High-efficiency Devices Research Articles

A Novel Enhancement-Mode Gallium Nitride p-Channel Metal Insulator Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor with a Buried Back Gate for Gallium Nitride Single-Chip Complementary Logic Circuits

In this work, a novel enhancement-mode GaN p-MISFET with a buried back gate (BBG) is proposed to improve the gate-to-channel modulation capability of a high drain current. By using the p-GaN/AlN/AlGaN/AlN double heterostructure, the buried 2DEG channel is tailored and connected to the top metal gate, which acts as a local back gate. Benefiting from the dual-gate structure (i.e., top metal gate and 2DEG BBG), the drain current of the p-MISFET is significantly improved from −2.1 (in the conv. device) to −9.1 mA/mm (in the BBG device). Moreover, the dual-gate design also bodes well for the gate to p-channel control; the subthreshold slope (SS) is substantially reduced from 148 to ~60 mV/dec, and such a low SS can be sustained for more than 3 decades. The back gate effect and the inherent hole compensation mechanism of the dual-gate structure are thoroughly studied by TCAD simulation, revealing their profound impact on enhancing the subthreshold and on-state characteristics in the BBG p-MISFET. Furthermore, the decent device performance of the proposed BBG p-MISFET is projected to the complementary logic inverters by mixed-mode simulation, showcasing excellent voltage transfer characteristics (VTCs) and dynamic switching behavior. The proposed BBG p-MISFET is promising for developing GaN-on-Si monolithically integrated complementary logic and power devices for high efficiency and compact GaN power IC.

Zero‐Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

AbstractProgress in research on high‐performance electrochemical energy storage devices depends strongly on the development of new materials. The 0‐dimensional carbon nanomaterials (fullerenes, carbon quantum dots, graphene quantum dots, and “small” carbon nano‐onions) are particularly recognized in this area of research. Their unique properties beneficial for batteries and supercapacitors application are the result of their small and controllable size, ranging from 1 to 10 nm, and their structure. Fullerenes stand out for the particularly precise structure and rich redox properties. Carbon‐based quantum dots and “small” carbon nano‐onions provide a bridge between molecular fullerenes and larger nanostructured carbon systems. For the electrochemical energy storage, 0‐dimensional carbon structures are usually present in nanostructured composites, which ensure high efficiency of devices. In this review, issues related to the contribution of 0‐dimensional carbon materials in improving batteries and supercapacitors. Particular attention has been paid to progress resulting from the use of composites of these carbon nanostructures with other electroactive materials. Much attention has also been devoted to issues related to the synthesis of 0‐dimensional carbon nanostructures enabling the control of their size, chemical composition and surface morphology. Finally, issues requiring additional research are highlighted.

Aerobically Autoxidized Self-Charge Concept Derived from Synergistic Pyrrolic Nitrogen and Catechol Configurations in N, O Co-Doped Carbon Cathode Material.

Aerobically autoxidized self-charging concept has drawn significant attraction due to its promising chemical charge features without external power supply. Particularly, heteroatom-doped carbon materials with abundant oxidizable sites and good conductivity are expected to be ideal cathode materials. However, there is no well-defined aerobically autoxidized self-charging concept based on heteroatom-doped carbon materials, significantly hindering the design of related carbon cathodes. An aerobically autoxidized self-chargeable concept derived from synergistic effect of pyrrolic nitrogen and catechol configuration in carbon cathode using model single pyrrolic nitrogen and oxygen (N-5, O) co-doped carbon and O-enriched carbon is proposed. First, self-charging of N-5, O co-doped carbon cathode can be achieved by aerobic oxidation of pyrrolic nitrogen and catechol to oxidized pyrrolic nitrogen and ortho-quinone configurations, respectively. Second, introducing a single pyrrolic nitrogen configuration enhanced acidic wettability of N-5, O co-doped carbon facilitating air self-charge/galvanic discharge involving proton removal/introduction. Third, synergistic effect of pyrrolic nitrogen and hydroxyl species with the strong electron-donating ability to conjugated carbon-based backbone endows N-5, O co-doped carbon with a higher highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level more susceptible to oxidation charging. The assembled Cu/Carbon batteries can drive a timer after every air-charging run. This promising aerobically autoxidized self-charging concept can inspire exploring high-efficiency self-charging devices.

Realization of High Photovoltaic Efficiency Devices With Sb₂S₃ Absorber Layer

Realization of High Photovoltaic Efficiency Devices With Sb₂S₃ Absorber Layer

Dynamic price optimization of a solar integrated cogeneration system considering uncertainties of building demands

Introducing renewable and high-efficiency devices into conventional cogeneration systems has the potentials to reduce fossil fuel consumption and mitigate environmental issues. This study aims to incorporate solar power and thermal energy into the power and waste heat generated by the gas turbine, respectively, while utilizing a double-effect absorption heat pump to meet the total heat demands. Following the creation of thermodynamic models, a trading mechanism is introduced involving an operating participant known as the product seller, which is analogous to electricity companies in power trading models. To maximize the interests of the participants with different confidence levels, the master-slave game is employed, using Genetic and Quadratic programming algorithms. The hourly outputs of devices and responded demands are evaluated based on the dynamic purchasing and selling price of products. The results indicate that the optimal interest of the cogeneration system is the lowest among all the participants. The power proportions from gas turbine and power grid exceed 60 %, while the contribution of gas turbine decreases by 11.0 % due to the lower heat demands caused by reduced confidence level. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the market-oriented development of solar assisted cogeneration systems.

Analyzing the synergistic effect of Ag and Ge co-incorporation on Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin-film solar cells

At present, the large number of inherent CuZn anti-site defects and harmful [2CuZn + SnZn] defect clusters in the CZTSe film layer limit the further progress of device efficiency. In this paper, Ag and Ge double cations were introduced into the CZTSe film layer, and (CuAg)2ZnSnGeSe4 (CAZTGSe) films were synthesized successfully by the sol-gel method to cut down the above defects and defect clusters to obtain high-efficiency devices. The influences of double cation substitution on CZTSe by partly replacing Cu with Ag and Sn with Ge were developed. The role of Ag, Ge, and Ag + Ge substitution was researched by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, current density-voltage (J-V), and external quantum efficiency measurements. By incorporating 5% Ag and 20% Ge double cations into the CZTSe film, the device demonstrated the highest efficiency of 10.12%. In addition, the open circuit voltage (VOC) of 503.57 mV, the short circuit current density (JSC) of 31.36 mA/cm2, and the fill factor (FF) of 64.1% were obtained.

Environmental aspects of the effectiveness of fish-protection structures such as umbrella on the Irtysh river in the Omsk region

It is generally accepted that water intake facilities used in fishery reservoirs adversely affect the state of fish stocks — a large number of juvenile fish fall into them along with water. The study of environmental factors, hydrological conditions and design solutions affecting the effectiveness of fish-protection structures (devices) such as umbrella installed on bottom water intakes in the form of suction or gravity pipes of pumping stations is of great importance for preventing the death of juvenile fish. Studies of the effectiveness of umbrella fish-protection devices were carried out in 2020–2022 at two water intake facilities located on the Irtysh River within the boundaries of the Omsk Region. Field studies at each water intake were carried out during four calendar seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). The collection of materials on the species, size and quantitative composition of larvae and juveniles of fish was carried out before the fish-protection installation, in coastal wells and near the shore in the area of water intake to study the background state of the concentration of juvenile fish around the clock with an interval of 4 hours. Juveniles and larvae of fish in the area of water intake were localized exclusively along the coast, where they were caught. Juveniles and larvae of fish were not recorded at other fishing points. Studies have shown that the location of the water intake umbrella heads in a place remote from the shore, where the larvae and juveniles of fish are practically not found, as well as the low flow rate in the water intake devices, ensure high efficiency of fish-protection devices of channel water intakes.

Orthogonal experimental design and parameter optimization of an oil multi-gradient filtration device based on an applied electric field

Particulate pollutants in lubricating oils tend to increase the friction and wear of machine components, resulting in machine failure. This study proposes an oil multi-gradient filtration device employing an applied electric field for the effective removal of solid particles. Combined with the orthogonal test design, the effects of various control parameter combinations on the oil–solid separation were studied, aiming to achieve a lower pressure drop and higher filtration device efficiency. The degree of significance of the influence of each factor on the pressure drop of the filtration device and filtration efficiency was determined through a significance analysis. A regression model of the influence of the pressure drop and filtration efficiency under multi-factor conditions was established to define the relationship between the pressure drop, filtration efficiency, and control parameters. A dual-objective optimisation based on a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was then performed. The optimum parameters for achieving a low-pressure-drop and high-efficiency filtration device were determined. The significance of the influence of the parameters on the pressure drop of the filter device followed the order: inlet flow rate > oil viscosity > electric field strength, indicating that the pressure drop was predominantly controlled by the inlet flow rate. The significance on the influence of the parameters on the filtration efficiency followed the order: electric field strength > oil viscosity > inlet flow rate, indicating that the filtration efficiency is primarily controlled by the electric field strength. Based on the NSGA-II, the optimal parameters are E = 2 kV/mm, flow rate = 0.2 m/s, and viscosity = 12 mPa·s. Using these optimal parameters, the pressure drop was minimized and did not exceed 48,325 Pa, and the filtration efficiency reached 99.96 %.

Optimisation and numerical analysis of highly efficient CGSe-based thin film solar cell

Among the various chalcopyrites compounds used in photovoltaic devices, Copper Gallium Selenium (CGSe) turns out as an underperformer due to its limited photovoltaic performance, So far highest efficiency measured is about 11.9%. This paper investigates the possibilities for efficiency enhancement for the CuGSe layer in Cu2O/CGSe/TiO2/ZnO thin film solar cell structure using the SCAPS-1D simulation program. The short circuit current (Jsc) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) is 30.77 mA cm−2 and 27.10%, with open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) of 1.03 V and 84.72% respectively. Furthermore, we evaluated some specific parameters of TiO2/CGSe heterostructure, such as the influence of layer thickness, operating temperature, the effect of defect density and acceptor density of CGSe layer, metal work function, and the effect of series and shunt resistance on cell performance. We investigated that combining TiO2 as an ETL and Cu2O as HTL with a CGSe absorber layer is novel and promising, which results in higher power conversation efficiency and improves other PV parameters. The application of CGSe/TiO2 heterojunction in a simulated model offers a viable method for the development of high-efficiency solar cell devices.

Improving the Efficiency and Stability of MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells by Dipeptide Molecules.

Passivating the electronic defects of metal halide perovskite is regarded as an effective way to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). Here, a series of dipeptide molecules with abundant ─C═O, ─O─ and ─NH functional groups as defects passivators for perovskite films are employed. These dipeptide molecules are utilized to treat the surface of prototype methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) films and the corresponding PVSCs exhibit enhanced photovoltaic performance and ambient stability, which can be ascribed to: 1) the ─C═O and ─O─ can interact with the undercoordinated Pb2+ ions and the ─NH groups can form hydrogen bonds with the I- ions, passivating the defects in perovskite film and reducing charge recombination in PVSCs; 2) the long alkyl chain of dipeptide molecules increases the hydrophobicity of the perovskite surface and thus enhance the stability of PVSCs. The passivated MAPbI3-based PVSCs exhibit a champion PCE of 20.3% and retain 60% of the initial PCE after 1000h. It is believed that the defects passivation engineering using polypeptide moleculars can be applied in other perovskite compositions for high device efficiency and stability.

Infrared-reflective ultrathin-metal-film-based transparent electrode with ultralow optical loss for high efficiency in solar cells

In this work we study in-depth the antireflection and filtering properties of ultrathin-metal-film-based transparent electrodes (MTEs) integrated in thin-film solar cells. Based on numerical optimization of the MTE design and the experimental characterization of thin-film perovskite solar cell (PSC) samples, we show that reflection in the visible spectrum can be strongly suppressed, in contrast to common belief (due to the compact metal layer). The optical loss of the optimized electrode (~ 2.9%), composed of a low-resistivity metal and an insulator, is significantly lower than that of a conventional transparent conductive oxide (TCO ~ 6.3%), thanks to the very high transmission of visible light within the cell (> 91%) and low thickness (< 70 nm), whereas the reflection of infrared light (~ 70%) improves by > 370%. To assess the application potentials, integrated current density > 25 mA/cm2, power conversion efficiency > 20%, combined with vastly reduced device heat load by 177.1 W/m2 was achieved in state-of-the-art PSCs. Our study aims to set the basis for a novel interpretation of composite electrodes/structures, such as TCO–metal–TCO, dielectric–metal–dielectric or insulator–metal–insulator, and hyperbolic metamaterials, in high-efficiency optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells, semi-transparent, and concentrated systems, and other electro-optical components including smart windows, light-emitting diodes, and displays.

High-efficiency solar-driven water purification enhanced by the in-plane temperature gradient and hydrated ions

Solar-driven water purification has become a promising way to overcome the freshwater crisis because of its environmentally-friendly features. Improving the evaporation rate and evaporation efficiency are eternal topics. In this work, we redesign the solar-driven vapor generation (SVG) device and a unique in-plane temperature gradient is established due to the oriented water transportation. The input energy is maximized and the superb evaporation rate of 6.40 kg m−2 h−1 with an efficiency of 243.8 % is achieved. By investigating the hydration state in NaCl solution and aqueous acid, the interaction mechanism between hydrated ions and non-woven fabrics is developed. Owing to the increased intermediate water proportion, the evaporation rate of the SVG device in 5 wt% NaCl solution can reach 6.38 kg m−2 h−1, which is almost the same as that in DI water. Moreover, the unique reversible doping properties make the non-woven fabrics a reusable and stable volatile acid purifier. The evaporation rate in pH = 4.0 aqueous acid can be enhanced to 6.75 kg m−2 h−1, while the generated water maintains a pH higher than 6.5. Our work provides a new perspective for designing high-efficiency and multifunctional SVG devices.

Comparative study of indium tin oxide and indium gallium zinc oxide as potential n-type materials for the fabrication of all inorganic transparent solar cells

This study focuses on transparent solar cell device fabrication using amorphous and crystalline oxide semiconductors. Radio frequency magnetron sputtering was used to fabricate Fluorine doped Tin Oxide/n-Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide/p-Nickel Oxide/Silver nano wires and Fluorine doped Tin Oxide/n-Indium Tin Oxide/p-Nickel Oxide/Silver nano wires devices. Deposition conditions for n and p-type semiconductors were optimized and analyzed. Silver Nanowires were spin-coated as top contacts. The solar cells were exposed to 365 nm, and their current voltage characteristics were analyzed. This novel approach using amorphous oxide semiconductors provides insights for high-efficiency device fabrication.

Spectral regulation in thermophotovoltaic devices

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) device converts thermal radiation into electricity output through photovoltaic effect. High-efficiency TPV devices have extensive applications in grid-scale thermal storage, full-spectrum solar utilization, distributed thermal-electricity cogeneration, and waste heat recovery. The key to high-efficiency TPV devices lies in spectral regulation to achieve band-matching between thermal radiation of the emitters and electron transition of the photovoltaic cells. The latest advances in nanophotonics, materials science, and artificial intelligence have made milestone progress in spectral regulation and recording power conversion efficiency of up to 40% of TPV devices. Here we systematically review spectral regulation in TPV devices at the emitter end as well as the photovoltaic cell end. At the emitter end, spectral regulation is realized through thermal metamaterials and rare-earth intrinsic emitters to selectively enhance the in-band radiation and suppress the sub-bandgap radiation. At the photovoltaic cell end, spectral regulation mainly focuses on recycling the sub-bandgap thermal radiation through optical filters and back surface reflectors located at the front and back of the photovoltaic cells, respectively. We emphasize the light-matter interaction mechanisms and material systems of different spectral regulation strategies. We also discuss the spectral regulation strategies in near-field TPV devices. Finally, we look forward to potential development paths and prospects of spectral regulation to achieve scalable deployment of future TPV devices.

Collectively optimized Pt-O bond and morphology engineering of structurally ordered Pt3Zn intermetallic for high-efficiency zinc-air devices.

We report an ordered Pt3Zn intermetallic with an optimized Pt-O bond, featuring a unique nanocube (NC) morphology for high-efficiency zinc-air devices. Rechargeable zinc-air batteries based on the Pt3Zn NC catalyst exhibit a superior electrochemical performance. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that alloying with Zn atoms modifies the electronic structure of the Pt surface, optimizing Pt binding energy with OHabs/COabs intermediates and thus enhancing electrocatalytic activity.

Advancements in the Improvement of Optical Outcoupling Efficiency for Perovskite LEDs

In the past 10 years, the development of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) was fast. Due to the excellent properties of high brightness and color purity, multiple color emission, and cost-effective fabrication technology, PeLEDs have been very promising in semiconductor lighting and display applications. In an effort to achieve high-efficient PeLED devices, researchers have devoted themselves to explore and optimize the emitted materials and device structures. Among various research approaches, raising the optical outcoupling efficiency ( η out ) of PeLED through light management strategies is very important for further promoting device performances, which is due to that approximately 80% of the photons generated internally are captured or worn out in different optical modes in the device. In this review, the latest researches on optical outcoupling regulations in PeLED are outlined, which mainly focus on photophysical properties and implementation methods. As the key part of this review, implementation strategies are classified into the optimization of characteristics of functional materials (refractive index, film thickness, anisotropy, and photon recovery) and adjustment of device architecture (patterned nanostructures, photonic crystals, metal nanostructures, and external couplers). Additionally, a prospect of the future directions and development trend for this research field is presented in order to achieve ultra-efficient PeLED and future commercial applications.

Regulatable thermoelectric effect in heterostructured ferromagnetic nanomultilayers

Thermoelectric materials and devices have the potential to directly convert heat into electricity, making them crucial for advancing the energy structure system and achieving the dual-carbon goal. However, the conventional methods of preparing thermoelectric materials and designing devices still face significant challenges, limiting the widespread application of thermoelectric technology. Ferromagnetic metal heterostructured nanomultilayers play a crucial role in generating, transporting, and detecting spin currents. Studying the properties and physical mechanisms of spin-dependent magnetic-thermal-electrical effects in the core material is essential for advancing spin thermoelectrics in the future. In this paper, we investigate the spin-related thermoelectric effects in artificial spin-valve heterostructured nanomultilayers. The spin-current generating layer is made of rare-earth garnet, while the spin-current detecting layer consists of ferromagnetic alloy thin films with different compositions of Fe–Co. It is being investigated to obtain thermal voltage signals with excellent stability and high resolution as well as to achieve the amplification and positive/negative adjustment of these signals. This study can serve as a reference for designing thermoelectric materials and aiding in the development of future high-efficiency spin-thermoelectric conversion devices.

Crystal orientation regulation of spin-orbit torque efficiency and magnetization switching in SrRuO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; thin films

Spintronic devices utilize the spin property of electrons for the storage, transmission, and processing of information, and they possess inherent advantages such as low power consumption and non-volatility, thus attracting widespread attention from both academia and industry. Spin-orbit torque (SOT) is an efficient method of manipulating magnetic moments through using electric current for writing, controlling the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effect within materials to achieve the mutual conversion between charge current and spin current. Enhancing the efficiency of charge-spin conversion is a critical issue in the field of spintronics. Strontium ruthenate (SRO) in transition metal oxides (TMO) has attracted significant attention as a spin source material in SOT devices due to its large and tunable charge-to-spin conversion efficiency. However, current research on SOT control in SRO primarily focuses on utilizing substrate strain, with limited exploration of other control methods. Crystal orientation can produce various novel physical properties by affecting material symmetry and electronic structure, which is one of the important means to control the properties of TMO materials. Considering the close correlation between the SOT effect and electronic structure as well as surface states, crystal orientation is expected to affect SOT properties by adjusting the electronic band structure of TMO. This work investigates the effect of crystal orientation on the SOT performance of SrRuO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; film and develops a novel approach for SOT control. The (111)-oriented SRO/CoPt heterostructures and SOT devices are prepared by using pulse laser deposition, magnetron sputtering, and micro-nano processing techniques. Through harmonic Hall voltage(HHV) measurements, we find that the SOT efficiency reaches 0.39, and the spin Hall conductivity attains 2.19×10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="Z-20240522222523"&gt;\begin{document}$\hbar $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;alternatives&gt;&lt;graphic specific-use="online" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="11-20240367_Z-20240522222523.jpg"/&gt;&lt;graphic specific-use="print" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="11-20240367_Z-20240522222523.png"/&gt;&lt;/alternatives&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt;/2&lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt; Ω&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;·m&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;, which are 86% and 369% higher than those of the (001) orientation, respectively. Furthermore, current-driven perpendicular magnetization switching is achieved in SrRuO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(111) device at a low critical current density of 2.4×10&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt; A/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, which is 37% lower than that of the (001) orientation. These results demonstrate that the crystal orientation can serve as an effective approach to significantly enhancing the comprehensive performance of SrRuO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-based SOT devices, thus providing a new idea for developing high-efficiency spintronic devices.

Effect of tensile strain on the electronic structure, optical absorptivity, and power conversion efficiency of the BC6N/ZnO van der Waals heterostructure

van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) have attracted significant interest as unique structures for application in nanoelectronic devices. A novel BC6N/ZnO vdWH was prepared by superimposing BC6N semiconductor wafers onto a hexagonal ZnO monolayer. The electronic structure, optical absorptivity, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of BC6N/ZnO vdWH under tensile strain were studied using first-principles calculations. The band structure of the BC6N/ZnO vdWH exhibited a type-I band alignment with a direct bandgap of 1.92 eV. The type-I direct bandgap transformed into a type-II indirect bandgap when the uniaxial and biaxial tensile strains were increased to 10 %. Although the bandgap of the BC6N/ZnO vdWH increased (from 1.92 to 2.20 eV) monotonically with uniaxial strain (0–10 %), it was nearly independent of biaxial strain. The BC6N/ZnO vdWH exhibited a wide range and strong optical absorption in the ultraviolet (UV)–visible range; the absorptivity curve was red-shifted, and the optical absorptivity significantly increased in the UV region with increasing tensile strain. The PCE of BC6N/ZnO vdWH reached 22.5 % and 15.3 % under 10 % biaxial and uniaxial strains, respectively. The tunable electronic structure, excellent optical absorptivity, and ultrahigh PCE of BC6N/ZnO vdWH can be used in designing two-dimensional high-efficiency photovoltaic devices.

G-ZnO/Si9C15: a S-scheme heterojunction with high carrier mobility for photo-electro catalysis of water splitting.

The g-ZnO/Si9C15 heterojunction is designed, and its stability, electronic properties and photo-electro catalytic properties, and the impact of biaxial strain on the electronic and photocatalytic properties are investigated. The g-ZnO/Si9C15 heterojunction has a staggered (type-II) band structure (band gap is 1.770 eV), following the S-scheme mechanism. A high electron mobility of 5.113 × 103 cm2 V-1 s-1 and hole mobility of 3.324 × 104 cm2 V-1 s-1 are obtained in the zigzag and armchair directions, respectively. Suitable oxidation and reduction potentials are obtained such that photocatalytic water decomposition can occur at pH = 0-14, and the corrected solar to hydrogen (STH) efficiency is up to 35.4%. The absorption of visible light is enhanced, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is 15.1%. The electro-catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is more likely to occur at the Si9C15 interface with a low over-voltage of 0.190 V. Under biaxial strain, due to the controllable band structure, the corrected STH efficiency and PCE increase to 42.7% and 16.7%, respectively. The heterojunction shows potential value in the field of high-efficiency solar devices and catalytic materials for water splitting.