High Concentrations Of Cr Research Articles

Effect of Cr content on thermally activated deformation in single-crystal micropillars of Fe–Cr binary alloys

This study identifies the role of solute Cr in the thermal activation process in the plastic deformation of α-(Fe, Cr) ferrite (BCC solid solutions) using micropillar compression tests for micron-sized single-crystals fabricated on various Fe–Cr binary alloys that were solution-treated at 1573 K. Fe–18%Cr single-crystal micropillars with a mean diameter d of ∼2 μm exhibited a relatively higher strain rate sensitivity (m) of 0.12 for the stress required for slip initiation. Larger Fe–18%Cr micropillars (d = 5 μm) exhibited a lower m value of 0.04. The corresponding activation volume of 50 b3 was equivalent to the millimeter-sized pure Fe and Fe–18%Cr alloy specimens (60–70 b3), indicating the prevalence of a general mechanism involving dislocation motion (kink-pair nucleation of screw dislocations). This mechanism controls the thermal activation process of plastic deformation in the Fe–18%Cr alloy, which has sufficient sources for dislocation multiplication. In the Fe–25%Cr and Fe–40%Cr single crystal micropillars, a less pronounced size-dependent m value (0.01–0.03) was determined, almost independent of specimen size. The corresponding activation volumes of large micropillars (74–77 b3) were similar to those of millimeter-sized specimens, which indicates a mild effect of solute Cr atoms on the thermal activation process of dislocation motion in Fe–Cr binary alloys at ambient temperature. Initial dislocations, rather than Cr content in Fe–Cr binary alloys, led to the low changes in size-dependent activation volume of Fe–Cr alloys with higher Cr content. Planar faults (Cr-enriched regions) were observed in Fe–40%Cr alloys, which may become sufficient sources for dislocation nucleation. However, the influence of Cr-enriched regions on dislocation motion remains unclear.

Leachability of hexavalent chromium from fly ash-marl mixtures in Sarigiol basin, Western Macedonia, Greece: environmental hazard and potential human health risk

Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) is an environmental contaminant brining high concerns due to its higher toxicity and mobility in comparison with trivalent chromium Cr(III). Cr (VI) has been linked with several adverse health effects, including respiratory diseases, lung cancer, and skin irritation. The primary sources of it in the environment are industrial activities.Most of the time, fly ash made of lignite can release Cr(VI) when it comes into contact with water in an aquatic environment. The objective of this study is the investigation of Cr (VI) concentration in leachates of fly ash and marl mixtures and the determination of its solubility under different pH conditions. Samples of fly ash were collected from the Power Plant of Agios Dimitrios. Additionally, samples of marl were collected from the mine of South Field, and both samples were mixed and prepared in in different proportions (% w.t.). The leaching experiments were carried out according to the EN-12457/1-4 (2003) standard under different pH conditions and chemical analysis of the leachates were performed by spectrophotometry with diphenylcarbazide (DPC). The environmental footprint of Cr (VI) in the study area was significant, especially in mixtures containing higher concentrations of fly ash. A critical pH range between 6 to 12 is observed. At acidic pH values, a high release of Cr (VI) was observed, while at the mentioned critical values (pH 10–12), a gradual decrease in its leachability was noticed. The high concentrations of Cr (VI) in the industrial area studied require immediate actions in terms of managing and limiting the potential hazardous impacts on the environment and by extension on the public health by developing appropriate prevention strategies.Graphical abstract

Effect of pool temperature on microstructure and corrosion resistance of PTAW Ni layer

In plasma transferred arc welding (PTAW), the weld pool temperature often fluctuates. The spray weld layer is prone to overheating, leading to adverse effect on its performance. This study investigated the influence of spray welding current on the weld pool temperature and in turn on the microstructure, microhardness and corrosion resistance of the PTAW-Ni layer on a steel substrate. Weld pool temperature increased with increasing spray welding current and varied along the welding gun path before reaching the steady state. With increasing pool temperature, more Fe diffused from the substrate into the spray weld layer, leading to a widened fusion zone, an increased dilution rate and a decreased microhardness. The spray weld layer has a dendritic microstructure. The dendrites have a higher Cr content, while the interdendritic regions have a higher Ni content. Increasing weld pool temperature increased diffusion, resulting in reduced enrichment of the Cr and Ni elements. The increase of Fe and decrease of Cr in the spray weld layer caused the decreasing corrosion resistance.

Effects of alloying elements on the microstructure of precipitation strengthened Co-based superalloys

The alloying effects on the microstructure, especially precipitation of harmful phases and solvus temperature of L12-structured γʹ phase, etc., are essential for alloy design and development of precipitation strengthened Co-based superalloys. Based on the newly reported Co30Ni9Al5Mo10Cr2Ta0.03B alloy, alloying elements Mo, Cr, Al, Ta and Ni are systematically changed and alloys are fabricated to investigate their microstructures in two heat treatment statuses, namely homogenization and aging, respectively. Results show that Mo and Cr are γ forming elements and have limited effect on γʹ solvus temperature, but high concentration of Mo and Cr facilitates the formation of harmful μ phase. Al, Ta, and Ni are all γʹ stabilizers and can effectively increase γʹ solvus temperature, but roles of Al, Ta and Ni are different. Increasing Al and Ta would result in other harmful phases, such as the μ phase in the 6Ta and 4Ta alloys, and μ + B2 phases in the 13Al and 11.5Al alloys. However, Ni addition significantly increases solvus temperature and area fraction of γʹ phase without occurrence of harmful phases. The current findings might provide guidelines for design and development of precipitation strengthened Co-based alloys.

Hydrothermal Corrosion of Latest Generation of FeCrAl Alloys for Nuclear Fuel Cladding.

After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, the nuclear materials community has been vastly investing in accident tolerant fuel (ATF) concepts to modify/replace Zircaloy cladding material. Iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) alloys are one of the leading contenders in this race. In this study, we investigated FA-SMT (or APMT-2), PM-C26M, and Fe17Cr5.5Al over a time period of 6 months in simulated BWR environments and compared their performance with standard Zirc-2 and SS316 materials. Our results implied that water chemistry along with alloy chemistry has a profound effect on the corrosion rate of FeCrAl alloys. Apart from SS316 and Zirc-2 tube specimens, all FeCrAl alloys showed a mass loss in hydrogen water chemistry (HWC). FA-SMT displayed minimal mass loss compared to PM-C26M and Fe17Cr5.5Al because of its higher Cr content. The mass gain of FeCrAl alloys in normal water chemistry (NWC) is significantly less when compared to Zirc-2.

Effects of exogenous riboflavin or cytochrome addition on the cathodic reduction of Cr(VI) in microbial fuel cell with Shewanella putrefaciens.

Bioreduction of Cr(VI) is recognized as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method, attracting widespread interest. However, the slow rate of Cr(VI) bioreduction remains a practical challenge. Additionally, the direct removal efficiency of microbes for high concentrations of Cr(VI) is not ideal due to the toxicity. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of exogenous riboflavin or cytochrome on the cathodic reduction of Cr(VI) in microbial fuel cells. The results demonstrated that the exogenous riboflavin or cytochrome effectively improved the voltage output of the cells, with riboflavin increasing the voltage by 52.08%. Within the first 24h, the Cr(VI) removal ratio in the normal, cytochrome, and riboflavin groups was 14.3%, 29.3%, and 53.8%, respectively. And the final removal ratio was 55.1%, 69.1%, and 98.0%, respectively. These results showed different enhancement effects of riboflavin and cytochrome on Cr(VI) removal. The analysis of riboflavin and cytochrome contents revealed that the additions did not have a significant impact on the autocrine riboflavin of S. putrefaciens, but affected the autocrine cytochrome. SEM, XPS, and FTIR results confirmed the presence of reduced Cr(III) on the cathode, which formed precipitate and adhered to the cathode surface. The EDS analysis showed that the amount of Cr on the cathode in normal, cytochrome, and riboflavin groups was 4.71%, 6.37%, 7.56%, respectively, which was consistent with the voltage and Cr(VI) removal data. These findings demonstrated the significant enhancement of exogenous riboflavin or cytochrome on Cr(VI) reduction, thereby providing data reference for the future bio-assisted remediation of Cr(VI) pollution.

Effect of Alloying Elements in Steels on the Interfacial Structure and Mechanical Properties of Mg to Steel by Laser-GTAW Hybrid Direct Lap Welding.

Mg alloy AZ31B was directly bonded to SK7 with a low alloy content, DP980 with a high Mn content, 316L with a high Cr and high Ni content by laser-gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and hybrid direct lap welding. The results showed that the tensile loads of AZ31B/SK7 and AZ31B/DP980 joints were 283 N/mm and 285 N/mm respectively, while the tensile load of AZ31B/316L joint was only 115 N/mm. The fracture and interface microstructures were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and identified through X-ray diffractometry (XRD). For AZ31B/SK7 and AZ31B/DP980, the interface of the front reaction area and the keyhole reaction area was mainly composed of an Fe-Al phase and an Al-Mn phase. However, for AZ31B/316L, the interface of the keyhole reaction area was mainly composed of an Fe-Al phase and an Al-Mn phase, but a multi-layer composite structure consisting of the Mg17Al12 compound layer and eutectic layer was formed in the front reaction area, which led to a deterioration in the joint property. The influencing mechanism of Mn, Cr and Ni elements in steel on the properties and interface structure of the laser-GTAW lap joint between the Mg alloy and the steel was systematically analyzed.

Effect of high-energy shot peening on the corrosion behavior and chloride threshold concentration of AISI 316L stainless steel rebar in simulated concrete pore solution

The corrosion behavior and chloride threshold concentration of AISI 316L stainless steel reinforcement bar (rebar), subjected to high-energy shot peening (HESPed), are compared with its solution-annealed (SAed) counterpart in simulated concrete pore solution (CPS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that HESP significantly reduces the surface grain size to the ultrafine/nanometric range and increases the density of various dislocation structures, including dislocation walls and cells. This augmented presence of grain boundaries and dislocations, acting as high diffusivity paths, contributed to the formation of a thicker surface film with higher Cr content and lower donor/acceptor density in the HESPed sample compared to the SAed. Moreover, corrosion behavior analyses in CPSs with NaCl concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 2.0 M demonstrated that HESPed samples exhibit broader passivation ranges, more positive corrosion potentials, and higher polarization resistance under equivalent chloride concentrations. Additionally, threshold chloride concentrations obtained from the potentiodynamic polarization tests show values between 0.5 and 1.0 M for the SAed and between 1.0 and 1.5 M for the HESPed samples. Based on diffusion equations, a physical model is proposed to elucidate the improved behavior resulting from the HESP treatment.

Assessment of medicinal plants colonizing abundantly on metal-enriched fly ash deposits: phytoremediation prospective

Heavy metal-enriched fly ash (FA) deposits are recognized as hazardous contaminated sites on the earth, which pollute our ecosystems. Consequently, the present investigation was carried out to explore the phytoremediation potential of naturally growing medicinal plants in the FA dumpsite. This present study chose two native medicinal plants i.e., Bacopa monnieri and Acmella oleracea found to be naturally colonizing abundantly on FA dumpsite to assess heavy metal accumulation. FA sample of B. monnieri thriving sites found to have metal content in order Mn (216.6)> Cr (39.27)> Zn (20.8)> Ni (16.1)> Cu (15.03)> Co (6.7)> Pb (5.43) whereas for A. oleracea FA dumpsites, the order of metal availability was Mn (750.3)> B (54.5)>Cr (37.2)>Zn (31.33)> Cu (18.7)> Ni (16.93)> Co (7.7)>Pb (4.23). In B. monnieri, higher concentrations of Cr and Mn were observed in the shoot in comparison to the root, indicative of its potential as a hyperaccumulator plant. Conversely, in A. oleracea, greater amounts of Pb were detected in the shoot relative to the root. Hence, it is recommended that B. monnieri and A. oleracea grow on such heavy metal-enriched substrates should be avoided for medicinal purposes; however, these plants can be used for phytoremediation purposes.

Monitoring of the Fluctuation of the Pollutant Load of Leachate Rejected in Environment. Study in the Northeast of Algeria

In order to model the environmental impact of leachate produced at the engineered landfill center (ELC) of Bouguerguer, Guelma located in the north east of Algeria. A physico-chemical characterization during 2020, was carried out in order to estimate this impact. For this purpose fourteen parameters have been studied which are, In vivo: pH, conductivity, Salinity. In vitro: Organic element contents (BOD5, COD); Heavy metal contents (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr); The contents of nutrient elements (Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonium and Suspended matter). The results obtained show that the leachates studied, have the following characteristics: A basic pH of 8,85 , Suspended matter a fairly large load with 5397,92 mg/L. The organic load interpreted by a COD that reaches an average 1603, 75 mg O2/L and a BOD5 that reaches an average of 778,54 mg O2/L, which strongly justifies the presence of organic pollution. The mineral pollution is also present, translated by a high electrical conductivity which reaches an average value of 33,38 mS/cm, Nitrates and nitrites average 15,68 and 17,93 mg/l respectively. The leachates are also characterized by a high content of Fr, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr with an average of (42,70 ; 10,44 ; 8,27 ; 4,37 and 5,97 mg/l) respectively. Noting that the results obtained constitute the first characterization of leachates in this landfill and thus provide a database for future research.

Performance and properties evolution of near-term accident tolerant fuel: Cr-doped UO2

Chromium-doped UO2 fuel has received significant interest due to the ability for chromium to produce pellets with large average grain size (>30 μm), which has shown to increase fission gas retention during operation. Sintering of chromium-doped UO2 pellets was pursued with oxygen potential and sintering atmosphere controlled to tailor the final microstructure of the material. Chromium additions in this study ranged from 750 to 7800 ppm. Cr concentrations were studied pre and post sintering using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Effects of chromium content on lattice parameter and microstructure were examined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Contraction of the UO2 lattice parameter was observed, as well as enlargement of grain size with increasing chromium content up to 4900 ppm Cr2O3. SEM indicated Cr incorporation within the matrix and the formation of chromium oxide precipitates throughout the microstructure at high Cr concentrations. Evaluation of thermophysical properties of Cr-doped UO2 pellets were conducted up to 1200 °C to illustrate their evolution with increased dopant concentration and microstructural changes. The results show that grain size is maximized at 52 μm with Cr2O3 concentration equal to 4900 ppm; however, grain size decreases at higher Cr2O3 concentrations. No significant changes were observed in specific heat capacity, linear thermal expansion, and coefficient of thermal expansion compared to undoped UO2. The thermal conductivity also decreased through the incorporation of Cr2O3 dopants above 750 ppm and is shown to be ∼15 % lower than reported UO2 values.

An investigation on the effect of heat input to wear behavior and corrosion-cavitation erosion mechanism of Hastelloy C-276 coating by cold metal transfer

Cold metal transfer (CMT) technology based on wire-arc manufacturing has attracted wide attention because of its advantages of high manufacturing efficiency, low heat input (HI) and near-net-shape. In this study, a CMT-Hastelloy C-276 superalloy surface modification coating by optimizing HI is used to solve the problem of premature failure of key over-flow components of stainless steel in marine engineering. When the HI is increased from 269 J/mm to 358 J/mm, the serious cavitation erosion (CE) damage caused by pore defects and excessive residual tensile stress due to excessive low HI of Hastelloy C-276 coating can be avoid, which is attributed to the effective Orowan strengthening and high proportion of low angle grain bounds (LAGBs: 70.2%). In addition, high contents of Cr, Mo and W elements can promote it's passivation film to maintain excellent self-healing ability during CE to provide continuous and stable protection effect (Rct = 75.68 kΩ·cm2) in the 3.5 wt% NaCl artificial seawater. Therefore, even after 10 h-CE, it still maintains the highest corrosion resistance from both of the thermodynamic (Ecorr = −193.5 ± 3.6 mV) and kinetic perspective (Icorr = 69.3 ± 3.1 μA·cm−2) and has the lowest mean depth erosion rates (MDER, 0.94 ± 0.07 μm/h). However, further increase of HI will cause coarsing of grains (89.6 ± 2.7 μm → 342.8 ± 9.7 μm), excessive precipitation of brittle Mo-rich p phase and excessive dilution of elements from the substrate, resulting in changes in the wear mechanism and deterioration of strength and corrosion resistance. Moreover, the potential of zero charge (PZC) measurements and Mott-Schottky (M-S) test confirmed the decreasing trend of the repulsive ability to Cl ions (ΔE = 0.58 V) and the increased ion doping concentration (ND = 5.94 ± 0.02 × 1022 cm−3) of the weakened n-type passivation films. The optimal combination of wear resistance, corrosion resistance and CE resistance of Hastelloy C-276 coating is obtained by regulating HI, which can lay a theoretical foundation for the related production and application of marine engineering.

Pollution Status of Groundwater Resource by Some Heavy Metals Using Index Approach in Some Part of Nasarawa Area, Kano State, Nigeria

Groundwater is the world's most significant natural resource providing water for different purposes, including drinking, domestic, industrial and irrigational. However, polluted groundwater may endanger human survival. This research evaluated the status of groundwater resource pollution caused by some heavy metals in some parts of the Nasarawa local government area of Kano State. 15 groundwater samples were collected from functional boreholes in the area. Heavy metals concentrations evaluated include Zn, Mn, Cr, Mg, Cd, Fe, Cu, and Pb and were compared with the World Health Organization and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality to establish their suitability for human consumption. Descriptive statistics was employed to summarize the analyzed data. Metal index was used to determine the pollution status of the groundwater. The result revealed that Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn with the mean value of (0.090, 0.160, 0.191 and 0.11) were found within the stipulated limit set by WHO (3.0, 0.3, 2.0 and 0.5) and NSDWQ (3.0, 0.5-50, 1.0 and 0.2), while Pb, Cd, Cr, and Mg (0.105, 0.127, 0.206 and 0.82) exceeded the permissible limits recommended by WHO (0.01, 0.003, 0.05 and 0.5). A high concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Mg may be attributed to anthropogenic influences possibly deriving from improper municipal and Bampai industrial waste disposal. The values of the metal index (MI) revealed that the water is seriously affected by Pb, Cd and Cr, which can pose serious health damage to consumers. It is recommended that constant and continuous monitoring of Pb, Cd and Cr in groundwater be made in the study area due to its proximity to Bampai and Sharadda industrial sites.

Enhancing Mechanical Properties of a Lightweight TiAlCrNbVZr Medium-Entropy Alloy: Fine-Tuning Alloy Composition and Thermomechanical Treatment

Enhancing Mechanical Properties of a Lightweight TiAlCrNbVZr Medium-Entropy Alloy: Fine-Tuning Alloy Composition and Thermomechanical Treatment

Response of Typha domingensis during an accidental discharge of high Cr(VI) concentration in a full-scale treatment wetland

This work assesses the Cr accumulation and tolerance of Typha domingensis after an accidental discharge of wastewater that produced a concentration of Cr(VI) of approximately 120 mg L−1 in a free-water surface wetland. The wetland was constructed for the final wastewater treatment of a metallurgical manufacturing plant. It is 7 m wide, 20 m long, and waterproofed with a geomembrane. A 1.5 m soil layer was placed on top of the geomembrane. Water, plants, and sediment were sampled before and after an accidental discharge. The root anatomical measurements of the plants from the treatment wetland were compared with those of plants from an uncontaminated wetland (control). Roots and dead leaves from the inlet plants showed the highest Cr concentrations after the accidental discharge (12.4 and 11.6 mg g−1, respectively). SEM-EDX mapping determined that Cr was accumulated in root epidermis. Cr accumulation in plant detritus, plant roots, and sediment were the mechanisms for Cr removal. Plants accumulated Cr in belowground tissues demonstrating their potential for phytostabilization. T. domingensis was capable of modifying its morphology to respond to high Cr concentrations. This macrophyte is a suitable species for wetlands constructed for the treatment of a wastewater with high Cr(VI) concentration. The studied system was capable of minimizing the impact and preserving the environment.

Spatial distribution characteristics and source apportionment of heavy metal(loid)s in park dust in the Mianyang urban area, China.

Park dust is a carrier of heavy metal pollutants and could potentially harm the health of urban residents. The concentrations of 10 heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) in park dust from the Mianyang urban area were analysed via X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Based on ArcGIS spatial analysis, Spearman correlation analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, the spatial distribution and sources of HMs in park dust were studied. The average contents of Zn, Co, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Ba in park dust were 185.0, 33.7, 38.7, 178.7, 51.0, and 662.1mg/kg, respectively, which are higher than the reference values. The 10 HMs exhibited obvious spatial distribution and local spatial agglomeration patterns. High concentrations of As and Pb were primarily concentrated in the eastern part of the Mianyang urban area. High concentrations of Zn, Cr, and Cu were largely distributed in parks near the Changjiang River and Fujiang River. A high concentration of Co was concentrated in the northern region. The high-value areas of Mn, Ba, V, and Ni occurred far from the city centre and were located in the southwestern region. We found that Pb and As primarily originated from mixed traffic and natural sources; Zn, Cr, and Cu mainly originated from industrial activities; Co largely originated from building sources; and Ba, Ni, Mn, and V were mostly derived from natural sources. Mixed, industrial, building, and natural sources accounted for 24.5%, 24.8%, 24.7%, and 26.0%, respectively, of the HM sources. Co, Cu, Cr, and Zn in the Mianyang urban area were obviously influenced by human activities and should receive close attention.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION IN AN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT USING HEAVY METAL POLLUTION INDICES AND STABLE ISOTOPES, CASE STUDY OF THE INDUSTRIAL ZONE OF SKIKDA, NORTH-EAST ALGERIA

An environmental assessment study was conducted in the industrial area of Skikda in the Northeast of Algeria which involved physicochemical parameters, heavy metal concentrations, and stable isotopes of surface water, groundwater, and soil. The results revealed high concentrations of Cd, Ni, Fe, Cu, As, Cr, Pb, Co, and Mn in groundwater. The southern part exhibited the lowest heavy metal concentrations, while the industrial zone in the North contained the highest levels. Therefore, the industrial area showed significant pollution in groundwater by Cr, Pb, and As with respectively 0.5, 0.69, and 0.44 mg/l, surpassing the respective WHO(World Health Organization) standards of 0.05, 0.01, and 0.01 mg/l. Spatial analysis showed that the industrial area presents higher concentrations of As, Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Fe which demonstrated similar trends in spatial distribution, their concentrations increasing within the industrial zone. However, the western part had no significant pollution sources except for a public landfill and SONATRACH industrial complex, high concentrations of Co and Mn in the south and the west parts were observed. Mean concentration in soils indicated that Cd is ranged between35.32 to 95.12 ppm, for Fe between 145.1 and 702 ppm, As varies between 1.03 and 81.85 ppm, and Zn between 50 and 520.32 ppm and considered as dominant metals. However, Mn, Co and Cr were lower respectively with 1.97, 12.11 and 7.25 ppm. Cd and As were most influenced by the polluting companies, while Cr was mainly influenced by natural factors, such as pH and soil type. Based on the contamination degree index, the soil pollution levels of Cd, Pb, and As were classified as extremely contaminated. The statistical analysis indicated substantial anthropogenic contributions to groundwater contamination concentrated in the industrial area. The groundwater exhibits a range of δ18O and δ2H values, varying from 2.45 to -5.33‰ and 19.82 to -1.67‰ vs. the V-SMOW (Vienna-Standard Mean Ocean Water) standard, respectively. The mean isotopic composition is -2.50‰ for δ18O, -19.32‰ for δ2H, with a mean deuterium excess of 6.45. These values align with the Meteoric Water Line observed in the western Mediterranean region. It indicates a hydrological connection between recharge and groundwater which suggests a significant interaction between groundwater and surface water. Due to their proximity to the river and the shallow aquifer, the downstream area is more vulnerable to surface pollution. Furthermore, the young groundwater in the downstream can be attributed to the rapid recharge and replenishment of the aquifer caused by rainfall and quick infiltration and sustained by the shallow aquifer depth and sandy soil. Consequently, the rainwater and industrial wastes lead to faster pollutant infiltration. Anthropogenic sources, including industrial effluents from smelting, refining, manufacturing, steel and textile industries, electroplating, nickel-cadmium battery production, welding, PVC product and paint pigment manufacturing, were identified as major contributors to heavy metal pollution.

Research on the evolution of corrosion products of 17-4 PH martensitic stainless steel in the tropical marine environment

Deterioration of stainless steel is significantly influenced by the characteristics of corrosion products. Evolution of corrosion products of 17-4 PH martensitic stainless steel (17-4 PH MSS) in the tropical marine environment was systematically studied by field-exposure, combined with morphological observation, compositional characterization and electrochemical testing in this work. The corrosion process of 17-4 PH MSS was divided into three stages: stage I–rapid formation and shedding of corrosion products, stage II–adhesion and transformation of corrosion products and stage Ⅲ–remarkable increase in the protective properties of corrosion products. Corrosion rate of 17-4 PH MSS was maximum in the first stage and then decreased continuously in the second and third stages, which is closely related to the morphology, distribution and composition of the corrosion products. In terms of morphological evolution, corrosion products of 17-4 PH MSS showed the dynamic cycle characteristic of "nucleation-growth-cracking-shedding". In view of compositional transformation, the high content of Cr, Ni, and Cu in stainless steel is involved in the formation of corrosion products, and the production of Cr2O3, Cr(OH)3, FeCr2O4, NiFe2O4, and CuFeO2 after 6 months of exposure was an important shift. Argument from protective properties, increase in coverage percentage and the generation of Cr-containing products are responsible for the enhancement of protective properties of the corrosion products. This work prepares the way for further research on the generation and growth mechanism of pitting under corrosion products and provides technical support for the design, selection, and protection of stainless steel in tropical marine environments.

The Release and Migration of Cr in the Soil under Alternating Wet-Dry Conditions.

In recent decades, chromium contamination in soil has emerged as a serious environmental issue, demanding an exploration of chromium's behavioral patterns in different soil conditions. This study aims to simulate the release, migration, and environmental impact of chromium (Cr) in contaminated soils under natural rainfall conditions (wet-dry cycles). Clean soils sourced from Panzhihua were used to cultivate chromium-containing soils. Simulated rainfall, prepared in the laboratory, was applied to the cultivated chromium-containing soils in indoor simulated leaching experiments. The experiments simulated three years of rainfall in Panzhihua. The results indicate that soils with higher initial Cr contents result in higher Cr concentrations in the leachate, but all soils exhibit a low cumulative Cr release. The leachate shows similar patterns in total organic carbon (TOC), pH, electrical conductivity, and Cr content changes. An analysis of the speciation of Cr in the soil after leaching reveals a significant decrease in the exchangeable fraction for each Cr species, while the residual and oxidizable Cr fractions exhibit notable increases. The wet-dry cycle has the following effects on the soil: it induces internal reduction reactions in the soil, leading to the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III); it alters the binding of Cr ions to the soil, affecting the migration of chromium; and it involves microorganisms in chemical processes that consume organic matter in the soil. After three years of rainwater leaching, chromium-containing soils released a relatively low cumulative amount of total chromium, resulting in a reduced potential risk of groundwater system contamination. Most of the chromium in the chromium-containing soil is fixed within the soil, leading to less biotoxicity.

The influences of LaVO4:Eu3+,Cr3+ red phosphors on white light-emitting diode applications

<span>In this present paper, the </span><span lang="EN-ID">LaVO<sub>4</sub>:Eu<sup>3+</sup>,Cr<sup>3+</sup> (</span><span>LV:Eu,Cr) </span><span lang="EN-ID">red-orange phosphors</span><span>are introduced in WLED fabrication. The LV:Eu,Cr phosphor is synthesized with high-temperature solid-phase reaction</span><span lang="IN">.</span><span> The luminescence properties of the phosphor are monitored with ultraviolet-visible and near-infrared (UV-vis-NIR) measurements. The heat generating in the phosphor sample is also investigated with different power densities of the 980 nm laser. The phosphor exhibits absorption bands at 254 nm and 316 nm, suitable for UV light-emitting diodes (UV LED) applications. The Cr<sup>3+</sup> concentrations have noticeable effects on the luminescence of the phosphor. The increasing Cr<sup>3+ </sup>dosage initiates reduction in Eu<sup>3+</sup> emission intensity and luminescence lifetime average. The heat-activated amount in the phosphor is also significant with the higher concentration of Cr<sup>3+</sup> ions. When using the LV:Eu,Cr phosphor in white light-emitting model (WLED), the dominant red-orange emission centered at 595 nm is observed, in addition to the blue peak at 453 nm. The luminosity, color rendition, and color uniformity of the WLED light are also discussed. The findings indicate that the phosphor can be combined with other high-efficiency blue and green phosphors to obtain the improved color rendition and luminous performances and used in heat-creating optical applications.</span>