High-tech Products Research Articles

Determinants of high-tech export: evidence from a cross-country analysis

Relevance. The adoption of new technologies and the rapid emergence of innovation spur high-tech production and export-led economic growth. We aim to provide fresh evidence on the determinants of high-tech exports, considering different macroeconomic factors within the framework of the gravity model. Research Objective. The aim of the research is to empirically assess the impact of macroeconomic instability, tax policies, natural resources endowment, human capital, and institutional environment on the promotion of high-tech exports. Data and Methods. In considering the institutional indicator, six distinct indices from the World Bank are examined, and a common indicator is computed using principal component analysis. The econometric modeling uses a panel dataset covering the world's 80 largest economies from 1996 to 2019. To test the assumptions of the gravity model and tackle the heteroscedasticity problem, the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood methodology is employed. Results. Higher inflation and unemployment rates are found to significantly decrease high-tech exports, while government external debt contributes to their enhancement. Tight tax policy and an increase in tax contribution are counterproductive in spurring high-tech exports. A negative and significant result is found for resource endowment, indicating that an increase in resource exports is counterproductive for technological advances and high-tech production. In most cases, the institutional environment and human capital significantly promote high-tech exports. Conclusions. Based on the presented empirical findings, we offer recommendations for the government to stimulate high-tech exports.

Technical and technological level of domestic agricultural production in the context of European integration processes

Purpose. To study the level of technical equipment of domestic agricultural production and investment and innovation support for its development in the context of European integration processes. Methods. Monographic, system analysis, abstract and logical. Results. Based on the results of an analytical study of the current state of the technical and technological base of domestic agro-industrial enterprises, the current model of agriculture in Ukraine is defined as industrial. In contrast, the leading European countries are characterised by post-industrial (innovative) agricultural production. Conclusions. The prospects of Ukraine‘s accession to the European space necessitate the development of a high-tech domestic agriculture based on the principles of sustainable development, which will ensure competitiveness and efficient agricultural business based on innovative production technologies and a modern machine and tractor fleet for their implementation. The development of a qualitatively new model of agriculture in Ukraine requires the development of a state strategy for updating the technical and technological base of agricultural production, which should outline the guidelines and priorities of domestic machine building for the agro-industrial complex. Keywords: agriculture, high-tech production, technical and technological base, sustainable development, competitiveness, innovation.

Оценка технологий производства продукции российско-китайского товарооборота в условиях санкционной борьбы России с коллективным Западом

The article analyzes and evaluates China’s capabilities to realize the potential for import substitution of high-tech products in the economy of the Russian Federation and our country’s capabilities to export high-tech products to China. The results allow us to conclude that significant quantitative progress has been achieved in the volume of trade turnover between Russia and China within the framework of Russian-Chinese relations. Nevertheless, the share of high-tech products in China does not yet correspond to the level of comprehensive partnership and strategic cooperation achieved by Russia and China. Only the political will of the leadership of the countries can ensure full quantitative and qualitative import substitution of high-tech products in the national economy of the Russian Federation and/or create conditions for our country to achieve sovereignty in the technological sphere.

Торгово-экономические и научно-технические связи США и СССР в годы разрядки

The topic of cooperation between the USSR and the USA in the economic, scientific and technical fields during the years of detente in bilateral relations (1969–1979) has been developed by American and European historians, political scientists, economists and experts in international relations theory for 50 years. This review describes the main stages of evolution of the foreign historiography on this problem. The authors consider the development of trade relations, technological exchanges and cooperation in the field of science as a coherent whole due to their “multilayered nature” and cumulative impact on the overall dynamics and final results of the Cold War. It is noted that from the very beginning, the formation of investigative issues was greatly influenced by theoretical works, as well as memoirs and diaries of American statesmen, Presidents, Secretaries of State, Assistants to the President for National Security Affairs, who were direct participants in the events. It is proved that in modern foreign studies, there is a tendency to belittle the significance of the experience of detente as a special model of relations between the East and the West. There is an attitude to the achievements of the exploratory programs implemented in those years as something situational and insignificant. Another conclusion concerns the difference in the emphasis of domestic and foreign authors regarding the choice of research issues. While the former tend to pay attention to the potential, implemented and missed opportunities of scientific and technical cooperation between the two superpowers during the period of relative thaw, the latter focus on studying the U.S. trade policy, but the transfer of technologies and high-tech products is considered in the context of discriminatory restrictions caused by the logic of the Cold War. While Russian authors, as a rule, emphasize the equal and mutually beneficial nature of cooperation in the scientific and technical sphere, American and European historians point to the USSR lagging behind in the development and introduction of new technologies into production by the mid‑1970s, a greater interest in cooperation and, as a result, a more vulnerable position in the negotiation and bargaining.

Роль Фонда развития промышленности в области развития технологического суверенитета РФ

The relevance of this article is due to the fact that, in the context of the digital transformation of the economy and structural changes in the world order aimed at forming a multipolar world, an important factor in the competitiveness of any country is to ensure technological sovereignty. The aim of the article is to clarify the role of the Industrial Development Fund in ensuring Russia’s technological sovereignty and to develop ways to improve the efficiency of these processes. The research is based on the use of general and special scientific methods and techniques of scientific cognition: analogy, formalization, abstraction and logical analysis, decomposition and structural logical analysis. The article presents an analysis of the theoretical concepts of the essence of economic sovereignty, which is the state’s ability to provide itself with the production of all critical technologies and types of products on its own. The activities of the Industrial Development Fund of the Russian Federation aimed at concessional financing of projects in the field of import substitution, development of new high-tech products and other priority high-tech areas are analyzed. The role of the Industrial Development Fund of the Russian Federation in the process of ensuring technological sovereignty has been clarified. The article proves that, in the most difficult conditions of geopolitical pressure and anti-Russian sanctions of Western states, Russia faces the task of reaching a new level of technological and industrial development. In a short time, Russia will have to raise its own critical technologies to a new level in science, information technology, industry, transport, in the development of medicines and new materials and other areas important to the country in order to ensure technological sovereignty and independence. in the production of every critically important product for us. Achieving this goal is possible by increasing the efficiency of the Industrial Development Fund. The proposed methodology for assessing and monitoring the level of technological sovereignty will make it possible to identify low-effective areas of concessional financing and adjust the decisions made by the Fund. The main scientific result of this article is the development of an approach to the role of the Russian Industrial Development Fund, which consists in the formation and dissemination of innovations in the process of creating the effect necessary to ensure technological sovereignty in the digital economy by selecting the most promising investment technology projects and providing them with concessional financing.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СУВЕРЕНИТЕТ И ДИФФУЗИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

The problem of reducing technological dependence is considered based on the use of the effect of technology diffusion. Under sanctions, this is one of the important areas of reducing the dependence of the economy. The analysis and prioritization of methods for borrowing technologies is carried out and the role of direct investment in combination with the localization of foreign production is shown. The directions for the most complete use of the effect of technology diffusion are substantiated. The stability and longevity of diffusion processes must be ensured by increasing the level of localization of high-tech foreign production. It is concluded that the further dynamics of technological development and the possibility of achieving a higher level of sovereignty depend on the ability of government and corporate governance bodies to adapt to the rapidly changing conditions of the global economy.

Optimized synthesis of functional organosilicon monomers and polymers exploiting new types of CuAAC recoverable heterogeneous catalysts

Organosilicon molecules of both individual and polymer structures are an integral part of modern high-tech industrial production and high technologies.

Прогноз экономического роста и развития региона: поиск источников для повышения достоверности

The article discusses forecasting regional development in the Kemerovo Region - Kuzbass. It focuses on selecting and analyzing the dynamics of key regional macroeconomic indicators. The authors define the difference between "economic growth" and "economic development" by identifying a set of quantitative indicators that characterize each concept. Economic growth is achieved through the additional use of labor, space, and equipment in production, as well as increased mining, development of new land, and construction of new facilities. Economic development, on the other hand, is measured by qualitative indicators such as labor productivity, human development, and others. Using the extrapolation method and changes in certain indicators, the authors predict the growth of the gross regional product (GRP), changes in the proportion of high-tech and knowledge-intensive products in GRP, and the labor productivity index. The quality of the forecast model was evaluated using the approximation reliability coefficient, which indicated a low degree of consistency between the trend model and the original data. Based on this, it was concluded that the forecast quality needs to be improved by incorporating additional analytical information. This includes materials from the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, the Analytical Center under the Government of Russia, macroeconomic research institutions of major financial and credit organizations, and data from foreign and domestic analytical agencies. The study is based on systematic and structural analysis and statistical data processing using extrapolation methods. The work utilizes official documents, data from the Federal State Statistics Service (FSSS) and its regional (Kemerovo) branch, government agencies of the Russian Federation, and scientific publications available in the public domain.

Протекционизм США против меркантилизма Китая

“Trade wars” have become a persistent phenomenon in the escalating geo-economic competition between the United States and China. Simulations of several “trade war” scenarios using the GTAP computable general equilibrium model show that increased protectionism will have a negative impact on the economies of not only the United States, but also China, although for both countries the decline in economic growth rates will be limited. The fewer countries are involved in “trade wars” on the side of the United States, the smaller the economic losses for China will be. The unique structural feature of the Chinese economy is the phenomenally high rate of investment and the low ratio of consumer spending to GDP. The growing gap between investment and consumption is covered by a growing positive foreign merchandized trade balance. During the 2000s, Chinese exports largely displaced American manufacturing in labor-intensive, low-tech industries. This process was called the “Chinese shock”. We are currently witnessing a China shock 2.0, as Chinese companies rapidly increase export of not only labor-intensive but also medium and high-tech industrial products. At the same time, China is rapidly expanding exports to new markets. The continuation of the mercantilist course by the economy, whose share in world GDP reached 17% in 2023, is turning into what Joan Robinson in 1936, observing the collapse of the first format of globalization, defined as the “beggar-my-neighbor” policy. China continues to strengthen its position as a global industrial powerhouse. Most countries cannot compete with an increasingly mercantilist China, and their international specialization is obviously limited to raw materials. The problem of foreign trade imbalance, which the US used as a pretext for initiating a policy of protectionism, is not being solved, but is being spread more widely throughout the world economy. China is absorbing effective demand generated in other countries. In 2023, China maintained a trade surplus in goods with 174 countries and territories. 81 countries had a negative trade balance with China exceeding 3% of their GDP. For many developing countries, the growing negative trade balance with China increasingly threatens the maintenance of macroeconomic balance in the national economy.

Проектирование содержания инженерного образования

The article attempts to form a systemic idea of the advanced training of engineers capable of developing, producing, operating, promoting and selling unique high-tech products for the next generation of energy. The authors emphasise that the process of training an engineer should be filled with events, which is determined by the laws of development. A new formation in a student is a product of his own activity. Only what has been done and experienced forms the experience of a person.

Extended Kaya Identity for Primary and Secondary Material Production for Lithium-ion Batteries

Growing global affluence and the need to reduce the related environmental impacts lead to an increased use of high-tech products. From a life cycle perspective, environmental impacts are increasingly being shifted from the use stage towards the material production stage. The currently used Kaya identity enables a structured analysis of environmental impacts along a product life cycle and distinguishes between primary and secondary materials used. However, the origin of the impacts of material supply are presented in a very aggregated way as an average of all materials used which hinders a targeted engineering of material production processes. In this paper, we identify general technical variables with a high influence on environmental impacts and material quantity of primary and secondary material production for Lithium-ion batteries. The findings are used to extend the Kaya identity by technical variables such as process efficiencies, material specific recovery rates and material qualities for both primary and secondary material production. Further, we will guide the user to quantify the variables to promote further usage in industry. We present the extended Kaya identity exemplary for a current and future primary lithium production and a mechanical-hydrometallurgical recycling of spent Lithium-ion batteries. The results demonstrate the importance of considering process individual technical variables to assess the overall environmental impacts of a product system and to enable a target driven engineering of environmental hotspots.

Управление надежностью конструкций в механизме реализации сквозных технологий в инновационной экосистеме кафедры

Introduction. An innovative ecosystem is a condition for achieving the effectiveness of innovations in the mechanism for implementing end-to-end technologies, through managing the reliability of structures carried out at regional enterprises. It has a particular impact on the development of regional industry, ensuring a reduction in the cost of products and economic sectors through the production of high-tech products. Goal. The study identifies the problems affecting the reliability of structures in the system of implementation of end-to-end technologies and specifies the prospects for stimulating scientific research and practical application of new materials that improve the quality of training of specialists. Materials and methods. The research is based on analysis and analytical search work in the scientific sources, patent information databases and online data. Research methods are general scientific analysis, synthesis, generalization, modeling, etc., as well as specialized scientific methods in the form of generating innovations, using material for a new purpose, graphical and comparative analysis. Results and discussion. The influence of the department’s ecosystem on the formation of a culture of implementing end-to-end technologies in mechanical engineering in the educational process, increasing the level of professional training of innovator specialists and creating conditions for their successful career in the future was specified. The technology for manufacturing a shaft from an innovative composite basalt hybrid material is proposed, which is a more advantageous solution for end-to-end technologies, combining high strength, durability and lightness of the material used. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, the authors conclude that the innovative competencies of students to generate innovations in the ecosystem of the department are represented as a tool for implementing end-to-end technologies in mechanical engineering.

Современные проблемы технологического развития промышленности: ресурсный аспект

The article considers a complex of various challenges and threats to Russian society and the state, which is being formed in modern conditions. The main attention is paid to the problem of providing Russian industry with modern materials for the production of high-tech products. Various approaches to the assessment of material resources from the point of view of their importance are considered: strategic mineral raw materials, scarce mineral raw materials, critically important materials. It has been established that the provision of critical materials will more fully solve the problem of raw materials supply, ensuring the production of high-tech products with high added value, and more fully implement the course for sustainable development as a result of control over the use of natural resources and their recycling.

Развитие национальной самоидентификации инструментарием мегапроектного финансирования экономики

Introduction. The article analyzes the interpretations of the concept “megaproject” and proposes the author’s definition of the concept presupposing explicit and implicit beneficiaries and ensuring high-tech products with a high potential for market sales. Purpose. Based on the results of the regression analysis, the paper draws conclusions and describes the behavior strategies of the explicit and implicit beneficiaries in the megaproject when its results are being registered and after it. Materials and Methods. Theoretically and methodologically, the paper refers to the works of scientists examining megaprojects. The regression analysis for thirty constituent entities of the Russian Federation made it possible to determine that the indicators of their budget revenues illustrate that cash flows determined by the investment return from the investments in fixed capital go through the budget system with a minimal tax burden. Results. It has been found that in the analyzed period, the return on investment in fixed assets was determined by the investors’ speculative motives when using financial market instruments under personal guarantees of the heads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the applied financial market instruments gave the minimum inflow of taxes into the budget system of the Russian Federation. Conclusions. In its model, Russia is closer to the continental civilizational type; the balance in the socio-economic relations determined by megaprojects with their maximum contribution to GDP could be achieved when national self-identification is distinctly shaped; national self-identification could only be developed with due regard to the quantitative and structural composition of population.

An Integrated SEM and Entropy Approach to Analyse the Impact of Multi-Agent Technology on the Quality of High-Tech Products

An Integrated SEM and Entropy Approach to Analyse the Impact of Multi-Agent Technology on the Quality of High-Tech Products

ОЦЕНИВАНИЕ СОВОКУПНОСТИ ОБОРОТОСПОСОБНЫХ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ НАУКОЕМКИХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ, СОЗДАННЫХ ПРИ РАЗРАБОТКЕ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ИННОВАЦИЙ

The article studies the role of intellectual property in the development of innovation economy and notes that modern results of innovation activity, as a rule, are complex high-tech products protected by a large number of protection documents both for the product as a whole and for its individual elements and manufacturing technologies. The author has determined that most scientific works on the evaluation of intangible assets value are devoted to the analysis of methods for assessing the value of individual types of intellectual property, and the existing publications do not include recommendations and description of approaches to the evaluation of the aggregate of transferable results of intellectual activity of knowledge-intensive organizations created during the development of modern innovations, due to their structural complexity. The author has developed and proposed a methodological framework for the valuation of a set of negotiable results of intellectual activity of knowledge-intensive organizations created in the development of modern innovations by the cost, income and comparative approaches in accordance with the requirements of the new federal valuation standards adopted in 2022.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУРНЫХ ПРОПОРЦИЙ В ЭКОНОМИКЕ РОССИИ С ЦЕЛЬЮ КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННОЙ И КАЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ОЦЕНКИ ЕЕ РАЗВИТИЯ

In conditions of external sanctions against the Russian Federation and limited access to the global markets for goods, services, and capital, there is an issue of mismatch between theirs supply and demand in the domestic market. To adequately address this issue, the country’s economy must be restructured, which necessitates detailed study of macroeconomic ratios. The study aims to examine the structural ratios in the Russian economy, which are related to the country’s sectoral and branch structures, in order to assess quantitative and qualitative indicators of economic development. The research’s methodology is based on sector theory and the concept of the branch structure of the economy. To achieve the aim, the study is carried out according to the established stages, consistently producing the corresponding results. At the first stage, the ratios between the three major sectors of the economy (agricultural, industry, and services) are estimated as part of the economy of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 2022. At the second stage, the interbranch ratios of the country’s economy are studied based on the input‒output tables from 2011 to 2016, covering 16 types of economic activity (sections A–R according to the OKVED-2007 classifier). At the same stage, the structure of the gross domestic product of the Russian Federation from 2016 to 2022 is evaluated using statistical data on gross value added (sections A–T according to the OKVED2 classifier). The final stage of the research draws applicable findings based on the analysis performed. The authors argue that in the face of unprecedented sanctions, the domestic economy requires more intensive growth, as well as a shift in its interbranch and technological structure through the development of manufacturing industries that ensure the production of high-tech products using various types of innovations.

Современные аспекты развития высокотехнологичных отраслей российской промышленности

The article considers the main aspects of the development of high-tech industries that reflect the realities of the modern period, they primarily include: consolidation of efforts of all participants in the process; localization and accelerated development of own production of high-tech products; implementation of measures of state support and stimulation of technological development; consideration of Russian realities, consisting in the presence and strengthening of a role in the economy countries of state corporations and companies with state participation. The article describes the considered directions, provides specific examples of their implementation.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВНЕШНЕЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СВЯЗЕЙ КИТАЙСКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ В 2024 – 2030 ГГ.

The article analyzes trends in the development of foreign economic relations of the People’s Republic of China in 2024 – 2030. Analysis of trends in the distribution of Chinese exports and imports by countries and regions of the world suggests that the distribution of Chinese exports and imports by countries and regions of the world until 2030 will tend to increase the share of Asian countries. The share of North American and Western European countries in the distribution of Chinese exports and imports across countries and regions of the world will remain either unchanged or will decline. Russia’s share in the distribution of Chinese exports and imports by country will tend to increase until 2030. An analysis of the capabilities of the People’s Republic of China to realize the trade and investment potential of import substitution of products in the economy of the Russian Federation in the future until 2030 suggests that Russian imports from China may increase by 2025 to 80.82 billion dollars, and by 2030 to 85 08 billion dollars, which will ensure the realization of the trade potential of import substitution in the Russian economy by 84.79% and 89.26%, respectively. At the same time, direct investments by the PRC in the domestic national economy can increase the realization of the import substitution potential in the Russian economy to 89.25% and 98.85%, respectively. However, the share of high-tech products when China realizes its trade and investment potential for import substitution in the economy of the Russian Federation will remain low. At the same time, the level of scientific and technical development of basic production (technologies for execution, provision) of goods (work, services) imported from China and produced (performed, provided) as a result of direct investment from this country into the Russian economy, until 2030, will tend to increasing. China will thus largely be able to realize its trade and investment potential for import substitution of high-tech products in the domestic economy by 2030.

Analysis and research of the causes and course of degradation of lithium batteries

Energy storage devices based on lithium technology are confidently leading the respective market due to their significant advantages over other technologies in the industry. Despite their relatively recent history of appearance, they managed to undergo many modifications of both physical and chemical components. One of the constant goals of all research in this field is the formation of knowledge about the degradation processes occurring inside a given chemical current source, and ways to influence them. Systematization and identification of the fundamental reasons for the decrease in the performance of lithium batteries still remains a topical issue of today, and therefore is considered in this article. And no matter how studied this issue looks, taking into account the existing many long-term experimental data of a huge number of scientists and a number of different types of companies, but still, optimization of work is impossible without identifying and eliminating as many destructive factors as possible in battery operation. The difficulty of this process lies also in the fact that, taking into account all the high-tech production processes in the world, there are no two identical lithium current sources. On the example of a single battery, the ability to maintain high performance, close to nominal, was demonstrated from a source that, due to its lifetime, should not have had them. The data obtained during the experiment, which confirmed the high performance, show once again that the issue of degradation of lithium current sources can and should be studied further.