fiber Intake With Myocardial Infarction and Stroke Events in US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES 2011-2018.

This study aimed to detect dietary fiber intake and its association with nonfatal cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events (myocardial infarction and stroke) in adults in the United States. This cross-sectional study obtained data from the 2011–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. Using multivariate logistic regression, we compared dietary fiber intake across demographics and detected an association between dietary fiber intake and patient-reported nonfatal myocardial infarction and/or stroke events. We enrolled 8,872 participants (mean dietary fiber intake, 17.38 ± 0.22 g/day). The weighted prevalence of nonfatal cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events was 5.36%, which decreased with higher dietary fiber intake (nonfatal cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events: Tertile1, 6.50%; Tertile2, 5.45%; Tertile3, 4.25%). Higher fiber intake indicated a stable negative association with nonfatal cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, weighted generalized additive model, and smooth curve fitting. Interaction tests showed no significant effect of demographic, socioeconomic, and disease status on the association between dietary fiber intake and nonfatal cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events. Dietary fiber intake was far below the recommended amount. Higher dietary fiber intake was associated with a lower prevalence of nonfatal cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events.

1H NMR-Based Metabolomics Reveals the Intrinsic Interaction of Age, Plasma Signature Metabolites, and Nutrient Intake in the Longevity Population in Guangxi, China.

Health and longevity populations have distinct metabolic and nutrient intake profiles. However, the relationship between biomarkers of longevity-related metabolites and dietary nutrient intake profiles, as well as metabolic markers associated with longevity features, have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based plasma metabolomics profiling was conducted in the present study to identify potential metabolites which can be used as specific markers for the evaluation of healthy aging. Plasma samples were obtained from centenarians and nonagenarians from the longevous region, and elderly participants aged 60–89 from the longevous region, as well as a low centenarian ratio region. The results showed that participants from longevous regions exhibited higher plasma levels of citrate, tyrosine, choline, carnitine, and valine, as well as lower contents of VLDL, lactate, alanine, N-acetyl glycoprotein (NAG), trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), α-glucose, β-glucose, and unsaturated lipids. The differential plasma metabolites were associated with an alteration in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis in participants from longevous regions. The signature metabolites were associated with higher dietary fiber intake, as well as lower energy and fat intake. The results of the present study demonstrate key longevity signature metabolites in plasma, and the dietary patterns identified provide a basis for further health and longevity research.

Dietary fiber and prevalence of abdominal aortic calcification in the United States (from the national health and nutrition examination survey data [2013-2014]).

BackgroundAbdominal aortic calcification (AAC) is recognized as a valuable predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Dietary fiber is strongly correlated with CVDs. However, the effect of dietary fiber on AAC in the population is not well understood.ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between dietary fiber intake and AAC in the US adult population.MethodsA total of 2671 individuals with both dietary fiber intake and AAC score data were enrolled from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a cross-sectional health examination in the US. Multinomial logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR), with 95% confidence interval (CI). To reveal the relationship between dietary fiber intake and AAC, restricted cubic spline was also applied.ResultsOut of the total participants, 241 (9%) had severe AAC and 550 (20%) had mild-moderate AAC. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that higher intake of dietary fiber was associated with lower risk of severe AAC, but not with lower risk of mild-moderate AAC. For every one standard deviation increase (9.4 g/day) in dietary fiber intake, the odds of severe AAC were reduced by 28% [OR 0.72 (95% CI, 0.57–0.90), p = 0.004], after adjusting for confounding factors. Dose–response relationship revealed that dietary fiber intake was negatively correlated with severe AAC (p for linear < 0.001, p for nonlinear = 0.695).ConclusionsDietary fiber intake was negatively associated with severe AAC, and showed a dose–response relationship in US adults.

Consumption of a High‐fiber Diet Improves Systolic Blood Pressure and Vascular Endothelial Function and May Reduce Oxidative Stress in Middle‐aged to Older Adults

Aging is the primary risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), largely due to increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and oxidative stress‐related impairments in vascular endothelial function. Higher intake of dietary fiber is associated with reduced CVD risk. In healthy late middle‐aged to older (MA/O) adults, limited evidence indicates high‐fiber diet interventions improve SBP, but whether a high‐fiber diet improves endothelial function with aging is unknown.PurposeWe tested the hypothesis that a high‐fiber diet would, in addition to reducing SBP, improve endothelial function and reduce oxidative stress in healthy MA/O adults.MethodsWe performed a controlled feeding study in which 14 MA/O adults (8F/6M; age: 69 ± 5 years) consumed an isocaloric high‐fiber diet (30‐35 g/day) for 7 days. Diets also contained 60% total carbohydrates, 15% protein, 25% fat, and 12‐15% sugar. Baseline (pre) measures were performed under habitual diet conditions (26 ± 6 g fiber/day). On days 0 (pre) and 7 (post) of the diet, endothelial cells were collected via venous endovascular biopsy, and endothelial function was assessed by brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) following 20 minutes of intravenous infusion of saline (volume control) or the antioxidant ascorbic acid (0.06 g/kg fat‐free mass in 100 mL saline at 5 mL/min; N=12), to determine whether any improvements in endothelial functional following the high‐fiber diet were due to reduced oxidative stress.ResultsConsumption of a high‐fiber diet reduced SBP (pre vs. post: 120 ± 3 vs. 116 ± 3 mmHg, p&lt;0.01) and improved endothelial function by ~30% (pre vs. post: 4.1 ± 0.5 vs. 5.3 ± 0.7 %, p=0.03). Abundance of nitrotyrosine (NT), a marker of oxidative stress, in endothelial cells from a subset of subjects (N=6) was lower after the high‐fiber diet (pre vs. post: 0.43 ± 0.16 vs. 0.29 ± 0.12 A.U., p=0.08). At baseline, infusion of ascorbic acid increased FMD by 2.2 ± 0.7 %Δ units (p=0.01 vs. saline), indicating tonic suppression of endothelial function by oxidative stress under habitual diet conditions. Ascorbic acid still increased FMD post‐high‐fiber diet but to a lesser extent (+1.2 ± 0.6 %Δ units, p=0.06 vs. saline), and differences in FMD pre vs. post high‐fiber diet were abolished by ascorbic acid (6.3 ± 0.9 vs. 6.6 ± 0.9 %, p=0.68). These data suggest that the high‐fiber diet improved FMD in part by reducing oxidative stress.ConclusionsHigh‐fiber diet consumption improves SBP in healthy MA/O adults with normal baseline levels and induces clinically significant improvements in FMD possibly via reductions in vascular oxidative stress and tonic oxidative stress‐related suppression of endothelial function. These results suggest that a high‐fiber diet may reduce CVD risk, at least in part, by mitigating increases in SBP and oxidative stress‐related impairments in endothelial function with aging.

Intake and Sources of Dietary Fiber, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease in Older US Adults

Higher intake of dietary fiber has been associated with lower inflammation, but whether there are differences in this association by source of dietary fiber (ie, cereal, vegetable, or fruit) has not been studied to date. To evaluate the associations of total fiber intake and source (ie, cereal, vegetable, and fruit fiber intake) with inflammation and to evaluate whether inflammation mediates the inverse association between dietary fiber intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD). At the baseline visit (1989-1990) of 4125 adults aged 65 years or older in an ongoing US cohort study, dietary intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire among study participants without prevalent CVD (stroke and myocardial infarction) at enrollment. Inflammation was assessed from blood samples collected at baseline with immunoassays for markers of inflammation. Multivariable linear regression models tested the association of dietary fiber intake with inflammation. Also assessed was whether each inflammatory marker and its composite derived from principal component analysis mediated the association of baseline cereal fiber intake with development of CVD (stroke, myocardial infarction, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular death) through June 2015. Data from June 1, 1989, through June 30, 2015, were analyzed. Total fiber intake and sources of fiber (cereal, vegetable, and fruit). Systemic markers of inflammation. Cardiovascular disease was the outcome in the mediation analysis. Of 4125 individuals, 0.1% (n = 3) were Asian or Pacific Islander, 4.4% (n = 183) were Black, 0.3% (n = 12) were Native American, 95.0% (n = 3918) were White, and 0.2% (n = 9) were classified as other. Among these 4125 individuals (2473 women [60%]; mean [SD] age, 72.6 [5.5] years; 183 Black individuals [4.4%]; and 3942 individuals of other races and ethnicitites [95.6%] [ie, race and ethnicity other than Black, self-classified by participant]), an increase in total fiber intake of 5 g/d was associated with significantly lower concentrations of C-reactive protein (adjusted mean difference, -0.05 SD; 95% CI, -0.08 to -0.01 SD; P = .007) and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (adjusted mean difference, -0.04 SD; 95% CI, -0.07 to -0.01 SD; P < .02) but with higher concentrations of soluble CD163 (adjusted mean difference, 0.05 SD; 95% CI, 0.02-0.09 SD; P = .005). Among fiber sources, only cereal fiber was consistently associated with lower inflammation. Similarly, cereal fiber intake was associated with lower CVD incidence (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81-1.00; 1941 incident cases). The proportion of the observed association of cereal fiber with CVD mediated by inflammatory markers ranged from 1.5% for interleukin 18 to 14.2% for C-reactive protein, and 16.1% for their primary principal component. Results of this study suggest that cereal fiber intake was associated with lower levels of various inflammatory markers and lower risk of CVD and that inflammation mediated approximately one-sixth of the association between cereal fiber intake and CVD.

Dietary fibre intake is associated with reduced risk of lung cancer: a Japan public health centre-based prospective study (JPHC).

Several epidemiological studies have been conducted to draw consistent conclusions regarding the effect of dietary fibre on lung diseases and lung cancer. However, the effect of dietary fibre on the incidence of lung cancer remains unclear in an Asian population. We investigated the association between the intake of total dietary fibre and dietary fibre from different food sources and lung cancer incidence in a Japan public health centre-based prospective study (JPHC). A total of 73 405 participants (33 012 men and 40 393 women) aged 45-74 years were eligible for our study. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During a median follow-up of 18.0 years, 1546 (1042 men and 504 women) newly diagnosed cases of lung cancer were ascertained. In the multivariable models, total dietary fibre intake was inversely associated with lung cancer risk in men, the HRs Q5 vs Q1 (95% CI) were 0.77 (0.62 to 0.94), P-trend = 0.020. Dietary fibre intake from vegetables was protectively associated with lung cancer risk in men [HR Q5 vs Q1 (95% CI): 0.80 (0.64 to 0.99), P-trend = 0.053]. However, no such association was observed in women. In men, a high intake of total dietary fibre may have preventive benefits for lung cancer incidence: dietary fibre intake from vegetables was associated with a lower incidence of lung cancer. However, similar associations did not appear in women. Further investigations are required to confirm the association between dietary fibre and lung cancer risk in women.

The Effects of 12-Weeks Whey Protein Supplements on Markers of Bone Turnover in Adults With Abdominal Obesity - A Post Hoc Analysis.

BackgroundWhile osteoporosis is characterized by skeletal fragility due to increased bone turnover and low bone mineral density (BMD), subjects with abdominal obesity and type-2 diabetes have increased risk of bone fractures despite low bone turnover and increased BMD. Diets with increased protein content are reported to increase bone turnover in healthy adults and may be a point of interest in preserving bone strength in subjects with abdominal obesity and/or type-2 diabetes.MethodsWe examined the effect of 12-weeks dietary intervention on bone turnover in 64 adults with abdominal obesity using data from the MERITS trial. The trial was a randomized, controlled, double blinded study in which participants were allocated to receive either 60 g/d of whey protein hydrolysate or maltodextrin in combination with either high (30 g/d) or low dietary fiber intake (10 g/d). Primarily, we assessed changes in plasma markers of bone turnover Procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (p1NP), C-terminal telopeptide type-1 collagen (CTX), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) within the four intervention groups. In addition, we measured u-calcium and u-carbamide excretion, 25(OH)D, and BMD by whole body DXA scans. Finally, we compared changes in insulin resistance (Homeostasis-model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR) with changes in bone turnover markers.The trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02931630.ResultsSixty-four subjects were included in the study. We did not find any effect of twelve weeks of high protein or high fiber intake on plasma levels of P1NP or CTX. There was a nonsignificant positive association between protein intake and PTH levels (p=0.06). U-calcium and u-carbamide increased in both protein groups. There was a positive association between change in HOMA-IR and PTH (p=0.042), while changes in P1NP and CTX did not associate to changes in HOMA-IR.ConclusionTwelve weeks of increased whey protein intake in subjects with abdominal obesity did not affect markers of bone turnover significantly, although tended to increase PTH levels. Dietary fiber intake did not affect bone turnover. We report a positive association between change in HOMA-IR and PTH supporting a hypothesis of insulin resistance as a potential key factor in the expanding field of bone fragility in T2D subjects.

Dietary Fiber Intake and Femoral Bone Mineral Density in Middle-Aged and Older US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014.

Sufficient dietary fiber intake (DFI) is considered necessary for human health. However, the association between DFI and bone mineral density (BMD) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between DFI and BMD and to determine whether sex modifies the association between DFI and BMD. Participants aged ≥ 40 years from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in the final analysis. The association between DFI and BMD was evaluated using a multivariate linear regression model. The non-linear relationship between DFI and BMD was characterized by smooth curve fittings and generalized additive models. Finally, 1,935 participants with a mean age of 58.12 ± 11.84 years were included in the final analysis. The results revealed that DFI was positively associated with femoral BMD in the unadjusted model. However, no correlation was observed between DFI and femoral BMD after adjusting for covariates. Moreover, the results showed an inverted U-shaped association between total DFI and femoral BMD among men but not women for the nonlinear relationship between DFI and femoral BMD. In conclusion, our results indicate that DFI might not follow a linear relationship with femoral BMD, and sex factors might modify the association between DFI and BMD. Particularly, high total DFI might contribute to lower femoral neck BMD. However, more studies are needed to investigate whether the negative effect of high DFI on femoral BMD does exist and whether high DFI has clear biological effects on bone metabolism, such as increasing the risk of osteoporosis.

High cellulose dietary intake relieves asthma inflammation through the intestinal microbiome in a mouse model.

Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that a high dietary fiber intake is associated inversely with the incidence of asthma in the population. There have been many studies on the role of soluble dietary fiber, but the mechanism of action for insoluble dietary fiber, such as cellulose-the most widely existing dietary fiber, in asthma is still unclear. The current study investigated the outcomes of a high-cellulose diet in a mouse model of asthma and detected pathological manifestations within the lungs, changes in the intestinal microbiome, and changes in intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in mice. A high-cellulose diet can reduce lung inflammation and asthma symptoms in asthmatic mice. Furthermore, it dramatically changes the composition of the intestinal microbiome. At the family level, a new dominant fungus family Peptostreptococcaceae is produced, and at the genus level, the unique genus Romboutsla, [Ruminococcus]_torques_group was generated. These genera and families of bacteria are closely correlated with lipid metabolism in vivo. Many studies have proposed that the mechanism of dietary fiber regulating asthma may involve the intestinal microbiome producing SCFAs, but the current research shows that a high-cellulose diet cannot increase the content of SCFAs in the intestine. These data suggest that a high-cellulose diet decreases asthma symptoms by altering the composition of the intestinal microbiome, however, this mechanism is thought to be independent of SCFAs and may involve the regulation of lipid metabolism.

Habitual Dietary Fiber Intake, Fecal Microbiota, and Hemoglobin A1c Level in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

High-fiber diet interventions have been proven to be beneficial for gut microbiota and glycemic control in diabetes patients. However, the effect of a low level of fiber in habitual diets remains unclear. This study aims to examine the associations of habitual dietary fiber intake with gut microbiome profiles among Chinese diabetes patients and identify differential taxa that mediated associations of dietary fiber with HbA1c level. Two cross-sectional studies and one longitudinal study were designed based on two follow-up surveys in a randomized trial conducted during 2015–2017. The study included 356 and 310 participants in the first and second follow-ups, respectively, with 293 participants in common in both surveys. Dietary fiber intake was calculated based on a 3-day 24-h diet recall at each survey and was classified into a lower or a higher group according to the levels taken based on the two surveys using 7.2 g/day as a cut-off value. HbA1c was assayed to assess glycemic status using a cut-off point of 7.0% and 8.0%. Microbiome was profiled by 16S rRNA sequencing. A high habitual dietary fiber intake was associated with a decrease in α-diversity in both the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. At the first follow–up, phylum Firmicutes and Fusobacteria were negatively associated with a higher dietary fiber intake (p < 0.05, Q < 0.15); at the second follow-up, genus Adlercreutzia, Prevotella, Ruminococcus, and Desulfovibrio were less abundant in patients taking higher dietary fiber (p < 0.05, Q < 0.15); genus Desulfovibrio and Ruminococcaceae (Unknown), two identified differential taxa by HbA1c level, were negatively associated with dietary fiber intake in both the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, and mediated the dietary fiber-HbA1c associations among patients taking dietary fiber ≥ 7.2 g/day (mediation effect β [95%CI]: −0.019 [−0.043, −0.003], p = 0.018 and −0.019 [−0.046, −0.003], p = 0.016). Our results suggest that habitual dietary fiber intake has a beneficial effect on gut microbiota in Chinese diabetes patients. Further studies are needed to confirm our results.

The improvement of parturition duration by high intake of dietary fibre in late gestation is associated with gut microbiota and metabolome in sows.

Prolonged parturition duration has been widely demonstrated to be a risk factor for incidence of stillbirth. This study evaluated the supply of dietary fibre on the parturition duration, gut microbiota and metabolome using sows as a model. A total of 40 Yorkshire sows were randomly given diet containing normal level of dietary fibre (NDF, 17·5 % dietary fibre) or high level of dietary fibre (HDF, 33·5 % dietary fibre). Faecal microbiota profiled with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, SCFA and metabolome in the faeces and plasma around parturition were compared between the dietary groups. Correlation analysis was conducted to further explore the potential associations between specific bacterial taxa and metabolites. Results showed that HDF diet significantly improved the parturition process as presented by the shorter parturition duration. HDF diet increased the abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Synergistetes and multiple genera. Except for butyrate, SCFA levels in the faeces and plasma of sows at parturition were elevated in HDF group. The abundances of fifteen and twelve metabolites in the faeces and plasma, respectively, markedly differ between HDF and NDF sows. These metabolites are involved in energy metabolism and bacterial metabolism. Correlation analysis also showed associations between specific bacteria taxa and metabolites. Collectively, our study indicates that the improvement of parturition duration by high fibre intake in late gestation is associated with gut microbiota, production of SCFA and other metabolites, potentially serving for energy metabolism.

Utilization of vegetables as a source of dietary fiber in conventional product

Dietary fiber is that part of plant material in our diet which is highly resistant to enzymatic digestion .It includes cellulose, hemicellulose, gums and mucilages. The diets which contains high content of dietary fiber include nuts, cereals fruits and vegetables. High dietary fiber intake protects from many chronic diseases like gastrointestinal tract problems, cancer, heart diseases and obesity. Fruits and vegetables contain great amount of dietary fiber in them and can be used in development of various products such as bakery, beverages and supplements. In the current project three vegetables taken considered as high dietary fiber to extract dietary fiber from them. Solanum lycopersicum, L. (Tomato), Brassica oleracea, L. (cabbage) and Ipomea batatas, (L.) Lam. (sweet potato) were analyzed. The chemical analysis of these vegetables fat%, ash%, moisture%, fiber%, protein% in addition to carbohydrate%. A product (muffin) was prepared of all these samples separately for entire dietary fiber analysis. The total dietary fiber of Brassica oleracea, L. (cabbage) was 7.21g, for Solanum lycopersicum, L. (tomato) was 6.43g and for Ipomea batatas, (L.) Lam. (sweet potato) the fiber content was 14.9g which shows that sweet potato has highest content of dietary fiber. It provides essential nutrients and helps to overcome the deficiency of dietary fiber in body as a baked product. It is formed as little cost supplement and available local source of vegetables.

Dietary Composition and Its Association with Newly Diagnosed Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance.

Dietary modification is essential for treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the dietary components are less well defined. We enrolled 252 adults with no history of liver disease and excessive alcohol use to evaluate the relationship between macronutrients and NAFLD and insulin resistance. Participants took photographs of their meals and documented their food intake in a food diary for seven consecutive days. A dietitian estimated the type and portion size of food items and analyzed nutrients with INMUCAL-Nutrients software. Later, participants underwent transient elastography to diagnose NAFLD and blood tests to measure insulin resistance using the homeostasis model. Total energy intake and the proportion of carbohydrate, fat, and protein consumption did not differ between participants with NAFLD (n = 41) and those without NAFLD (n = 211). Using multiple logistic regression analysis, daily intake of protein < 1.0 g/kg (OR: 3.66, 95% CI: 1.41–9.52) and full-fat dairy product ≥ 50 g (OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.18–0.99) were associated with NAFLD. Insulin resistance was associated with a daily intake of protein < 1.0 g/kg (OR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.59–6.05), full-fat dairy product ≥ 50 g (OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.25–0.82), and dietary fiber ≥ 8 g (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.22–0.74). Our data show that a low protein intake increases the odds for NAFLD and insulin resistance. Contrarily, a high intake of full-fat dairy products and dietary fiber has been associated with a potential protective effect against NAFLD and insulin resistance.

Diet and Risk of Incident Lung Cancer: A Large Prospective Cohort Study in UK Biobank

Epidemiological evidence remains conflicting regarding diet and risk of lung cancer. We sought to systematically investigate whether dietary factors are associated with the risk of incident lung cancer in the UK Biobank. A total of 416,588 participants (54% women) from the UK Biobank were included in the present study. Based on baseline data from FFQs, 3 main dietary patterns were identified by using principal component analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the association of individual food groups and dietary patterns with lung cancer risk. During a median follow-up of 7.13 y, 1782 incident lung cancer cases were documented. The association analysis showed high intake of red meat and processed meat was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (HRper 50g/d: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.65 for red meat; HRper 25g/d: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.53 for processed meat). However, the consumption of fruits (HRper 100g/d: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.95), vegetables (HRper 100g/d: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.99), breakfast cereals (HRper 50g/d: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.89), and dietary fiber (HRper 5g/d: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.84) was inversely associated with the risk of lung cancer. For the dietary pattern analysis [quartile (Q) comparison], high adherence to the Prudent pattern (HRQ4 compared with Q1: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.96) was associated with a lower risk of lung cancer, whereas the Western pattern (HRQ4 compared with Q1: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.46) was associated with a higher risk of lung cancer. Our study indicated that a diet characterized by high intake of fruits, vegetables, breakfast cereals, and dietary fiber, as well as low intake of red meat and processed meat, was associated with a lower risk of lung cancer.

Patterns of Egg Consumption Can Help Contribute to Nutrient Recommendations and Are Associated with Diet Quality and Shortfall Nutrient Intakes.

Limited data are available on how eggs are consumed in the typical American eating pattern and the contribution to usual intakes, diet quality and in meeting recommendations. The objectives of the present analysis included identifying how eggs are consumed within U.S. dietary patterns and how these patterns are associated with the usual intakes of shortfall nutrients and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index 2015) using data from the combined National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001–2016. An additional objective included assessing the differences between egg consumers and egg non-consumers in nutrient intakes and nutrient adequacy. Several egg-containing dietary patterns were identified, and two egg patterns were associated with a greater diet quality compared to a no egg pattern (p < 0.0001). Most egg patterns identified were similar in diet quality scores when compared to the no egg pattern; however, the two egg patterns had lower diet quality scores. Egg consumption combined with a greater intake of total protein foods, seafood and plant protein, total vegetables, total fruit, whole fruit, whole grains and dairy foods, and a lower intake of refined grains and added sugars contributed to an improved diet quality, supporting that no one food is responsible for a healthy dietary pattern. Egg consumers demonstrated significantly higher intakes of dietary fiber, calcium, magnesium, potassium, total choline, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D and vitamin E when compared to egg non-consumers. A comparison of egg consumers and egg non-consumers found egg consumers had significantly less percentages of the population below the EAR for calcium, iron, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E. Similarly, the percentage of the population above the recommendations for potassium and choline were greater for egg consumers vs. egg non-consumers. In egg consumers, 24.4% of the population was above the AI for dietary choline when compared to 4.3% of egg non-consumers (p < 0.0001). Findings from the present analysis demonstrate that eggs and egg-containing foods can be an important part of a healthy dietary pattern when balanced accordingly with other nutrient-dense foods.