Highest DPPH Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Improvement of the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Welsh Onion (Allium fistulosum) Leaves Using Response Surface Methodology.

Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum) leaves contain several bioactive compounds that can be extracted and used to develop new value-added products (e.g., functional foods and dietary supplements). In the current work, optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions to obtain extracts with high polyphenols content and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) scavenging activity were identified using response surface methodology. A complete 3k factorial design was used to evaluate the effect of different variables of the UAE (extraction temperature, time, and ethanol concentration) on the polyphenols content and the DPPH scavenging activity of the extracts. The best conditions for UAE to reach both the highest values of total polyphenols content (51.78 mg GAE/100 g) and DPPH scavenging activity (34.07 mg Trolox equivalents/100 g) were an extraction temperature of 60 °C, time of 10 min, and ethanol concentration of 70% v/v. The antioxidant activity of the extracts obtained at the optimal conditions was also evaluated by 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays obtaining values of 155.51 ± 2.80 μM Trolox/100 g and 1300.21 ± 65.55 μM Trolox/100 g, respectively. Moreover, these extracts were characterized by UHPLC-ESI+-Orbitrap-MS analysis finding that cyanidin (6.0 mg/kg) was the phenolic compound found in the highest amount followed by quercetin-3-glucoside (4.4 mg/kg).

Microbiological Quality, Aflatoxin Level, Phytochemical Compounds, Antioxidant Potential And Proximate Mineral Composition Of Date Palm Fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Date palm fruits are edible fruits widely consumed for nutritional and health benefits. The microbiological quality, aflatoxin level, phytochemical compounds, antioxidant potential and proximate mineral composition of Refined Arabian Date Palm Fruit (RADPF), Nigeria Date Palm Fruit (NDPF) and Black Arabian Date Palm Fruit (BADPF) were investigated. Microbial counts, aflatoxin level, phytochemical components and proximate mineral composition were determined using standard methods while antioxidant potential was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging, Ferric Reducing Power and Total Phenolic Content assays. Total bacteria and fungi count ranged from 5.5 – 11.3 CFU/g and 0.5 – 13.0 CFU/g in which NDPF had the highest fungi and bacteria count. Aflatoxin level in RADPF, NDPF, and BADPF were 4.3ppb, 3.9ppb, and 2.00ppb respectively. Saponins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, terpenoids, and alkaloids were present in all the samples. All the date palm fruit samples have significant mineral contents. NDPF had highest DPPH scavenging activity (77.83%) while RADPF had highest FRAP (4.765µM/µg) and Total Phenolic Content (1.615 mgGAE/mL). The study revealed that the three date palm fruits sampled have some level of aflatoxin and also have substantial antioxidant activities. Keywords:Date palm fruit, aflatoxin, antioxidant, microbial count, phytochemical Aims Research Journal Reference Format: Sanusi, J. F. O., Sakariyau, A.O. & Sirajudeen, A.O. (2022): Microbiological Quality, Aflatoxin Level, Phytochemical Compounds, Antioxidant Potential And Proximate Mineral Composition Of Date Palm Fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Advances in Multidisciplinary and Scientific Research. Vol. 8. No. 2, Pp 17–28. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/V8N2P5. www.isteams.net/aimsjournal

Actinidia deliciosa Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Changes in Pancreatic α-, β-, and δ-Cells and Immunohistochemical and Histological Architecture in Diabetic Rats.

The present study evaluated the antioxidant capacity and antidiabetic effect of Actinidia deliciosa in diabetic rats. Rats were grouped as follows: control, Actinidia deliciosa aqueous extract (ADAE, 1 g/kg, daily and orally), streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg BW, single intraperitoneal dose), and STZ plus ADAE, respectively. Twenty-eight components were detected by GC-MS analysis with high phenolic contents and high DPPH scavenging activity. In vivo results revealed that rats treated with STZ showed a highly significant elevation in blood glucose and a decrease in insulin hormone levels. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and hydrogen peroxide levels were elevated, while bodyweight, enzymatic, and nonenzymatic antioxidants were significantly decreased. Furthermore, histopathological and immunohistochemical insulin expression, besides ultrastructure microscopic variations (β-cells, α-cells, and δ-cells), were seen in pancreas sections supporting the obtained biochemical changes. Otherwise, rats supplemented with ADAE alone showed an improved antioxidant status and declined lipid peroxidation. Moreover, diabetic rats augmented with ADAE showed significant modulation in oxidative stress markers and different pancreatic tissue investigations compared to diabetic ones. Conclusively, ADAE has a potent antioxidant and hypoglycemic influence that may be utilized as a health-promoting complementary therapy in diabetes mellitus.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Actinidia deliciosa against Streptozotocin-Induced Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Inflammations in Rats.

The present research intended to assess the possible protective and hypoglycemic effect of Actinidia deliciosa fruit aqueous extract (ADAE) in diabetic rats. The scavenging antioxidant capabilities of ADAE were evaluated using GC-MS analysis. In addition, rats were divided into four groups: control, ADAE, streptozotocin-induced DM (STZ), and STZ-treated rats + ADAE in an in vivo investigation. GC-MS analysis of ADAE was shown to include major components with high total phenolic contents and high DPPH scavenging activity. In diabetic rats, significant elevation in blood glucose level, lipid peroxidation, bilirubin, and lactate dehydrogenase activity as well as a change in lipid profile was observed, while insulin, body and liver weights, enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, liver function biomarkers, and protein content were significantly decreased. Furthermore, changes in the expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ), apoptotic, and inflammation-related genes were found. In addition, histological differences in rat liver tissue architecture were discovered, corroborating the biochemical modifications. However, consuming ADAE alone reduced lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant status. Furthermore, diabetic rats given ADAE showed significant reductions in oxidative stress indicators and biochemical parameters, as well as improved tissue structure, when compared to the diabetic rats' group. Also, ADAE supplementation protects diabetic rats' hepatic tissue by upregulating PPAR-γ and downregulating apoptotic and inflammatory-related gene expression. In conclusion, A. deliciosa has beneficial protective effects so, it might be used as a complementary therapy in diabetes mellitus.

Nanoencapsulation of Anthocyanin Extract from Fermented Black Garlic (FBG) Based on Biocompatible Polymeric Materials

Garlic contains various polyphenolic compounds such as anthocyanin, a bioactive, water-soluble compound generally known for its remarkable health-enhancing properties. However, it is chemically unstable and easily degrades due to various environmental conditions (temperature, pH, presence of oxygen and light, etc.) in addition to its low bioavailability due to fast metabolization and low absorption in the body. Therefore, a nanoencapsulation strategy is essential to address these limitations. In this work, anthocyanin extraction from FBG (Ilocos variety) with 85% acidified ethanol and its encapsulation using the chitosan-alginate nanoparticle system via pre-gelation and polyelectrolyte complex formation were demonstrated. Anthocyanin-loaded chitosan-alginate nanocapsules were characterized in terms of structural features, particle size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, total phenolic content (TPC), and radical scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The obtained anthocyanin-loaded nanocapsules have small particle sizes ranging from 50.7 nm to 92.0 nm with high encapsulation efficiency (T3: 78.82%, T2: 68.18%, T1: 65.77%). Results showed that a higher initial concentration of anthocyanin extract promotes higher encapsulation efficiency. Antioxidant activity of the nanocapsules showed low phenolic content (0.11 mg GAE/g) but high DPPH scavenging activity (14.02 mg AAE/g). The chitosan-alginate complex has successfully encapsulated the anthocyanin from fermented black garlic.

Phytochemical profile and antidiabetic effect of the bioactive fraction of Cirsium setidens in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice

The current study investigated the phytochemicals profile, antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibition, and antidiabetic effects of the solvent fractions hexane fraction (HF-CS), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF-CS) and methanol fraction (MF-CS) obtained from the methanolic extract of Cirsium setidens (CS). The HPLC/MS analysis indicated that EAF-CS had significantly more content of syringin, rutin, nicotiflorin, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin glucopyranoside, linarin, pectolinarigenin, and pectolinarin compared to the other two fractions. Similarly, the EAF-CS had a greater amount of total phenolic content (236.72 mg TAE/g extract) and total flavonoid content (137.15 mg QE/g extract). MF-CS had the highest DPPH scavenging activity among the fractions, with a lower inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 45.14 g/mL. However, the EAF-CS had a lower IC50 value for enzyme inhibition. EAF-CS (25 g/mL) treatment increased glucose uptake (80%) in insulin-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells (IR-HepG2) by reversing the insulin resistance. Biochemicalassays indicated that EAF-CS exerted its anti-diabetic effect by eliminating streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic status and restoring blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in STZ-induced diabetic mice. This was accomplished by recovering organs and limiting STZ-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, in-silico docking experiments indicated that the compounds in the EAF-CS synergistically inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the EAF-CS might be used to purify a new antidiabetic agent.

The Extraction of Wild Mushrooms (Ganoderma Lucidum and Phellinus Torulosus) and Their Antioxidant Activities

The purpose of this study was to find DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activities and the extract yields of two mushroom species, namely, Ganoderma lucidum (stored) and Phellinus torulosus (fresh). For the extraction of both mushroom bodies, methanol was used as solvent by using Blois extraction methods. The antioxidant activities of extracts were measured by UV-vis spectrophotometer at 517 nm. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was employed as a reference antioxidant. In conclusion, the highest DPPH scavenging activity (96.4%) was found in the body of Ganoderma lucidum while the lowest DPPH scavenging activity value (92.58%) was found for that of Phellinus torulosus. The DPPH scavenging power of the whole extract studied here was higher than that of BHT.

Callus Induction, Proliferation, Enhanced Secondary Metabolites Production and Antioxidants Activity of Salvia moorcroftiana L. as Influenced by Combinations of Auxin, Cytokinin and Melatonin

HIGHLIGHTS Tissue culture technique is considered to be one of the best methods to reproduce salvia plant. Salvia is a medicinal plant with lots of chemical constituents. Salvia plays an important role in treating different fatal diseases. Maximum fresh and dry weights were obtained at 1.5 mg L-1 melatonin. the highest DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolics and flavonoid content were obtained at 1.5 mg L-1 melatonin.

Assessment of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Aqueous Ethanol Extract and Fractions of Azadirachta indica Stem Bark

In this study, the aqueous ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and partitioned into different solvents. The extract and fractions were then assessed for their phytochemical contents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The results showed that saponins, flavonoids, phenol, and tannins were present in all the samples. Also, the ethanol extract had the highest flavonoid (281.15 mgQE/g), phenolic (714.82 mgGAE/g), and tannin (156.54 mgTAE/g) contents, as well as the highest DPPH scavenging activity (95.71%) and total reducing power (1.27). However, among the fractions, butanol fraction showed the highest contents of flavonoids (235.20 mgQE/g), phenolics (413.42 mgGAE/g) and the highest DPPH scavenging activity (93.87 %) while the highest tannin content (86.90 mgTAE/g) and total reducing power (1.06) was observed in the ethyl acetate fraction. The lowest concentration of flavonoid (34.60 mgQE/g) and lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for the hexane fraction while lowest contents of phenolics (102.32 mgGAE/g) and tannins (41.21 mgTAE/g) were both observed in the water-soluble fraction. The most active fraction against both Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae was ethyl acetate. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract, hexane fraction, and water-soluble fractions showed the highest activity against Candida albicans, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli, respectively. This research reveals that the stem bark of Azadirachta indica contains notable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, making it a promising source for developing potent therapeutic drugs and functional foods.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Four Underutilized Fruits of Bangladesh

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of four underutilized fruits namely Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.), Olive (Elaeocarpus serratus L.), Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), and Taikor (Garcinia pedunculata Roxb.) commonly found in Bangladesh were evaluated. The highest total phenolic content (685.08 ± 27.65 mg GAE/100 ml) and total flavonoid content (148.18 ± 0.40 mg QE/100 ml) were found in Taikor extract, which compliance with its highest DPPH scavenging activity and antibacterial properties. It exerted a significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) zone of inhibition against Escerichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. than the other experimented fruit extracts. The antioxidant activity was found as Taikor (43.15 ± 1.61%)> Roselle (33.07 ± 1.61%) > Olive (28.68 ± 0.78%) > Jujube (24.81 ± 1.34%). Bacillus spp. are found to be more susceptible to the experimented sample extracts. Fruit samples studied may be utilized as potential sources of natural antioxidants and antibacterial compounds, and their extracts may be used as natural biopreservatives to extend the shelf life of foodstuffs. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(4): 1035-1039, 2021 (December)

In Vitro Screening for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant of a meditational plant: Ziziphus jujube leaves

The current study explore was designed for the investigation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of crude methanol extract of the plant Ziziphus jujuba. The crude methanol extract and other extracts showed considerable total antioxidant activity and reducing capacity. In DPPH scavenging test, the crude extract showed 83.02% scavenging having IC50 of 22.23 μg/ml. Amongst the fractions, petroleum ether fraction demonstrated the highest DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 of 62.45 μg/ml, as long as, chloroform extract exhibited the lowest activity with IC50 of 32.13 μg/ml and N-hexane fraction with IC50 of 58.45 μg/ml. The presences of endogenous substances in Ziziphus jujuba that may act as antioxidant were established by measuring the total content of phenolic and flavonoid activities. In antimicrobial activities, the petroleum ether and methanol extract showed significant activity of 15-18 mm and 11-16 mm zone of inhibition against Bacillus cereus and micrococcus luteus respectively.

2,4-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene with 2-mercaptopyridine based derivative: Synthesis, crystal structure, in vitro anticancer activity, DFT, Hirshfeld surface analysis, antioxidant, DNA binding and molecular docking studies

The compound 2,2′-[(2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3 phenylene)bis(methylenesulfanediyl)]dipyridine (M2MCP) was synthesised by the condensation of 2,4-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene with 2-mercaptopyridine. The crystal structure of the title molecule is Triclinic with the space group P-1. Using density functional theory, the optimised geometrical parameters were compared with the experimental values. The HOMO and LUMO levels indicate the compound's stability and reactivity. Hirshfeld surface analysis has been used to study the intermolecular interactions. In vitro antioxidant properties reveal that M2MCP has high DPPH scavenging activity. Furthermore, the compound inhibits the human colon cancer cell line HT-29, human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and human gastric cancer cell line MKN45, indicating that it has promising anticancer properties. As a result of its unique interaction mode with DNA, the title compound may act as a potential anticancer agent. Studies using molecular docking indicated that the title compound may inhibit the mouse Aurora A (PDB:3D15).

Total Phenolics, Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Edible Ascomycota Collected from Niğde

Mushrooms have been used as food and medicinal purposes for centuries. In this study, some edible Ascomycota were collected in 2018 and 2019 from Niğde, Turkey. Molecular identifications of the samples were performed afterward. PCR products were sent for sequence analysis after ITS fragments were amplified with suitable primers concerning DNA isolation of samples. The obtained data were compared with the Genbank database for samples’ determination. The mushroom samples were determined to be Terfezia claveryi Chatin and Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. Samples were extracted by ethanol and methanol to determine antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial zones against microorganisms were measured. Then DPPH radical scavenging effects and total phenolic content of T. claveryi and M. esculenta mushroom samples were studied. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed in ethanol extracts of M. esculenta. When the DPPH radical scavenging activities are taken into account, the activity is increased depending on the concentration. The highest DPPH scavenging activity was found in the extract of M. esculenta with 40.86%. It was determined that the total phenolic substances in methanol extracts of mushroom samples varies between 533.28 ± 1,15-537.34 ±2.20 μg GAE / mg extract.

Effect of Degree of Hydrolysis on Biochemical Properties and Biological Activities (Antioxidant and Antihypertensive) of Protein Hydrolysates from Pacific Thread Herring (Ophistonema libertate) Stickwater

High amounts of rich-protein liquid wastes are produced during seafood processing. The effluent called stickwater resulting from the processing of Pacific thread herring (Ophistonema libertate) into fishmeal, was evaluated as protein source to produce bioactive protein hydrolysates by using Alcalase as enzyme source. The effect of degree of hydrolysis on biochemical properties (proximate analysis, molecular weight, and amino acid composition) and antioxidant and antihypertensive activities of stickwater protein hydrolysates obtained with Alcalase was determined. Degree of hydrolysis (DH) of samples (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) influences its biochemical and bioactive properties. The maximum ABTS and FRAP activity values (P < 0.05) were exhibited by hydrolysates at 15% DH (EC50 = 2.8 mg/mL and TEAC = 1.16 ± 0.03 mM TE/mg, respectively). Whereas the highest DPPH scavenging activity (P < 0.05) was found for hydrolysates at 5 % and 10 % of DH (EC50 = 34.7 mg/mL and 37 mg/mL respectively). Furthermore, enzymatic hydrolysis enhanced angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity, being those at 5 and 10% of DH, which exhibited lower IC50 values (P < 0.05) compared to non-hydrolyzed stickwater. Peptide distribution of protein hydrolysates at < 1.35 kDa was in a range of 47–62% of total peptides and the presence of amino acids related to antioxidant activity such as His, Lys, Met, Tau, Tyr and Trp was detected in stickwater and protein hydrolysates. The production of protein hydrolysates from Pacific thread herring stickwater, represents an alternative to obtain added-value products with potential antioxidant and antihypertensive activity.

Antioxidant activity of Momordica charantia extracts

Momordica charantia is one of the herbaceous plants which widely distributed at tropical and subtropical regions. M. charantia, as known as pare, has been used as Indonesian traditional medicine for the treatment of bitter stomachic, laxative, and anthelmintic. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant activity of M. charantia leaves extracts (the n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts) by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The result showed that the ethyl acetate extract has the highest DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 value of 233.39 μg/mL. Therefore, this study concluded that ethyl acetate extract of M. charantia leaves is recommended as an antioxidant agent.

In vitro fibroblasts viability and migration stimulation of Acalypha indica: an insight on wound healing activity

BackgroundThe current study investigates the antioxidant activity of Acalypha indica aerial parts and root ethanolic extracts and explore whether these extracts will stimulate fibroblasts viability and ability to migrate.ResultsAerial parts extract exhibited higher DPPH scavenging activity compared to root extract with IC50 of 62 µg/mL and 206 µg/mL, respectively. Both aerial parts and root extracts showed low cytotoxicity towards fibroblasts with 753 µg/mL LD50 for aerial parts and undetected LD50 for root extract. Additionally, aerial parts extract significantly induces fibroblasts proliferation up to 134%. Wound closure investigation showed a significant closure percentage for aerial parts compared to untreated control with 75% at 1 µg/mL and high closure percentage with 70% at 0.1 µg/mL for root extract compared to only 59% closure percentage for untreated control after 48 h of the study.ConclusionsThis study provided evidence for A. indica to have great wound healing potential. The finding builds the scientific background in future to utilise the high antioxidant activity of A. indica and its ability to stimulate fibroblasts migration and proliferation for further applications.

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant potential, and cytotoxic effects of different extracts of red algae (Laurencia snyderiae) on HT29 cells.

Background and purpose:Marine algae are potential renewable and sustainable sources of bioactive natural products which can be utilized in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.Experimental approach:Different extracts (methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) of red algae, Laurencia snyderiae, was evaluated for their antioxidant potential, with various antioxidant assessment assays, cytotoxic properties (using MTT colorimetric assay), and phytochemical constituents (total phenolic and flavonoid contents). The GC-MS analyses of the algal methanolic extract and its apoptotic effects on the human colon carcinoma cell line (HT29) were also investigated.Findings/Results:The total phenolic content in the methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of L. snyderiae was 3.6 ± 0.12, 3.2 ± 0.41, and 3.3 ± 0.35 μg/mg of gallic acid, respectively. Among different algae extracts, chloroform extract showed significantly chelating ability (IC50 = 0.027 mg/mL) and reducing power activity (IC50 = 0.082 mg/mL), while the highest DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.058 mg/mL) exhibited in the methanol extract compared to the other extracts. The methanolic extract was found to have a higher cytotoxicity effect on colon carcinoma cells with IC50 70.2 μg/mL. The viability of the cancer cells was increased with the decrease in the concentration in different extracts. GC-MS analysis of the algal methanolic extract revealed the presence of active antitumor constituents and apoptosis-based cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells through the DNA damage was also confirmed.Conclusion and implications:Based on these results, the red algae L. snyderiae possesses potent bioactive constituents and can use as additional resources as a natural antioxidant and antitumor agent in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical area.

Lactobacillus fermentum strains with significant probiotic and antioxidant potential

The growing demand for dairy products amended with probiotics has led to the exploration of new beneficial microorganisms such as probiotics with beneficial properties. In the present work, the probiotic and antioxidant potential of Lactobacillus fermentum strains isolated from dairy products were evaluated. Strains were investigated for their probiotic properties by performing different tests such as survival in pepsin, low pH, and bile salt, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant potential. These strains were further evaluated for their utilisation in yogurt formation as a probiotic. The isolated strains were identified as L. fermentum Y1, L. fermentum Y2, and L. fermentum C by 16S rRNA sequencing. All strains showed greater survival ability in simulated gastric conditions (pH 2.2 + pepsin) and in the presence of 0.3% bile salt. The highest antibacterial activity was exhibited by L. fermentum Y1 against Bacillus cereus. Among these three strains, L. fermentum Y1 had the highest reducing power, and L. fermentum C had the highest DPPH scavenging activity. All Lactobacillus strains as a single inoculum or in consortium showed significant (p &lt; 0.05) probiotic properties by maintaining pH, titratable acidity, solid content, and high water holding capacity in comparison to the control in the cow yogurt and homogenised milk. The isolated Lactobacillus strains may be a potential source of probiotics in commercial yogurt preparation.

Structural features, chemical composition, antioxidant activities of organosolv lignins extracted from black and white sesame capsules and stalks

Sesame is an industrial crop widely planted in China. Sesame capsules and stalks are by-products of sesame oil production. The production of these byproducts is large, but their utilization rate is low. As lignocellulosic biomass, sesame stalks and capsules contain plentiful amounts of lignin. In this study, the ethanol organosolv method was used to isolate lignin from black sesame capsules (BSL-1) and stalks (BSL-2), and white sesame capsules (WSL-1) and stalks (WSL-2). In order to promote full utilization of these lignins, their structural features and chemical composition were investigated and are here reported for the first time; antioxidant capacities were also analyzed. Among the four lignin fractions, the yield of BSL-1 was highest (53.94%). Capsules (47.04%-53.94%) consistently yielded more lignin than stalks (40.23%–40.90%). The predominant monosaccharides associated with BSL-1, WSL-1, and WSL-2 (i.e., all except BSL-2) were glucose. BSL-2 showed the highest thermal stability with the highest molecular weight. A similar composition ratio of linkages (β-O-4', β-β', and β-5') was observed in BSL-1 and WSL-1, and in BSL-2 and WSL-2. All the lignins belong to the GSH type and had S/G ratio values (2.36–3.05) greater than 2.0. Antioxidant studies showed that BSL-1 had the highest DPPH scavenging activity (RSI = 3.31), WSL-2 had the highest ABTS scavenging activity (RSI = 16.31), and WSL-1 had the highest reducing power values. The current study advances understanding of the structural differences of organosolv lignin from sesame capsules and stalks and should promote their future applications.

Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil modulates renal toxicity and oxidative stress induced by potassium dichromate in rats

BACKGROUNDChromium hexavalent (CrVI) is known as a toxic contaminant that induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in humans and animals. Rosmarinus officinalis is a perennial herb rich in biologically active constituents that have powerful antioxidant properties. So, the current work evaluated the effectiveness of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (REO) against alterations induced by potassium dichromate in the kidney of male rats. METHODSGC-MS analysis, in vitro total phenol contents, and DPPH scavenging activity of REO were estimated. Thirty-five Wistar male rats were categorized into 5 groups. The first group was the control, the second one was orally administered rosemary essential oil (REO; 0.5 mL/kg BW), the third group was injected intraperitoneally with hexavalent chromium (CrVI; 2 mg/kg BW) for 14 days, the fourth group used as the protective group (REO was administrated 30 min before i.p. injection of CrVI) and the fifth group applied as the therapeutic group (rats injected with CrVI 30 min followed by oral administration of REO), respectively. RESULTSTwenty-nine components were detected with high total phenolic contents and high DPPH scavenging activity. Results revealed that CrVI- intoxicated rats showed a valuable increase in oxidative stress profile (TBARS and H2O2) and a notable decline in glutathione (GSH), total protein content, and enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST). Furthermore, serum kidney functions biomarkers (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) were increased significantly. Also, the administration of CrVI showed histological and immunohistochemical (PCNA-ir) changes in rat kidney tissue. Otherwise, administration of REO pre or post-treatment with CrVI significantly restored most of the biochemical parameters in addition to improvement in kidney tissue architecture. Moreover, individual intake with REO exhibited an amendment in oxidative stress markers. CONCLUSIONConclusively, REO had a potential antioxidant capacity in ameliorating K2Cr2O7-induced nephrotoxicity, especially in the protection group.