High-protein Feed Research Articles

Value-Added Products from Ethanol Fermentation—A Review

Global demand for renewable and sustainable energy is increasing, and one of the most common biofuels is ethanol. Most ethanol is produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) fermentation of either crops rich in sucrose (e.g., sugar cane and sugar beet) or starch-rich crops (e.g., corn and starchy grains). Ethanol produced from these sources is termed a first-generation biofuel. Yeast fermentation can yield a range of additional valuable co-products that accumulate during primary fermentation (e.g., protein concentrates, water soluble metabolites, fusel alcohols, and industrial enzymes). Distillers’ solubles is a liquid co-product that can be used in animal feed or as a resource for recovery of valuable materials. In some processes it is preferred that this fraction is modified by a second fermentation with another fermentation organism (e.g., lactic acid bacteria). Such two stage fermentations can produce valuable compounds, such as 1,3-propanediol, organic acids, and bacteriocins. The use of lactic acid bacteria can also lead to the aggregation of stillage proteins and enable protein aggregation into concentrates. Once concentrated, the protein has utility as a high-protein feed ingredient. After separation of protein concentrates the remaining solution is a potential source of several known small molecules. The purpose of this review is to provide policy makers, bioethanol producers, and researchers insight into additional added-value products that can be recovered from ethanol beers. Novel products may be isolated during or after distillation. The ability to isolate and purify these compounds can provide substantial additional revenue for biofuel manufacturers through the development of marketable co-products.

Transcriptome analysis of the influence of high plant protein based diet on Trachinotus ovatus liver

Seeking out fish meal (FM) alternatives is an important requirement for aquaculture all over the world. And most practitioners believe that the plant protein is most potential for FM surrenal. While high plant protein feed caused some common problems in aquatic livestock: the absorption rate and growth rate are decreased, and even caused digestive tract inflammation. In present study, the inflence of high plant protien feed in Trachinotus ovatus was investigated using illumina HiSeqTM2000 based RNA-Seq. By comparing the two groups of cDNA libraries developed from high plant protien based diet or FM based diet fed T. ovatus livers, 836 unigenes were significantly upregulated, and 345 were significantly down regulated. KEGG analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are mainly metabolic-related genes. It was found that more than 28 DGEs beloned to the protein metabolism and absorption, lipid biosynthesis or other metabolic pathways. It indicated that high plant protein based diet had broad effects on metabolism on T. ovatus. There were also more DEGs belong to immune-related signaling pathways, include genes were involved in pathpathogen resistance and genes related to immunity system. These DEGs provided useful clues to explore the mechanisms that high plant protein based diet caused side effects on T. ovatus. These results improved our current understanding of the response of high plant protein based diet in T. ovatus, and outstanding the reasons of the side effect caused by high protein based diet.

Knockout of the Amino Acid Transporter SLC6A19 and Autoimmune Diabetes Incidence in Female Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mice.

High protein feeding has been shown to accelerate the development of type 1 diabetes in female non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Here, we investigated whether reducing systemic amino acid availability via knockout of the Slc6a19 gene encoding the system B(0) neutral amino acid transporter AT1 would reduce the incidence or delay the onset of type 1 diabetes in female NOD mice. Slc6a19 gene deficient NOD mice were generated using the CRISPR-Cas9 system which resulted in marked aminoaciduria. The incidence of diabetes by week 30 was 59.5% (22/37) and 69.0% (20/29) in NOD.Slc6a19+/+ and NOD.Slc6a19−/− mice, respectively (hazard ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.41–1.42; Mantel-Cox log rank test: p = 0.37). The median survival time without diabetes was 28 and 25 weeks for NOD.Slc6a19+/+ and NOD.Slc6a19−/− mice, respectively (ratio 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.6–2.0). Histological analysis did not show differences in islet number or the degree of insulitis between wild type and Slc6a19 deficient NOD mice. We conclude that Slc6a19 deficiency does not prevent or delay the development of type 1 diabetes in female NOD mice.

Effect of Unbalanced Nourishment on Growth Period to Memory in Mice

Quality of life in adulthood is determined by the quality of life of the embryo. Nutrition determines the quality of embryo life. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of unbalance nourishment on memory in the mouse. This research is an experimental study using mice as experimental animals. Twenty-four mice were divided into four groups. Group 1 was given standard nourish (Feed 1), Group 2 was given high carbohydrate (Feed 2), Group 3 was given high protein (Feed 3), Group 4 was given a high fat (Feed 4) from weaning to pregnancy. Parameters measured were a memory with new objects recognition (NOR) methods. The result was mice with unbalance nourishment had memory decrease between after and before treatment. This can be explained by the calorie content of each feed. Feed 2 contains the smallest calories (2.89 Kcal). This means that the nutritional components are not sufficient as well as the calorie needs. Further research is unbalanced nourishment in the first generation will be passed on to the next generation.

Combine harvester improvement for selection and collection of high-quality soybeans

To obtain biologically valuable and high-quality soybeans it is necessary to improve the design of the two-phase threshing combine harvester which will have a gentle mode for threshing the most mature soybeans in the first threshing drum, make their high-quality cleaning directly in the combine harvester and collect them in a separate hopper. The first seed fraction of biologically valuable and high-quality soybeans is obtained by separating the threshed heap in the first threshing drum. It’s cleaned and collected in a separate hopper. The return is processed in the second threshing drum, and the second fraction of seeds is cleaned and collected in the second hopper of the combine. The straw that comes off the straw walker and enters the auger is divided into two parts, and when it leaves the auger on both sides, it is crushed and thrown out of the sides of the combine. At the same time, during the combine harvesting of soybeans, the chaff coming of the sieve boot and being the high-protein feed consisting of 90% of the bean flaps is collected in the chaff collector. By collecting the most valuable components of the soybean crop, i.e beans and chaff, and embedding the crushed plant stems on the small depth by disking or cultivation, the task of creating conditions for the growth and development of plants in the crop rotation with full mechanized technology of soybean harvesting is solved.

Nutrient digestibility of fishmeal rations in primates

The results of the study on effects of fishmeal on nutrient digestibility and intake in primates are given in the paper. Fishmeal is a feeding stuff, manufactured from fish, marine mammals, invertebrates not suitable for human consumption and by-products of their processing. Fishmeal nutrient composition includes natural substances and minerals, including phosphorus, calcium, iodine, selenium, several essential amino acids, as well as vitamins А, D and В complex. Fishmeal is known to be rich in digestible energy and proteins. One kilogram of fishmeal contains 700 grams of raw protein and up to 15 MJ of digestible energy. It should be noted that fishmeal is easily digested by animals. Nevertheless, there is a lack of data in publications on use of fishmeal as high protein feed in rations of primates. In this regard, the aim of the study was to analyze the effects of fishmeal on digestibility of mixed feed nutrients in male rhesus-macaques and to use the obtained results for understanding of prospects of fishmeal further use for feeding primates. The chemical composition and nutritional value of the total mixed ration was determined. The economic effectiveness of the fishmeal use in the rations of primates was calculated. Based on the experimental data, it was established that the inclusion of fishmeal (18% out of total) into the diet contributes to the improvement of feed intake in experimental primates and reduces the costs of complete granular feed.

Pelatihan Budidaya Maggot sebagai Alternatif Pakan Ikan di Desa Carawali

Commercial feed produced by the factory has a guaranteed quality and quantity. However, the problem is the price of commercial feed produced by factories that are getting more and more expensive and troubling to fish breeders, thus making fish breeders have to look for other alternatives to reduce the cost of feed. Cultivation of maggots or larvae of black soldier fly flies (Hermetia illicens) the right solution to overcome the problem in lieu of high-protein fish feed. Maggot cultivation training activities as an alternative to fish feed are carried out in Carawali Village. The implementation method is done by means of lectures, discussions and practices. The result of this community service activity is the amount of enthusiasm of participants to the training activities by evidenced that the active participants follow the activity from start to finish. In addition, many participants are active in discussion and question and answer sessions. So it can be concluded that the maggot cultivation training in Carawali Village went successfully and smoothly. The continuation of this PKM activity is to train the understanding and attitude of the trainees on the importance of organic waste management for maggot cultivation as an alternative to fish feed.

Pelatihan Budidaya Maggot sebagai Alternatif Pakan Ikan di Desa Carawali

Commercial feed produced by the factory has a guaranteed quality and quantity. However, the problem is the price of commercial feed produced by factories that are getting more and more expensive and troubling to fish breeders, thus making fish breeders have to look for other alternatives to reduce the cost of feed. Cultivation of maggots or larvae of black soldier fly flies (Hermetia illicens) the right solution to overcome the problem in lieu of high-protein fish feed. Maggot cultivation training activities as an alternative to fish feed are carried out in Carawali Village. The implementation method is done by means of lectures, discussions and practices. The result of this community service activity is the amount of enthusiasm of participants to the training activities by evidenced that the active participants follow the activity from start to finish. In addition, many participants are active in discussion and question and answer sessions. So it can be concluded that the maggot cultivation training in Carawali Village went successfully and smoothly. The continuation of this PKM activity is to train the understanding and attitude of the trainees on the importance of organic waste management for maggot cultivation as an alternative to fish feed.

Efficiency of using flour from hydrobionts of different cooking technologies in the diet of rain-bow trout

The introduction of high-protein feed from crustacean processing products in the form of flour into the composition of the rainbow trout compound feed has a positive effect on the growth of fish live weight, reduces feed costs, does not change the biochemical composition of the blood, changes the chemical composition of muscle tissue, improves the amino acid rate in the 1st experimental group. Due to the relatively low cost in comparison with fish meal, the use of crayfish meal makes the cost of compound feed cheaper and increases the economic effect of growing rainbow trout.

Genes with Cold Shock Domain from Eutrema salsugineum (Pall.) for Generating a Cold Stress Tolerance in Winter Rape (Brassica napus L.) Plants

The increased demand in vegetable oil for food purposes and high-protein feed for livestock and poultry encourages producers to expand the production of various oil crops, while occupying rather cold agroclimatic zones. Improved cold and frost resistance of cultivated crops would significantly increase the yield and expand the range of rape cultivation in a number of cold climate regions. Nine transgenic lines of winter rape containing genes encoding proteins with a cold shock domain (CspA и EsCSDP3) were obtained as a result of Agrobacterium transformation. In total, 260 explants were involved in transformation of rape using pBI121-CSPA-plant, with a transformation efficiency of 2.3%; among 750 explants using the pBI-EsCSDP3 construction, the efficiency was 0.4%. As a result of the studies, it was shown that the expression of the new gene Escsdp3 from the plant of Eutrema salsugineum was able to increase the cold and frost resistance of plants as effectively as the cspa gene from E. coli, which is classically used for this purpose. The cold resistance analysis of T1 transgenic plants generation revealed four cold resistant winter rape lines (three lines with the cspA-plant gene and one line with the Escsdp3 gene). The transfer of Escsdp3 and cspA-plant genes into winter rape plants led to a significant increase in frost resistance of plants. Two winter rapeseed lines were resistant to freezing (with the cspA-plant gene and with the Escsdp3 gene). Non-hardened transgenic plants remained viable after 24 h of exposure to negative temperatures up to −5 °C, and plants that passed through the hardening stage survived after freezing at −16 °C.

Utilization Of Golden Snail Flour (GSF) on Ration of Quail

Feed is one of the critical factors for the success of livestock production because it contributes 70-80% of production costs. High protein feed ingredients are expensive, so it is necessary to use non conventional feed. Golden snail are pests that interfere to rice growth in agricultural areas, one of which is in North Tapanuli Regency. Golden snail have a high protein content so they are very efficient to use as a source of protein feed. In this study, golden snail in the form of flour was used as a substitute for fish meal in laying quail rations. The research used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments, namely P0 = 8% fish meal, P1 = 4% GSF, P2 = 8% GSF, P3 = 12% GSF with 5 replications. The research parameters were feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, feed conversion and over feed cost income. The results showed a significant effect of P2 on egg production as much as 31.71% and income over feed cost IDR 2602.15/ head compare to other treatments of quail eggs. However, giving GSF did not show a significant effect on egg weight, feed consumption and ration conversion. The results showed that the use of GSF was suitable as a substitute for fish meal on quail feed an application of 8% GSF for quail feed was a novelty finding.

The Effect of Replacing Genetically Modified Soybean Meal with 00-Rapeseed Meal, Faba Bean and Yellow Lupine in Grower-Finisher Diets on Nutrient Digestibility, Nitrogen Retention, Selected Blood Biochemical Parameters and Fattening Performance of Pigs.

Simple SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of partial and total replacement of protein from genetically modified soybean meal (GM-SBM) with protein from 00-rapeseed meal (00-RSM), alone or in combination with protein from low-tannin faba bean seeds (FB) or low-alkaloid yellow lupine seeds (YL) in grower-finisher diets on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention, and utilization, selected blood biochemical parameters and fattening performance of pigs. During two-phase fattening, hybrid Danbred growing-finishing pigs were fed grower diets where 50% of GM-SBM protein was replaced with 00-RSM protein, 00-RSM and FB protein or 00-RSM and YL protein, and finisher diets where 100% of GM-SBM protein was totally replaced with 00-RSM protein, and with 50% 00-RSM and FB protein or YL protein. It was found that GM-SBM protein can be partially (50% in grower diets) and totally (100% in finisher diets) replaced with 00-RSM protein (6%) combined with protein from low-tannin FB seeds (10%/12%) or low-alkaloid YL seeds (6%/7%) in pig diets. The evaluated diets contributed to high nutrient digestibility and N retention and improved fattening performance without compromising the health status of pigs.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of partial and total replacement of protein from genetically modified soybean meal (GM-SBM) with protein from 00-rapeseed meal (00-RSM), alone or in combination with protein from low-tannin faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds (FB) or low-alkaloid yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) seeds (YL) in grower-finisher diets on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention and utilization, selected blood biochemical parameters, fattening performance of pigs and carcass quality traits. Two digestibility-balance trials and one feeding trial were performed during two-phase fattening on male hybrid Danbred growing-finishing pigs were divided into four groups. The pigs were fed grower diets where 50% of GM-SBM protein (diet S-c) was replaced with 00-RSM protein (diet R), 00-RSM and FB protein (diet R + FB) or 00-RSM and YL protein (diet R + YL), and finisher diets where 100% of GM-SBM protein (diet S-c) was totally replaced with 00-RSM protein (diet R), and with 00-RSM and FB protein (diet R + FB) or YL protein (diet R + YL) in 50%. It was found that partial (50% in grower diets) and total (100% in finisher diets) replacement of GM-SBM protein with 00-RSM protein combined with FB or YL protein had no adverse effect on nutrient and energy digestibility, N balance, serum of blood carbohydrate and protein metabolism or the biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function. Protein from 00-RSM (6%) and FB seeds (10%/12%) contributed to high daily gains and high feed conversion efficiency. Protein from 00-RSM (6%) and YL seeds (6%/7%) in grower-finisher diets led to a further improvement in fattening performance. The analyzed vegetable protein sources had no negative influence on carcass quality. The results of the present study indicate that 00-RSM protein combined with protein from low-tannin FB or low-alkaloid YL seeds can be valuable high-protein feed ingredients alternative to GM-SBM in pig nutrition.

Evaluation of nitrogen-delivery methods for stocker cattle grazing annual ryegrass.

A 2-yr grazing experiment was conducted to evaluate efficacy of nitrogen (N) fertilization, interseeded legumes, and protein supplementation for N delivery to stocker cattle grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). Each year, 90 steers (initial BW, 241 ± 13 kg) were assigned to the following N-delivery methods, with or without monensin fed in a free-choice mineral supplement as a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: ryegrass fertilized with 112 kg N/ha (NFERT); ryegrass interseeded with crimson clover (CC, Trifolium incarnatum); ryegrass interseeded with arrowleaf clover (AC, Trifolium vesiculosum); ryegrass plus distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) supplemented at 0.65% BW daily; and ryegrass plus whole cottonseed (WCS) supplemented at 0.65% BW daily. Pastures within the interseeded-clover and protein-supplementation treatments were fertilized with 56 kg N/ha at time of establishment. Steers were weighed every 28 d, and forage mass (FM, kg DM/ha) was measured concurrently using the destructive harvest/disk meter double-sampling method. Each of 30 0.81-ha paddocks was stocked initially with 3 “tester” steers, and stocking density (steers/ha) was adjusted using “put-and-take steers” based on changes in FM and steer BW in order to maintain a uniform forage allowance (FA) of 1 kg DM/kg steer BW. Grazing was discontinued on May 11, 2016 in Yr 1 and May 10, 2017 in Yr 2 following 140 and 84 d of grazing, respectively. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with repeated measures for which pasture (n = 3) was the experimental unit. Ionophore inclusion did not affect (P > 0.10) any variable measured. Mean FM differed (P < 0.0001) between years and among N-delivery methods (P < 0.10), and mean FA differed (P = 0.005) among N-delivery methods. Steer ADG differed among N-delivery methods (P = 0.02) and between years (P < 0.001), whereas total gain/ha differed (P < 0.0008) among N-delivery methods, but not between years (P = 0.78). Stocking density differed among N-delivery methods (P = 0.02) and between years (P < 0.0001), and grazing-days/ha differed between years (P < 0.0001) and among N-delivery methods (P = 0.001). Results indicate that supplementation with a high-protein by-product feed for cattle grazing annual ryegrass maintained ADG, total gain/ha and grazing-days/ha compared with N-fertilized annual ryegrass, and increased ADG, total gain/ha, and grazing-days over interseeded legumes.

Effect of Sucrose and Lactic Acid Bacteria Additives on Fermentation Quality, Chemical Composition and Protein Fractions of Two Typical Woody Forage Silages

Paper mulberry (PM) and mulberry (MU) have been considered potential substitutes for traditional forages in response to the increasing demand for high-protein feed for livestock. To improve the utility of these two typical woody forages, our study investigated the effects of sucrose and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) additives on the fermentation quality, nutritive value, and protein fractions of their leaf silages. Collected leaves were separately subjected to ensiling treatments, either with or without sucrose (S), in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), or Lactobacillus casei (LC). The silage was sampled and analyzed for fermentation parameters, carbohydrates, and protein fractions after ensiling for 60 days. The pH value of paper mulberry silages with S was 19% lower than that without S, while LAB-treated mulberry silages showed decreased ammonia nitrogen (by 71%) and fraction A in crude protein (by 15%) compared with no LAB additives. In summary, adding S improved the fermentation quality, with no positive effect on protein fractions, in PM silage, whereas LAB additives improved the potential utilization of protein in MU silage.

Cultivation Of Bsf (Black Soldier Fly) As Fish Feed In Sukamaju District, Binjai Barat Sub-District, Binjai City

This activity was conducted in July and November 2020. Partners of this activity are a freshwater fish farmer community located on Jalan Gatot Subroto no. LK 336 IV, Sukamaju, Binjai Barat Distirct, Binjai, Sumatera Utara. The main problems faced by partners are 1) Farmers have difficulty in providing fish feed in the form of worms 2) The price of worms continues to increase, so it is difficult for breeders to provide good nutrition 3) Community do not yet know what it flies BSF (Black Soldier Fly) 4) The community does not yet know how to cultivate BSF 5) The community does not know that BSF Maggot is a high protein feed. The purpose of implementing this activity is 1) so that farmers get a replacement feed worm 2) Farmers can get fish feed with good nutrient and reasonably priced 3) BSF Maggot cultivation training, so farmers know 4) as a source of increasing income for freshwater fish farmers. The output target to be achieved from this activity program is that farmers can cultivate and use BSF as freshwater fish feed. Output details of the program produced include 1) training and assistance services for BSF Maggot cultivation 2) Video Activities 3) Scientific articles about mentoring cultivating devotion Maggot BSF. BSF extension and cultivation training activities have been carried out well, and have resulted in video activities on YouTube and also publications in online mass media. The conclusion of this activity partners know the advantages of BSF and can cultivate BSF properly.

HIGH PROTEIN FEED MARKET: CURRENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS FOR UKRAINE

Abstract. The research is devoted to the problem of formation of high-protein feeds market for farm animals in Ukraine in conditions of European integration processes. The problem of providing the population with high quality food is becoming more global, the demand for high protein food products of a good quality is growing as well as the need for protein-balanced feeds for livestock. The dynamics of high-protein feed production in Ukraine and EU countries has been studied. The tendencies of the high-protein feeds market formation in Ukraine are considered. By means of benchmarking, price trends in the protein feed market in the EU and Ukraine have been analyzed. Ukraine has favorable soil and climatic conditions for the production of quality, safe products as well as efficient logistic routes available. As a result of the study it was found that the key factor for Ukraine’s penetration into the EU feed market is the need for high-protein feeds. The directions of solving the problem of feed protein deficiency for the needs of animal husbandry are determined. Environmental problems regarding feed quality and safety in the context of Ukraine’s aspirations for European integration are substantiated. The legislative basis for ensuring the quality and safety of feed and feed resources is considered. As a result of SWOT-analysis of vegetable protein production in Ukraine, it was found that Ukraine has significant potential for the production of competitive feed protein that meets domestic needs, form high export potential and promote entry into European and Asian markets. It is emphasized that the process of Ukraine’s European integration requires constant marketing research of the sectoral situation changes with account of the specific features of domestic production of high-protein feeds, highlighting key factors of Ukraine’s presence and its potentialities in the EU agricultural market and outlining the prospects for its development. Increase in the performance of farm animals and margins of livestock production requires balanced diets and reduction of feed cost in the costs structure due to the use of high protein feeds. It is important for Ukraine to promote the development of the market for high-protein and bulk feeds on the industrial basis as well as the development of organic feed and livestock production. Development of the competitive feed market in Ukraine and solving of the environmental and social problems of intensive animal husbandry requires the improvement of legislation to meet the requirements of EU Directives on the production, processing and efficient use of feed resources. Keywords: feed market, feed production, high-protein feed, protein balance, price, SWOT-analysis. Formulas: 0; fig.: 6; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 19.

Some results of ecological breeding of yellow lupine

The studied and generalized data indicate the ambiguity of the reaction of varieties of yellow Lupinus (Lupinus Luteus L), created in various research institutes in the country and abroad, to the ecological and geographical conditions of the regional zone. The strain VNII of lupine Reliable formed grain yield of 1.16 t/ha, at the level of varieties of breeding Novozybkov agricultural experimental station (NAS) Friendly 165 – 1.17 and Novozybkosky 100 – 1,22 t/ha,and varieties Brigantine and Bulat on grain yield was, respectively, 0.09 to 0.24 t/ha and 0.14-0.29 t/ha. Kastrychnik and Vladko (Belarusian selection) decreased productivity relative to Druzhny 165 by 0.25-0.45 t / ha and Novozybkosky 100 by 0.30-0.50 t / ha. Varieties of foreign selection Mister and Lord undergo a period of adaptation to the soil and climatic conditions of the regional zone, so the grain yield is lower than Amicable 165 by 0.29-0.49 t / ha and Novozybkosky 100 by 0.34-0.54 t / ha. In the hybrid material of the 2008-2014 NSOS of the crossing years, samples 1-08-7-75, 5-10-84, 2-13-33 and 7-13-65 were distinguished by grain yield of 1.32-1.34 t/ha, while the remaining numbers were at the level of the best varieties by productivity. Anthracnose infestation in 2018 and 2019 of green mass and beans was low due to arid vegetation conditions. In 2020, climatic conditions contributed to the development of Anthracnose in the phase of the blue-brilliant bean, dividing the studied varieties into highly resistant ones: Friendly 165, Novozybkosky 100, Reliable, Mister and Lord and stable: Brigantine, Bulat, Kastrychnik and Vladko. Hybrid samples were affected by 15.7-19.7%, with the exception of the number 5-10-84-34.1% and are highly resistant and stable. Under conditions of radioactive contamination of the soil, the concentration of caesium-137 in the grain of Druzhny 165, Novozybkosky 100 and Reliable varieties was at the level of 300-393 Bq/kg, which is 1.5-2.0 times higher than the standard for feed grain of 200 Bq/kg. Castrychnik exceeded the norm by 1.7-2.4 times, and Mister and Lord accumulated a radioisotope within the norm in 2018 and above it by 1.8-2.3 times in 2019. Samples of hybrid material (data for 2018) contained 137Cs in grain at the standard level: with fluctuations from 112 to 265 Bq/kg. Thus, to solve the problem of providing livestock with high-protein feed, preserving the soil fertility of sandy soils, it is very important to develop ecological breeding that makes maximum use of the agro and bioclimatic resources of the zone.

Energy-saving technology of high-protein silage preservation

The rationale for the present study is explained by the need of Russian and foreign agricultural producers in high-protein feed preservation efficiency increase and nutrients loss decrease, as well as implementation of energy-saving technologies. Currently, there is lack of research data on utilization of chemical and bacterial agents for silage preservation. There is no definite opinion on vacuum influence on fermentation processes during ensilaging and on qualitative parameters of silage. The aim of the study was to give grounds for technological processes of biocombined chemical conservant Tecacid and biological agent Biosil-NN utilization, as well as improvement of Eastern galega conservation technology for increase of qualitative parameters and energy management efficiency. Laboratory and production trials, performed during this study, showed that optimal and most efficient approach was silage two-phase combined treatment with Tecacid (1.5 L/ton) and Biosil-NN (1 L/40 ton). Consecutive processing of galega forage ensilaging contributed to increase of fermentation quality and preservation of nutrients regardless of anaerobiosis production techniques. When vacuum sealing was used instead of conventional method of sealing, total content of acids, including lactic and oleic, decreased, which improved fermentation quality. Materials of this article are of practical value for feed producers involved in high-protein silage preservation, because the obtained results proved high efficiency of two-phase combined application of chemical and bacterial agents.

Application of resource-efficient technologies in the framework of lean management of industrial enterprises

The article deals with the problem of processing Apple waste in production. It is shown how efficiently food production can be organized with the least losses and costs. It is proved that the technogenic type of development formed in the world economy, which does not sufficiently take into account the environmental and social costs of economic activity, reproduces the problems and dangers that threaten human civilization. Humanity is caught in a vicious circle: to create comfortable living conditions, it is necessary to increase the volume of gross domestic product, which requires more and more resources (primarily mineral), and their extraction, processing and consumption cause serious damage to the environment, contributing to the deterioration of living conditions and the growth of diseases, which negates efforts to create living comfort, and threatening climate change can make life on Earth itself problematic. Within the framework of lean management, the effectiveness of the process of obtaining Apple powder from waste is considered. Development of technologies for processing Apple pomace is an important task, the solution of which is necessary for the improvement of economic indicators of resource efficiency main by-products of fresh Apple pomace in the form of pectin containing products (extracts, pastes, powders, gelling concentrates); canned fruit (pur?ed foods, jam, secondary juice); drink (alcoholic and nonalcoholic); Apple powder; phenolic compounds; products of fermentation (food grade organic acids, enzymes, high-protein animal feed), etc. The use of resource-saving technologies will help strengthen the competitive advantages of industrial enterprises.

Effects of starter protein content and alkali processing of wheat straw on growth, ruminal fermentation, and behavior in Holstein calves

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of crude protein (CP) content of starter feed and wheat straw (WS) processing on growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and behavior of Holstein calves. Sixty calves (28 male and 32 female) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement were (1) lower-CP ground starter feed mixed with alkali-processed WS (LP-PWS), (2) lower-CP ground starter feed mixed with unprocessed WS (LP-WS), (3) higher-CP ground starter feed mixed with alkali-processed WS (HP-PWS), and (4) higher-CP ground starter feed mixed with unprocessed WS (HP-WS). Wheat straw was fed at 4.75% of dry matter (DM), and low-protein (LP) and high-protein (HP) starter feed contained 19.5 and 23.5% CP, respectively. The calves were weaned on d 60 and remained in the study until d 75. During the experiment, the calves received 4.2 kg of whole milk per day and had free access to fresh water and starter feed. The interaction between WS processing and protein content of starter tended to be significant for starter feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and body weight (BW); calves fed HP-PWS tended to have greater ADG and final BW than other treatments. The results showed that feeding HP ground starter feed increased ADG and feed efficiency compared with LP groups during the preweaning and the overall periods. Moreover, weaning and final BW were higher in HP-fed calves than in LP-fed calves. Apparent digestibilities of acid detergent fiber (ADF), starch, and CP were greater in calves fed HP than in calves fed LP starter feed. The HP ground starter feed increased rumen propionate and ammonia concentrations. Wheat straw processing had no effect on intake and growth of calves but increased DM, ADF, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities and decreased ruminal pH. Using processed wheat straw (PWS) mixed with starter feed tended to decrease rumination time and ruminal acetate concentration in calves. Final body barrel and withers height tended to be greater in calves fed PWS. Overall, the results indicated that HP content of ground starter feed (23.5%) could be recommended for Holstein calves. Furthermore, PWS inclusion in the ground starter diet increased fiber digestibility but had no effect on calf performance. Moreover, calves fed HP-PWS had greater ADG and final BW than other treatments.