High-octane Components Research Articles

Efficiency of oxygenates on increase of octane number of reforming gasoline

At present, gasoline occupies one of the leading places among primary energy sources. The need of mankind in it, in its high quality, is greater than in any other fraction of hydrocarbons. Therefore, very high requirements are made to the operational properties of automobile gasoline, and the problem of improving the quality of gasoline is one of the urgent problems of the chemical industry. Modern vehicles require fuel with a high-octane number with properties preventing detonation and having octane numbers of 92, 95 and 98 for engines. High anti-detonation performance can be achieved through complex gasoline processing using catalytic cracking, isomerization and alkylation methods or by adding special high-octane additives to fuel. The world's leading trend in improving the environmental and performance characteristics of motor gasoline is the use of multifunctional additives, in particular oxygenates – compounds containing oxygen (such as alcohols, ketones, esters and others). The use of oxygen-containing components (oxygenates) is one of the promising ways to produce high-octane gasoline. Currently, in industrialized countries, oxygenates are actively used as a preferred substitute for organometallic anti-detonation additives and components of high-octane gasoline. In the presented work the properties of a new oxygenate - dimethyl ethynylcarbinol (DMEC), as an additive that increases the octane number of gasoline, are investigated. The study of the effect of oxygenates as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and DMEK on increasing the octane number of reforming gasoline showed that the increase in the octane number of gasoline when adding DMEK and binary additive is higher than when adding MTBE. According to the results of research, tertiary acetylene alcohol - DMEK can be offered as an oxygen-containing additive for automobile gasoline. The use of DMEK allows to expand the resources of high-octane components, reduce the toxicity of gasoline and exhaust gases, increase the production of high-quality commercial gasoline for automotive engines.

SECONDARY POLYMERS AS A PROSPECTIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH-OCTANE AUTOMOBILE GASOLINE

The article analyzes the possibility of expanding the raw material base of the production process of commercial high-octane automobile gasoline of the A-92 and A-95 brands due to the involvement of secondary polymer raw materials. The types of raw materials that will make it possible to obtain basic fractions or components of commercial gasolines that will be used in the production of commercial automobile gasolines that, according to their chemical composi- tion and properties, will meet the requirements of environmental safety standards adopted in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union have been determined. It was established that the main raw material capable of replacing oil and gas condensate is secondary polyolefin raw material, represented by polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE) and polypropylene (PP), and the main process of its processing is thermal or thermocatalytic pyrolysis. Priority is given to raw materials that are directly generated in production in the form of waste and raw materials that come from sorting points. At the same time, secondary polymer raw materials, regardless of their source of origin, must undergo a stage of preliminary preparation, which includes sorting, crushing, washing and drying of raw materials. Practical studies have shown that this process is implemented on reactor-type installations at temperatures of 320–450 °C and pressures of 0.1–3.5 MPa and allows obtaining a significant yield (35–70 %) of the liquid product of pyrolysis – a gasoline fraction with a boiling point of 30–200 °C. Along with liquid products, more than 15 % of gases (ethylene, propylene and butylene) are formed, which should be processed into polymer gasoline (base fraction) and high-octane components – alkylates. As a result of the research, a scheme for the production of commercial high-octane automobile gasoline from secondary polymer raw materials (HDPE, LDPE and PP) is proposed, which is based on the rational use of production resources and production by-products.

Превращение комбинированного сырья на цеолитсодержащих катализаторах

The article discusses the ways of rational use of hydrocarbon raw materials in order to obtain isoparaffin and aromatic hydrocarbons. The possibilities of joint processing of the 75-100°C fraction have been studied from gas condensate and propane-butane fraction (PBF) in an anhydrous environment and in the presence of a modified zeolite-containing catalyst. The regularities of the yield of aromatic and isoparaffinic hydrocarbons of the anhydrous process of catalytic conversion of combined hydrocarbon raw materials on a zeolite-containing Pt/Beta catalyst modified by 0.5% wt have been established platinum. So, when converting a fraction of 75-100°C. With a temperature range of 300-350°C, the content of isoparaffins in liquid products increases by more than 20% by weight. A further increase in temperature is accompanied to a greater extent by the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons. The total content of benzene, toluene, xylenes is about 20% by weight. Similar trends are observed when testing the propane-butane fraction. The greatest increase in isoparaffin hydrocarbons is also observed at a temperature of 300°C. Their content in liquid and gaseous products increases by an average of 10%. The main share in this process is accounted for by iso-butane. Accordingly, an increase in the reaction temperature by 100°C increases the formation of benzene and toluene by 11% by weight. More significant results were obtained during the joint transformation of the 75-100°C fraction and the propane-butane fraction. At a reaction temperature of 300°C, a high content of iso-butane is observed in gaseous products, which allows them to be involved in petrochemical processes. The content of isoparaffins in liquid products increases by 50% by weight, which makes them valuable as a high-octane component of motor fuels. Favorable temperatures for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons are 400°C and above.

Specifications for applying high octane additives to the motor gasoline in hot climate

The article analyzes the use of high-octane additives to motor gasoline used in hot climates. We have studied anti-knock additives as additives to improve the octane number of gasoline. An additive based on alcohols, octane-Booster, was used as such additives. Laboratory studies were carried out on the physicochemical parameters of AI-80 and AI-92 gasoline with the addition of an anti-knock additive. The results of the studies show that when gasoline is used in hot climates, the addition of high-octane components based on alcohols increases the octane number, but at the same time the boiling point of the light fraction of gasoline decreases. With an increase in the percentage of additive, the boiling point of the light fractions reached 58°C. Taking into account all the experimental data obtained, we suggest adding a percentage of this additive of no more than 3%, which shows the optimal octane number and distillation temperature of 10% gasoline for hot climates. With a further increase in concentration to 5%, the octane number increases, but at the same time the distillation temperature of 10% gasoline sharply decreases, which can lead to increased friction losses. When the concentration increased above 5%, the octane number did not change. To ensure optimal engine operating conditions in hot climatic conditions, we suggest ensuring that the boiling point of gasoline at the beginning of distillation is not lower than 40°C ÷ 43°C, and the distillation temperature of 10% gasoline is not lower than 70°C.

Aromatization patterns of hexane in high silicon zeolite

In this article, methods of preparation of catalysts in analogues of in high-silica zeolite, conversion of n-hexane in the catalysts keeping in high-silica zeolite, of n-hexane to aromatic hydrocarbons, n-hexane to aromatic hydrocarbons in catalysts with high catalytic activity and selectivity modified with copper, 2%Cu*8%Zn/Н-High silica zeolite-40 conversion of n-hexane to aromatic hydrocarbons in the composition catalyst, activity in chain branching and aromatization processes to obtain high-octane components of fuels 2%Cu*8%Zn/Н-High silica zeolite-40 high silicon, A mesoporous aluminosilicate catalyst with high catalytic activity and selectivity was studied for the catalytic Aromatization of n-hexane to aromatic hydrocarbons. H-High silica zeolite-40 and 2%Cu*8 %Zn/H-High silica zeolite-40 catalysts with high catalytic activity and selectivity selected for catalytic Aromatization of n-hexane to aromatic hydrocarbons, Aromatization, chain branching and carbon-carbon by hydrogen action activity in the process of breaking the bond was studied.

Automation of the Formation of a Mathematical Formulation of Kinetics for Multistage Chemical Reactions and Numerical Solution to a Direct Problem

Introduction. The basis for research, analysis and mathematical optimization of any chemical process is an adequate mathematical model that takes into account the kinetics of the object. Kinetic analysis is a challenge in chemical technology, since it allows for optimizing synthesis processes and predicting their efficiency. Numerous chemical processes involve several stage reactions. For successful design and optimization, a mathematical model that describes each stage is needed. Creating such a model manually can be time-consuming and costly, since it requires processing a large amount of information. The modern level of automation makes it possible to accelerate the obtaining of a mathematical formulation of the kinetics of multistage reactions. In this case, working with data is greatly simplified, and the probability of making mistakes is reduced. The resulting mathematical model can be applied for further analysis and optimization of the process. The paper considers the industrial reaction of catalytic reforming of gasoline, which occupies an important place in the modern scheme of oil refining, since it is a source of high-octane components of commercial gasolines and individual aromatic hydrocarbons. This process is characterized by the participation of a large number (up to 300) of various hydrocarbons, a change in the number of moles, and non-isothermality in it. Mathematical modeling of such processes involves detailing the stages to the required level. The detailing of up to 173 stages is considered. In this setting, automation of the formation of a mathematical formulation of kinetics for catalytic reforming of gasoline has not been carried out before. Therefore, the presented work aimed at implementing effective numerical methods and algorithms for automating the building of a mathematical model taking into account kinetics, thermodynamics, and changes in the number of moles.Materials and Methods. The mathematical formulation of the kinetics of multistage reactions was developed on the basis of the mass action law. The kinetic parameters values were taken from literary sources. The direct kinetics problem was solved using algorithms: the Gear method, the Runge-Kutta method of the 4th order, and the scipy.odeint() method of the Python language. The automation concept was implemented using the IDEF0 methodology. The software was written in the Python programming language.Results. A new software was created to automate the process of forming a mathematical model, taking into account the kinetics, thermodynamics, and the volume of the reaction mixture. The program results were presented by the example of catalytic reforming of gasoline. The model implemented the possibility of taking into account the intermediate heating of the mixture in the reactor cascade. Numerical values of temperature changes corresponding to industrial data were obtained.Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained through modeling chemical transformations in the cascade of gasoline catalytic reforming reactors confirmed the exothermic nature of the reaction. The developed software product provides displaying changes in the concentrations of reactants, as well as temperature variations in the reactor, and it can be used in scientific research organizations for the analysis of multistage catalytic processes. The results of the reaction kinetics modeling will be used in the subsequent optimization of the process conditions in production.

INCREASING THE EXTRACTION OF VACUUM GAS OIL AT THE ELOU-AVT UNIT

The ELOU-AVT unit is part of a large oil refining complex. This unit is designed for primary processing of oils from various fields, as well as their mixtures. Refining is carried out in order to separate oil into separate fractions (gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil), which are used as raw materials for secondary oil refining at other units. On the territory of modern refineries, in order to increase the depth of processing of petroleum feedstock, in most cases the following technological units are used: – The isomerization unit is designed for the production of low-boiling high-octane isomerizate used as a component of unleaded motor gasolines. For the production of a low-boiling high-octane component, the plant uses the process of low-temperature isomerization of C5-C6 normal paraffins. – The distillate hydrotreating unit is designed to produce high-quality diesel fuel with low sulfur and nitrogen content, high cetane number, and improved low-temperature properties. – The sulfur production unit is designed to produce solid commercial sulfur by the oxidative conversion of hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur. The delayed coking unit is designed to process heavy oil residues (straight-run tar) into lighter gaseous, liquid products and petroleum coke. The process of thermal cracking is the basis for the processing of tar. – The catalytic reformer with preliminary hydrotreatment is designed for the processing of gasoline fractions of oil in order to obtain high-quality gasolines and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as hydrogen-containing gas (HCG), which is widely used both in petrochemistry and in such oil refining processes as: hydrotreating, hydrocracking, isomerization, etc. Oil refining is a multi-stage process of physical and chemical processing of crude oil, which results in the production of a complex of petroleum products. Industrial primary distillation units are divided into atmospheric (AT), vacuum (VT) and combined (for example, AVT, CDU-AVT, etc.). It is impossible to obtain a single marketable oil product from crude oil directly by one process (with the exception of gases), all of them are obtained by sequential processing at several installations. Keywords: ELOU-AVT machine, distillate hydrotreating unit, Oil refining, multi-stage process, primary distillation units

BIOETHANOL CONVERSION INTO HIGH-OCTANE COMPONENTS OF MOTOR FUEL IN THE PRESENCE OF COBALT-CONTAINING HZSM-5 TYPE ZEOLITES

The influence of the concentration of cobalt introduced into HZSM-5 on its acidic and catalytic properties in the transformation of ethanol into high-octane components of motor fuels has been studied in the plug-flow unit within the temperature range of 300-450 °С. The unmodified НZSM-5 zeolite is shown to be highly selective to aromatization products (27.5-47.6 %) and С1-С3 alkanes (25.8-37.1 %). A significant increase in selectivity to isomerisation products (from 17.2-19.8 to 34.0-42.7 %) is established for cobalt-modified (1.0-3.0 wt. %) zeolite catalysts within the temperature range 300-350 °C. The highest increase in the selectivity of modified catalysts to aromatisation products (32.7-40.7 %) is observed within the temperature interval of 400-450 °С. The effect of modification on the acid properties of HZSM-5 zeolite has been studied using the temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia. It is shown that the changes of the catalytic properties of HZSM-5 zeolite are connected with a considerable decrease in the concentration of strong Brønsted acid centres (from 538 to 317 μmol/g), with the formation of new stronger Lewis acid centres (37-80 μmol/g) including cobalt ions and acid-base Coδ+-Oδ- type pairs capable of strong polarization and activation of C-H bonds in the intermediates. Selectivity to the products of isomerisation and aromatization on the modified catalysts is regulated by cobalt concentration and process temperature. The highest selectivity to isomerisation products (42.7 %) is achieved over the 2 % Co/HZSM-5 catalyst at a temperature of 300 °C. The catalysate obtained over the 2 % Co/HZSM-5 catalyst at 300 °С corresponds to Euro-5 standard in the content of isoparaffin (56.4 %) and aromatic (29.8 %) hydrocarbons, benzene (0.6 %) and olefins (1.1 %).

ПЕРЕПРОФИЛИРОВАНИЕ УСТАНОВКИ ПО ПРОИЗВОДСТВУ МЕТИЛ-ТРЕТ-БУТИЛОВОГО ЭФИРА

The paper considers the possibility of repurposing a plant for the production of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) for the esterification of a light fraction of gasoline by catalytic cracking. The conversion of the MTBE installation to the process of esterification of the light fraction of catalytic cracking gasoline will allow obtaining an additional amount of high-octane component for automotive gasoline

Raising the Research Octane Number using an optimized Simulated Moving Bed technology towards greater sustainability and economic return

The scale of CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleets worldwide has led governments to mandate substantive improvements in vehicle fuel economy, thereby mitigating climate change. Raising the Research Octane Number (RON) of fuel through isomerization, alongside mandates to recalibrate existing LDV engines, promises to contribute substantially to climate action. This study has aimed to develop a highly efficient adsorption separation technology for isomerization refining that can contribute significantly to the sustainability and economics of the overall “well-to-wheel” outcome for LDV fleets globally. This study developed a rigorous dynamic model for a Simulated Moving Bed (SMB), comparing the SMB to conventional distillation as the next best alternative. The SMB was optimized using a genetic algorithm, maximizing RON and Gross Margin as objective functions. This study showed that SMB effectively separates high octane components from low octane components, producing a fuel with a RON of 95 when maximizing the RON, thereby enabling lower emissions associated with recalibrated LDV engines. Compared to 11 MW of steam duty associated with conventional distillation, the SMB unit utilized 3.4 MW and 5.7 MW of electricity when optimizing the RON and the Gross Margin respectively, appreciably reducing comparative greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, compared to conventional distillation as measured by Gross Margin, the optimized SMB unit increased the economic return by 47% when maximizing the RON and by 82 % when maximizing the Gross Margin. In summary, this study motivated for rapid capital investment into retrofitting isomerization facilities with SMB unit operations, replacing outmoded distillation as the primary separation technology. Future work will focus on optimizing the separation technology alongside the overall isomerization process using a rigorous techno-economic analysis as the objective function for optimization.

FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF OXYGENATES IN MOTOR TYPES OF GASOLINE

The main types of oxygenates, which are used in the manufacture of motor types of gasoline, are considered. Oxygenates (oxygen-containing compounds) is the general name for lower alcohols and ethers used as high-octane components of motor fuels. For the manufacture of motor types of gasoline, a low-octane base is used to which high-octane components are added. In many cases, lower alcohols (methanol, ethanol, etc.) and ethers (methyl tert-butyl ether, tert-amyl methyl ether, etc.) are used as high-octane components of motor types of gasoline. Straight-run gasoline and stable gasoline are often used as the low-octane gasoline base for mixed motor types of gasoline. Methanol (CH3OH) is the simplest monohydric alcohol. Methyl alcohol is now produced synthetically from carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is a representative of monohydric alcohols with the formula C2H5OH. The production of ethyl alcohol is possible in several ways: biochemical, hydrolysis, synthetic, or ethylene hydration. For the manufacture of motor types of gasoline, dehydrated ethyl alcohol (bioethanol, an alternative universal component of motor fuel (KMPU), etc.) is used. Bioethanol is produced according to DSTU 7166: 2010 “Bioethanol. Technical mind”. According to DSTU 7166: 2010, bioethanol is dehydrated ethyl alcohol made from biomass or from raw ethyl alcohol for use as biofuel. As a technological and denaturing additive, gasoline (petroleum products) is introduced into bioethanol in an amount of up to 1.5 % by volume. KMPU is produced in accordance with TU U 20.5-00372536-001: 2013 “Component of firing motor alternative universal (KMPU). Technical conditions”. An alternative universal motor fuel component is dehydrated ethyl alcohol with a complex of additives, which is used for the manufacture of mixed motor types of gasoline and alternative types of motor types of gasoline. Compositionally, KMPU is similar to bioethanol but differs from it in the presence of another high-octane component – methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Methyl tert-butyl ether, formula CH3-O-C (CH3)3 is a product that can be obtained in large quantities by reacting isobutylene with methanol. The advantage of MTBE is its good solubility in gasoline, and, at the same time, it is not washed out of it with water. MTBE does not impair the physical and chemical stability of gasoline; it is characterized by stable anti-knock properties during storage and operation. The article discusses the results of the study of the listed oxygenates by gasliquid chromatography. This method makes it possible to establish the qualitative and quantitative composition of oxygenates and motor types of gasoline based on them. It is shown that from readily available petroleum components (stable gas gasoline) without the use of complex technological equipment by mixing with oxygenates, it is possible to obtain a gasoline mixture with a high detonation resistance, which is fake gasoline in composition. When mixing in certain proportions a low-octane gasoline base, for example, stable gas gasoline and oxygenates (lower alcohols, ethers), which have appropriate performance characteristics, it is possible to obtain commercial gasoline that will meet the requirements of regulatory documents (DSTU) for motor types of gasoline. The considered technology also allows, when mixing in the calculated proportions of commercial gasoline A-92 (A-95) with oxygenates and stable gasoline, to improve the operational characteristics (knock resistance) of the obtained gasoline mixture or to increase the volume of the resulting gasoline mixture without improving its operational characteristics. Key words: blended types of gasoline, alternative types of gasoline, oxygenates, lower alcohols, ethers, bioethanol, alternative motor fuel component universal.

MECHANISM OF CATALYTIC ISOMERIZATION–DISPROPORTIONATION PROCESSING OF STRAIGHT-RUN GASOLINE

The isomerization-disproportionation conversion of straight-run gasoline over the Co/HZSM/SO42--ZrO2 (SZ) composite catalytic system at atmospheric hydrogen pressure has been studied. Optimal process conditions (1800С; Н2/СН=3; WHSV = 2.5 h-1) was established, under which the conversion of С8+ hydrocarbons is 77.3%, and the sum of high-octane gasoline components С5–С6 alkanes increases from 11% to 61%. Тhe effect of C4-, C5–C6 products and H2O on this isomerization-disproportionation process have been studied. It is shown that, unlike the main C5–C6 products, side C4-products affect the stability of the process, and the catalyst is deactivated under the water's influence. Comparative studies of the conversion of a mixture of straight-run gasoline and C2H5OH showed that H2O vapor formed sites deactivate the centers located on the SZ. It has been established that the mechanism of isomerization-disproportionation conversion of straight-run gasoline with the participation of a composite catalytic system is realized through the conjugated interaction of red-ox centers contained on SZ with acid-base centers of Co/HZSM-5, responsible, respectively, for the formation of intermediate compounds [С4+C7] and their and their further hydro cleavage

Increasing the Yield of Light Distillates by Wave Action on Oil Raw Materials

The article presents the results of the electromagnetic activation of petroleum feed in the vortex layer apparatus. It is shown that under the electromagnetic influence, there is a significant increase in the proportion of straight-run gasoline fraction distillate, as well as a change in the physicochemical parameters of the light fractions obtained as a result of the cavitation effect and the low-temperature cracking. It has been established that the processes of wave action on oil occurring in the electromagnetic field zone lead to a change in the individual and group hydrocarbon composition of the distillates obtained. The gasoline fraction produced from activated petroleum, due to an increase in the proportion of aromatic compounds, has a high octane number compared to the original straight-run fraction and low content of alkenes, which allows us to recommend its use as a high-octane component of motor fuels in the compounding and production of commercial gasoline.

Modeling and optimization of the catalytic isomerization of the pentane-hexane fraction with maximization of individual high-octane components yield

Modeling and optimization of the catalytic isomerization of the pentane-hexane fraction with maximization of individual high-octane components yield

FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF PETROLEUM COMPONENTS OF MIXED MOTOR GASOLINES

The main types of petroleum components that are used in the manufacture of mixed motor gasolines are considered. For the manufacture of mixed motor gasolines, a low-octane base is used, to which high-octane components are added. In many cases, reformate (catalytic reforming gasoline) and isopentane (isopentane fraction) are used as high-octane components of mixed motor gasolines. Straight-run gasoline and stable gasoline are often used as the low-octane gasoline base of blended automobile gasolines. Reformate is a liquid mixture of aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons used as a high-octane component of automobile (aviation) gasolines and raw materials in the production of aromatic hydrocarbons (arenas). The reformate is obtained by catalytic reforming of straight-run gasoline fractions. Isopentane (2-methylbutane (CH3)2CHCH2CH3) is a colorless, flammable liquid. The technical product is a mixture of isomeric pentanes and boils within 24 - 34°C. The isopentane fraction can be isolated from gas gasoline, from gasoline direct distillation of oil and gasoline catalytic cracking. Straight-run gasoline (nefras) is obtained from the processing of crude oil or gas condensate, oil shale or coal, natural gas or oil and gas. Straight run gasoline contains light gasoline fractions of direct distillation of oil with a boiling range of 35 - 180°C. Gas gasoline (gas stable gasoline) is obtained from natural and petroleum gases containing vapors of gasoline hydrocarbons. To separate them, the gases are compressed and cooled (compression method) or absorbed with oil or activated carbon. Gas gasoline is similar in chemical composition to straight-run gasoline, but contains lighter hydrocarbon fractions. The article discusses the results of a study of the listed petroleum components of mixed gasoline by gas-liquid chromatography. This method allows you to establish the qualitative and quantitative composition of mixed motor gasolines and their components. It is shown that from readily available petroleum components (isopentane fraction, aromatic hydrocarbons and gas stable gasoline) without the use of sophisticated technological equipment, a gasoline mixture with high detonation resistance, which is falsified automobile gasoline, can be obtained by mixing method. When mixed in certain proportions of reformate, isopentane fraction and gas stable gasoline, it is possible to obtain marketable gasoline that will meet the requirements of regulatory documents for gasoline. The considered technology allows, when mixing commodity gasolines A-92 (A-95) with reformate, isopentane fraction and gasoline gas stable in the calculated proportions, to improve the operational characteristics (detonation resistance) of the obtained gasoline mixture or to increase the volume of the obtained gasoline mixture without improving its performance.

Превращение прямогонной бензиновой фракции и газоконденсата на биметаллических ка-тализаторах на основе цеолита ZSM-5

Acidic and catalytic properties of bimetallic catalysts based on ZSM-5 zeolite modified with copper, cobalt and boron in the conversion of straight-run gasoline fraction of gas condensate were studied in a flow-through unit at atmospheric pressure, in the absence of hydrogen in the temperature range 350-4300C. It has been established that the introduction of modifiers (Cu, Co, B) into the zeolite leads to a sig-nificant decrease in the strength and concentration of acid sites. An increase in the copper concen-tration in the zeolite to 3.0 wt.% leads to a decrease in the concentration of strong acid sites from 542 to 332 mmol/g. The introduction of 2% Cu/HZSM-5 into the catalyst composition of the second modifier Co in an amount of up to 1.5 wt.% reduces the concentration of strong acid sites to 242 mmol/g. With the additional modification of the bimetallic catalyst 1.0% Co 2% Cu/HZSM-5 with boron in an amount of 0.5-1.5 wt.%, the concentration of strong acid sites further decreases to 112-198 mmol/g. On unmodified zeolite HZSM-5, which has strong acid sites, cracking and aromatization of hydro-carbons mainly take place. Isomerization of n-paraffin hydrocarbons that make up the gas conden-sate is not significant. As a result of the modification of HZSM-5 with copper in the amount of 1.0-3.0 wt. %.There is a significant increase in the catalyzate content of high-octane components: iso-paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Modification of the catalyst with 2% Cu/HZSM-5 Co in an amount of 0.5-1.0 wt.% increases its isomerizing activity, and additional modification with boron (0.5-1.5 wt.%) leads to an increase in the yield of liquid products. The relationship between the acid-ic and catalytic properties of modified catalysts has been established. The effect of increasing the isomerizing and aromatizing activity of the modified catalysts is associated with the nature, concen-tration of the modifier, and the ratio of weak and strong acid sites. The isomerizing and aromatizing activity of the catalyst is controlled by the nature and concentration of the modifier. The bimetallic catalyst 1.0% Co 2.0 Cu% 1.0% B/HZSМ-5 exhibits the highest activity in upgrading straight-run gasoline fraction of gas condensate, which makes it possible to obtain a gasoline component with an octane number of 86.5 according to IM at 3800C and a yield of 77.8 wt.%.

Features of the Isobutane Alkylation with Butylenes on Zeolite Catalysts

Isobutane alkylation with olefins is an important process to produce a high-octane component of gasoline (alkylate) obtained using mineral acids as catalysts. Solid catalysts based on zeolites are a promising alternative to acids, but their rapid deactivation makes it difficult to implement the technology on an industrial scale. In this work, we investigated the CaLaHPtX catalyst based on molded NaX zeoliste. Physicochemical analysis of the catalyst (the residual concentration of Na2O is less than 1 wt %, acidity 1452 μmol of NH3/g, and IR-Fourier spectroscopy data with the presence of bridging OH-groups at aluminum atoms with absorption bands at 3657 and 3603 cm–1) suggest good catalytic properties. Alkylation of isobutane with butylenes was carried out on a pilot plant according to a new principle - in a “structured” mode, which guarantees a high isobutane/butylenes ratio in the reaction zone. Under these conditions, the catalyst operates for at least 24 h with stable performance (butylenes conversion – 97.1 wt %, alkylate yield – 94.1 wt %, selectivity to trimethylpentanes – 76.4 wt %). It was shown that before the catalyst is regenerated, it is necessary to stop the reaction before its activity begins to decrease in order to exclude the accumulation of hard-to-desorb deposits on its surface. The combination of alkylation in the “structured” mode and the CaLaHPtX catalyst promote a long-term reaction without reducing the quality of the alkylate for at least 5 cycles of reaction - reductive regeneration - reaction.

Transformation of Paraffin and Olefin Hydrocarbons on a Modified Zeolite-Containing Catalyst of Cracking

Industrial zeolite-containing OMNIKAT-210P catalyst modified with Ni, Co, Cr is used as a catalyst to study the conversion of hydrocarbons contained in catalytic cracking gases. The aim of the study is to obtain a high-octane component of gasoline. The metals are deposited on nanosized particles of a zeolite-containing catalyst. The particle size is at a level of (5–10) × 10−9 m. The particle size allows metals Ni, Cr, Co to be applied evenly on the surfaces of the nanoparticles. The particles then form balls 2–3 mm in size that are dried (120°C) and calcined (450–500°C). The yield of liquid products is at a level of 48.3–30.3 wt %, depending on the time of sampling.

Characteristics of Isohexene as a Novel Promising High-Octane Gasoline Booster

Oil refineries strive to maximize the production of high-octane components using selective dimerization of olefin-containing gases. A known process is the technology for the production of diisobuty...

A Catalytic System Based on an Ionic Liquid for Preparing High-Octane Components of Gasoline Fuels by Isomerization of Light n-Paraffins

A Catalytic System Based on an Ionic Liquid for Preparing High-Octane Components of Gasoline Fuels by Isomerization of Light n-Paraffins