The surface of the nickel‐based superalloy GH4169 was subjected to high‐current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) treatment. The microstructural morphologies of the material were analysed by means of optical microscope (OP), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results reveal that the irradiated surface was remelted and many craters were formed. The density of craters decreased with the increment of HCPEB pulses. After 20‐pulsed HCPEB irradiation, nanostructures were formed in the melted region of the surface. Furthermore, slipping bands and high density of dislocations were also formed due to the severe plastic deformation. The selective purification effect, homogenized composition, nanostructures, and dislocation slips introduced by HCPEB irradiation bring a significant improvement of corrosion resistance of GH4169 superalloy.