High-octane Components Research Articles

Transformation of paraffin and olefin hydrocarbons on the modified on the zeolite-containing cracking catalyst

As a catalyst for studying the conversion of hydrocarbons contained in catalytic cracking gases, a modified Ni, Co, Cr industrial OMNIKAT-210P zeolite-containing catalyst was used. The purpose of the research is to obtain a high-octane component of gasoline. The deposition of metals was carried out on nano-sized particles of a zeolite-containing catalyst. Particle size was at the level of (5÷10)·10–9m. The particle size allows you to evenly apply the metals Ni, Cr, Co on the surface of the nanoparticles. Then the particles are molded in the form of balls with a size of 2–3 mm and subjected to drying (120 °С) and calcining 450–500 °С. The yield of liquid products is at the level of 48.3–30.3 % of the mass.

Исследование технологии высокооктановых компонентов бензинов с улучшенными экологическими свойствами

Исследование технологии высокооктановых компонентов бензинов с улучшенными экологическими свойствами

Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Solketal on Bifunctional Catalysts with Production of High Octane Components of Motor Fuels

The possibility of implementing the concept of converting bioglycerin into a blend of oxygenates, potentially applicable as components of gasoline by ketalization with acetone (T = 30–40°C, atmospheric pressure), accompanied by mild hydrogenolysis of ketal [T = 100–140°C, p(H2) = 2 MPa] to obtain a mixture of of glycerol and solketal isopropyl ethers. It was shown that the preferred method of conversion is the separate performing of ketalization and hydrogenolysis, since when these stages are combined, the side reaction of the formation of free isopropyl alcohol is highly selective. The regularities in the influence of the composition of the catalytic system (Pd/C + para-toluenesulfonic acid) on its activity were found in the reaction of catalytic hydrogenation of solketal to a mixture of glycerol and solketal isopropyl ethers (optimal ratio of Pd/para-toluenesulfonic acid = 0.811 mol). It was shown that the addition of 4–5% glycerol to raw materials makes it possible to increase the yield of target hydrogenation products from 25 to 36%. Using a flow unit, the catalytic hydrogenation of solketal was optimized. In the optimal mode [T = 170°C, p(H2) = 4 MPa, v = 0.5 h−1, H2/feedstock = 660 nL L−1], the conversion of solketal to a mixture of target products (glycerol monoisopropyl ether, glycerol diisopropyl ethers, and solketal isopropyl ether) reaches 98%. The possibility of carrying out the reaction on heterogeneous bifunctional catalysts of the Pd/sulfonated coal type is shown.

Improving the quality of low octane hydrocarbon fractions under conditions of catalytic processing on aluminum-silicon catalysts

The main challenge today is to find new alternative energy sources. Reduction of oil, gas and coal production can be achieved through the rational use of biomass as a raw material for fuels and lubri-cants. Thermochemical treatment of biomass allows to obtain raw materials for a number of process-es, in particular the separation of hydrocarbon components and their catalytic treatment allows to ob-tain alternative components for motor fuels. The main advantage of using hydrocarbon fractions from biomass is that they are completely free of sulfur- or nitrogen-containing compounds that play the role of catalytic poisons. Catalytic studies were performed in a flow reactor at a charged catalyst volume of 30 cm3, a reac-tion zone temperature of 350 ± 5 °C and a pressure of 0.1 MPa. The feedstock was fed to the reaction zone using a pump at a constant rate of 1 h-1. The direction of supply of raw materials from top to bot-tom. In this work it is shown that industrial aluminosilicates are structural compounds (Cat.25, Cat.38, Cat.50, Cat.80) and show catalytic properties in the cracking process, which is reflected in the increase of octane number from 8 to 20 units. The higher their cracking activity, the more gaseous products are formed and the fractional composition changes in the direction of isomeric hydrocarbons, which is confirmed by gas chromatographic analysis. According to the amount of gas phase and the composi-tion of liquid products, it should be noted that the most active catalyst was the sample Cat.25. This effi-ciency is related to the chemical composition and methods of synthesis of the presented catalysts. The latter by their nature contain cations of aluminum (Al3+) and silicon (Si4+), which certainly affects the formation of Bronsted acid centers, which are responsible for the cracking process. In turn, catalysts of the type Cat.1 and Cat.2 with a significant content of aluminum and no catalytic effect can be charac-terized as a mechanical mixture of these basic oxides, and not an aluminosilicate matrix with a certain structure. Based on the obtained results, renewable biomass is a potential source for obtaining hydrocarbon fractions, which after catalytic treatment processes can serve as high-quality high-octane components of alternative fuels.

Multiobjective optimization of a temperature mode in a reactor unit of gasoline catalytic reforming based on a kinetic model

Based on the previously developed kinetic model of gasoline catalytic reforming, the temperature regimes of gasoline catalytic reforming are optimized. Several target optimization functions are considered — yield of the main product required octane number with a restriction to benzene content (high-octane component, <2% by volume), etc. The proposed two-objective optimization problem for catalytic reforming of gasoline was solved with the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) in Matlab software environment The optimal inlet temperatures of the reaction mixture are determined for each reactor.

Preparing High-Octane Motor Fuel Components via the Oxidation of an Industrial Isobutane Fraction

The deep processing of heavy oil increases the production of hydrocarbon gases. The resulting butanes do not always find an equivalent market. A mixture of oxygenates with a high octane number is obtained in this work via oxidation of industrial isobutane fraction. The reaction proceeds both in with and without using Au/Silicalite-1 and Cu/SiO2 as catalysts. The influence of factors that reduce the formation of undesirable impurities (hydroperoxides, peroxides, and acids) is studied. Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) obtainable with a selectivity of 64–69% and butane conversion of 55–69% is a target product. TBA has a RON of 113. Alcohols and ketones having RONs within 106–115 appear together with TBA during the oxidation. The best result was obtained for a Cu/SiO2 catalyst. More than 18% of TBA and 2.9 times more ketones are removed from a unit volume of a reaction space in the presence of a catalyst than during oxidation without a catalyst. The total productivity of the products suitable as high-octane components is 40 g/(L h), while the RON of this mixture is ≈111. A mixture of oxygenates including TBA has a lower volatility than that of methyl tert-butyl ether, which is especially important for the stability of gasolines in summer.

Possibility of synthesis of high-octane components of motor fuels via oxidation of the industrial isobutane fraction

The necessity of deep conversion of heavy oil gives rise to an increase in the production of hydrocarbon gases. The formed butanes are not always marketable. In the paper, the possibility of the production of high-octane oxygenate mixture via oxidation of the industrial isobutene fraction is discussed. The reaction was conducted in the absence and in the presence of catalysts such as Au/Silicalite-1 and Cu/SiO 2 . The factors were studied that allowed the formation of undesirable impurities (hydroperoxides, peroxides, acids) to be minimized. The target product was tert-butyl alcohol (TBA); it was produced at the selectivity of 64–69 % at the butane conversion of 55–69 %. RON number of TBA is 113. Along with TBA, alcohols and ketones with RON 106–115 were produced. The best result was obtained with the Cu/SiO 2 ; in the presence of this catalyst the yield of TBA was 18 % higher and the yield of ketones was as high as 2.9 times of the yields obtained by the noncatalytic reaction. The total yield of products to be used as high-octane reached 40 g/L·h, while RON was ca. 111 of this mixture. The mixture of TBA-based oxygenates are less volatile than methyl-tert-butyl alcohol that is of particular importance to provide gasoline stability in summertime.

SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF FUEL COMBINATION IN MAINTENANCE

In article, the solution of problem of the combined use of fuel in operation is considered. It is shown that during the operation of the gasoline automobile engine the requirement to octane number of fuel changes depending on engine operation mode: at increase in rotary speed the required octane number of fuel decreases, and at increase in loading increase in octane number of fuel is necessary. The combined use of low-bracket gasoline with high-octane liquefied gas is given. The condition supporting necessary octane number of fuel on various modes for ensuring without detonation work and optimization of combustion procedure is defined. At all engine operating modes in operation on combined fuel, only a high-octane component should be supplied. To control the change in the ratio of the supplied components of the combined power system, it is necessary and sufficient to use any combination of the following parameters: – vacuum in the intake manifold; – is the engine speed; – is the degree of opening of the throttle valve of the carburetor, or others, which are functionally dependent on the above. As a result, the feasibility of choosing one or another option is determined by the design features of the fuel combination implementation system

Refinement of Gas Condensate Straight-Run Gasoline on MFI-Type Zeolites Modified with Binary Compounds

The work to the study catalytic properties of high-silica MFI-type zeolite (silicate module 50) modified by Sn2O3 + V2O5 and Sn2O3 + Bi2O3 binary system is devoted. In present article influence of the promoting additives concentration on the catalytic properties of high-silica MFI-type zeolite in the process of gas condensate straight-run gasoline conversion into motor fuels high-octane components are investigated. It is shown that the introduction of binary system modifying additives makes it possible to increase in octane number of liquid catalyzate on 2-3 points according to the research method, as well as the yield of the liquid catalyzate weight on 6-8 % mass.

Clean conversion of methanol to high octane components on ZnI2 catalyst

ABSTRACTThe effect of methanol conversion on the content of each high octane constituent over ZnI2 catalyst has been investigated in a batch reactor. The results showed that isoparaffins were dominant products in this reaction. Among these, the selectivity of 2,2,3-trimethylbutane (triptane) reached up to 30%. The reactions of methanol with higher alcohols or olefins were favorable to the oil yields, especially with higher alcohols. Yields increased by 200% for total oil and 88% for triptane by adding 25wt% isopentanol, respectively. The trimethylpentene, which can be hydrogenated to produce isooctane, was also produced by adding tertbutanol. Both triptane and isooctane are ideal components for modern unleaded aviation gasoline because of their high octane ratings.

Pervaporation Purification of Oxygenate from an Ethyl tert-Butyl Ether/Ethanol Azeotropic Mixture

Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) is one of the most promising oxygenates used as high-octane components of fuels. A method to purify ETBE from an ethanol/ETBE azeotropic mixture formed during industrial synthesis is pervaporation. In this study, hybrid membranes containing nanodiamond particles incorporated into the P84 copolyimide matrix have been synthesized for the pervaporation purification of ETBE. The membrane structure has been studied by scanning electron microscopy and via determining the experimental and theoretical density and free volume. The transport properties of the membranes have been determined in sorption and pervaporation experiments. It has been shown that the introduction of up to 1 wt % of nanodiamonds in the P84 matrix leads to an increase in the main mass transfer parameters, namely, the flux and the separation factor of the azeotropic mixture.

ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ АКТИВНОЙ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ВОЛЬФРАМАТСОДЕРЖАЩЕГО ДИОКСИДА ЦИРКОНИЯ, КАК КАТАЛИЗАТОРА ИЗОМЕРИЗАЦИИ С7-АЛКАНОВ

Изомеризация парафиновых углеводородов является одним из важнейших процессов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности, направленный на получение высокооктановых экологичных компонентов современных бензинов. Актуальным направлением в изомеризации является переработка фракции, содержащей С7-алканы. Обзор посвящен современным представлениям о закономерностях формирования активной поверхности вольфраматсодержащего диоксида циркония, который представляет собой высокоактивную каталитическую систему для реакции изомеризации гептанов. В обзоре рассматриваются вопросы по влиянию способа синтеза вольфраматсодержащего диоксида циркония, его химического состава, фазового строения и кислотных свойств на формирование активной поверхности систем WO3/ZrO2 и их каталитическую активность. Рассмотрена роль платины в каталитических системах WO3/ZrO2 для реакции изомеризации С7-алканов.

ГИДРОИЗОМЕРИЗАЦИЯ БЕНЗОЛСОДЕРЖАЩИХ БЕНЗИНОВЫХ ФРАКЦИЙ – ОСНОВА СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ЧИСТЫХ МОТОРНЫХ ТОПЛИВ

В обзоре представлен анализ научно-технической и патентной информации о гидроизомеризации бензолсодержащих бензиновых фракций, как способе получения компонентов экологически чистых высокооктановых компонентов моторных топлив. Рассмотрены преимущества и недостатки основных способов каталитической переработки бензолсодержащих фракций – гидрирования бензола, алкилирования бензола олефинами. Особое внимание уделено перспективным катализаторам и технологиям гидроизомеризации бензолсодержащих фракций.

Превращение пентан-гексановой фракции на Zr-содержащих каталитических системах

The tightening environmental standards for motor fuels on the one hand and the rapid growth of high quality motor fuel consumption on the other hand poses the problem of refining to reduce the amount of aromatics and in particular benzene in commercial products. Currently recycling oil is essential to the overall petroleum refining complex. To increase the depth of processing, and most important for the production of high octane components of motor fuels meeting the Euro-5 requirements, different processing variants hydrotreated fractions, among which the most modern process is isomerization. And because of this isomerization – as a process of producing components of gasoline with a high octane number and a low aromatic content became widespread. This work is devoted to the research activity of the two catalyst systems containing zirconium in its composition, in the conversion of pentane-hexane fraction, which is the raw material of isomerization process in refineries. The study was conducted in a laboratory flow-type reactor with a fixed catalyst bed. Analysis of the gaseous and liquid products of transformation was performed by gas-liquid chromatography. On the basis of analysis of experimental data, we can conclude that the two systems studied most active catalyst in the isomerization of pentane-hexane fraction is a system based on zeolite. When used which is possible to obtain liquid products with a low content of unbranched alkanes and high in isoparaffins that have high octane numbers and are safe components of motor fuels from an environmental point of view.

Исследование активности каталитической системы Pr/NH4(ЦВМ) в превращении н-гексана

Due to the rapid growth of consumption of high-quality, environmentally friendly motor fuels and the exhaustion of oil reserves, the modernization of existing technologies and processes for the production of high-octane gasoline remains relevant. One of these processes, which allows to obtain fuels that meet environmental standards, is the process of catalytic reforming. This work is devoted to the study of the activity of the pure carrier – NH4(ZSM) and the catalytic system Pr/NH4(ZSM) (the amount of praseodymium is 0.7% wt.) prepared by the impregnation method based on pure zeolite NH4(ZSM) (n-hexane transformation). The analysis of the obtained conversion products was performed by gas-liquid chromatography. The activity of the catalyst was evaluated according to parameters such as the degree of conversion of raw materials, the selectivity of the formation of products. On the basis of experimental data, it was shown that when n-hexane is converted on a catalyst in an air flow, high-octane components of the fuel can be obtained. As a result of systematic studies of pure NH4(ZSM), it was shown that with an increase in temperature, the conversion of n-hexane to 99.6% at a temperature of 500 ºС increases. The introduction of praseodymium into the catalyst leads to a redistribution of the number of acid and metal reaction centers, which is accompanied by a maximum conversion rate of 99.5% at a temperature of 350 ºС, an increase in the proportion of aromatic and gaseous compounds in the conversion products. As a result of the conversion of n-hexane on the two systems, valuable gaseous and liquid products were obtained. All liquid products obtained at different temperatures have large octane number values, which is explained by the high content of isomer products at low temperatures of the experiment and aromatic products at high temperatures of the experiment.

Production of High-Octane Fuel Components with Improved Environmental Performance

The new catalyst for isomerization process of light hydrocarbons based on novel synthesized inorganic superacids has been developed. With this purpose synthesized a number of mixed heteropolyanions with a modified Keggin structure containing different transition metals (including platinum group metals). Developed the technology of preparation of superacid catalysts with a coating of modified heteropolycomplexes on different carriers. The efficiency of the developed HPC catalyst in the process of isomerization of light hydrocarbons is evaluated.

Development of high-tech production of high-octane components of motor fuel from renewable vegetable raw materials

In work are studied development of new oxygen-containing high-octane fuel compositions. The short review of comparisons of the main indicators is presented. In this article is shown need of development of production of octane additives. Receiving high-octane gasolines with use of components of the fuels alternative oil, the solution of these questions can become use of alcohols as additives to traditional gasoline, and first of all the ethyl alcohol produced from renewable sources of raw materialsThe goal can be carried out by means of modeling of technological processes. Using a software package of "UnisimDesign" we will make modeling of process of receiving isoamyl alcohol. In a basis of universal system of modeling of "UnisimDesign" the general principles of calculations of material and thermal balances of technological schemes are underlain.On the calculated scheme 1 isoamyl alcohol which is used in the form of additive to motor fuels is emitted one target product. However contained in fusel oils butanol also has broad application. Butanol is applied as solvent to paints, he is a part of brake fluids, industrial detergents. But at allocation of a butanol we face a problem, fusel oils contain water and form azeotrope mixes. For the solution of this problem we suggest to enter into initial raw materials hexane, in the ratio 1:1. It will allow us to allocate besides isoamyl alcohol and butanol. Modeling of process of division of fusel oils I have shown a possibility of allocation of two demanded target products. The technological scheme of installation of division of fusel oils is provided in work. Constructive characteristics of the columned equipment are calculated, material and thermal balances of installation are.

Investigation of Catalytic Activity of Modified High-Silica Zeolite of MFI Type in the Process of Converting Straight-Run Gasoline

The influence of the concentration of the promoting additive of zerium(IV) oxide nanopowder on the acidic and catalytic properties of a high-silica MFI type of zeolite is investigated in the process of converting a straight-run gasoline fraction of gas condensate into high-octane components of motor fuels. It is shown that the addition of a nanosized zerium dioxide powder makes it possible to increase the concentration of weak acidic centers by 1.34 times, the yield of arenes in liquid products by 4–7 wt %, and the octane number of liquid catalyzate by 2–3 points according to the research method.

2-Methylfuran: A bio-derived octane booster for spark-ignition engines

The efficiency of spark-ignition engines is limited by the phenomenon of knock, which is caused by auto-ignition of the fuel-air mixture ahead of the spark-initiated flame front. The resistance of a fuel to knock is quantified by its octane index; therefore, increasing the octane index of a spark-ignition engine fuel increases the efficiency of the respective engine. However, raising the octane index of gasoline increases the refining costs, as well as the energy consumption during production. The use of alternative fuels with synergistic blending effects presents an attractive option for improving octane index. In this work, the octane enhancing potential of 2-methylfuran (2-MF), a next-generation biofuel, has been examined and compared to other high-octane components (i.e., ethanol and toluene). A primary reference fuel with an octane index of 60 (PRF60) was chosen as the base fuel since it closely represents refinery naphtha streams, which are used as gasoline blend stocks. Initial screening of the fuels was done in an ignition quality tester (IQT). The PRF60/2-MF (80/20 v/v%) blend exhibited longer ignition delay times compared to PRF60/ethanol (80/20 v/v%) blend and PRF60/toluene (80/20 v/v%) blend, even though pure 2-MF is more reactive than both ethanol and toluene. The mixtures were also tested in a cooperative fuels research (CFR) engine under research octane number and motor octane number like conditions. The PRF60/2-MF blend again possesses a higher octane index than other blending components. A detailed chemical kinetic analysis was performed to understand the synergetic blending effect of 2-MF, using a well-validated PRF/2-MF kinetic model. Kinetic analysis revealed superior suppression of low-temperature chemistry with the addition of 2-MF. The results from simulations were further confirmed by homogeneous charge compression ignition engine experiments, which established its superior low-temperature heat release (LTHR) suppression compared to ethanol, resulting in better blending octane numbers. This work explores and provides a chemically sound explanation for the potential of 2-MF as an octane enhancer.

Prospects for Conversion of Refinery Gas to High-Octane Oxygen-Containing Components of Motor Fuels

Prospects for conversion of refinery gas to high-octane components of motor fuel were discussed. The feedstock of the Russian petrochemical complex can be expanded by introducing light hydrocarbons— nonmarketable refinery waste products—in the production of ecologically safe high-octane components of gasoline based on tert-butanol and isopropanol. A series of articles in the field of related applied research and experimental developments were announced.