HDL Concentrations Research Articles

Impact of early posthatch feeding on the immune system and selected hematological, biochemical, and hormonal parameters in broiler chickens

Under commercial conditions, chicks hatch within a 24 to 48 h window, a period known as the hatching window. Subsequently, they undergo various treatments before finally being transported to the broiler farm. These procedures may delay the chicks' access to food and water, sometimes receiving them as late as 72 h after hatching. Previous studies have indicated that fasting during this initial period is detrimental, leading to impaired body growth, compromised immune system response, and hindered muscle development. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of early posthatch feeding on immune system organs and selected hematological, biochemical, and hormonal parameters. The experiment utilized Ross 308 broiler eggs incubated under typical commercial hatchery conditions. The experimental group's eggs were hatched in HatchCare hatchers (HC) with immediate access to feed and water, while the control group's eggs were hatched under standard conditions (ST). Thirty chickens from each group were assessed on the 1st (D1), 7th (D7), 21st (D21), and 35th (D35) day after hatching. On D1, the HC group exhibited lower hemoglobin, hematocrit, and total serum protein values, suggesting that early access to water prevents initial dehydration in newborn chicks. Conversely, the ST group showed a stress reaction on D1 due to feed deprivation, leading to an almost 2-fold higher serum corticosterone concentration compared to the HC group. However, this increase did not result in a significant change in the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio. Furthermore, the HC group displayed an increase in triglyceride concentration and a decrease in HDL concentration on D1. On D7, the HC group exhibited an increased relative weight of the bursa and a higher CD4+ cell number in the cecal tonsil (CT), indicating a more rapid development of these organs resulting from early stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract. However, early feeding did not influence the numbers of Bu-1+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells or the germinal center (GC) areas in the spleen. In conclusion, early feeding contributes to the welfare of newborn chicks by reducing dehydration and stress levels and stimulating the development of gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles and Almond Aqueous Extract on Experimental Animals

The impact to feeding almond extract part of its physiological activity of glucose, blood lipid profile, liver enzymes, and immunoglobulins in the serum of hypercholesterolemic male rats was studied. It was given orally by tube feeding. Adult rats, aged (8-12) weeks and weighing (200-220) gm, were Unidentifiedly sorted into six groups, each containing six animals, which is the control group, the group infected with hypercholesterolemia and treated with soft cheese, and three groups infected and treated with almond extract. Among the most important results obtained is that the infection of the animals with hypercholesterolemia led to a significant increase to concentrations Bloodۃsugar, TC, TG, LDL, with liver enzymes on the other hand, while it leads to a greater drop in concentrations to HDL-C, while at results indicated a Eloquent decline (p>0.05) in blood sugar values, TG, TC, ALP, ALT, AST, LDL-C, and a significant increase in HDL concentrations for the treated flocks. with almond extract & soft cheese when measured with the standard set

Effectiveness of Pumpkin Juice and Butylated Hydroxyanisole Supplemented to Yogurt on Lipid Profile for Hypercholesterolemia Rats

Experimental animals with hypercholesterol will be fed yogurt fortified with concentrated pumpkin juice and the industrial antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and their health will be monitored. Rats were fed either a standard diet (T1), a high-fat diet (T2), or a high-fat diet (T3) supplemented with 2 ml of yogurt per day. Rats were also fed either a high-fat diet (T4) supplemented with 2 ml of yogurt per day fortified with concentrated pumpkin juice (T4), or a diet high in fat (T5) supplemented with 2 ml of yogurt per day fortified with the synthetic antioxidant Hypercholesterolemia in male rats as measured by plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and liver enzymes. Adult rats were fed by tube feeding and weighed, then randomized into five groups. One of the most notable findings was that hypercholesterolemia in animals resulted in a statistically significant increase (p0.05) in cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-C concentrations compared to the control group, and a statistically significant decrease (p0.05) in HDL-C concentration. The experimental results showed that the groups given yogurt supplemented with pumpkin juice had significantly higher HDL concentrations and lower levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, AST, and ALT compared to the control group.

Phytochemical composition, acute toxicity, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of ethanol extract of Allium sativum (garlic) bulb in male Wistar rats

Allium sativum (garlic) has been used in traditional medicine in Nigeria in the treatment of various ailments such as cold, cough, and microbial infections; and there have been various claims about its pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. However, there are insufficient data to back up these claims. It is against this backdrop, this study evaluated the phytochemical composition, acute toxicity, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic potentials of ethanol extract of A. sativum bulb in male Wistar rats in order to validate its therapeutic use as hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic agent. Twenty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of five rats each where group 1 (control) received normal saline while group 2-4 received the extract at the doses of 200, 400, and 1000mg/kg b.w respectively for fourteen days. T-test and one-way ANOVA were used to test for significant (p<0.05) differences among the groups. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the extract indicated the presence of flavonoids (17.59±0.01), saponins (13.55±0.01), alkaloids (2.06±0.06), tannins (0.04±0.00), phenols (0.01±0.00), phlobatanin, phytosterols and terpenoids whereas steroids, anthraquinones and glycosides were not detected. The administration of the extract produced a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the blood glucose concentration in the treatment groups compared to the control group, whereas a significant (P<0.05) decrease was observed in the total cholesterol concentration of group 4 only relative to the control. Furthermore, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the HDL concentrations and a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the triglycerides and LDL concentrations respectively in all treatment groups compared to the control group. From these findings therefore, we conclude that A. sativum offers both hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in male Wistar rats.

Cardiac function, myocardial fat deposition, and lipid profile in young smokers: a cross-sectional study.

There is a possibility that cardiac morphometric characteristics are associated with the lipid profile, that is, the composition and concentration of triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and others lipoproteins in young smokers without comorbidities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the association of cardiac morphometric characteristics, myocardial fat deposition, and smoking cessation with the lipid profile of young smokers. A clinical and laboratory evaluation of lipids and the smoking status was performed on 57 individuals, including both a smoker group and a control group. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with proton spectroscopy was performed to identify cardiac changes and triglyceride (TG) deposition in myocardial tissue. No differences were observed between the groups (control vs. smokers) in relation to the amount of myocardial TG deposition (p = 0.47); however, when TG deposition was correlated with cardiac MRI variables, a positive correlation was identified between smoking history and myocardial TG deposition [hazard ratio (95% CI), 0.07 (0.03-0.12); p = 0.002]. Furthermore, it was observed that the smoking group had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [51 (45.5-59.5) mg/dl vs. 43 (36-49.5) mg/dl, p = 0.003] and higher TG [73 (58-110) mg/dl vs. 122 (73.5-133) mg/dl, p = 0.01] and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [14.6 (11.6-22.2) mg/dl vs. 24.4 (14.7-26.6) mg/dl, p = 0.01] values. In the control and smoking groups, a negative correlation between TGs and the diameter of the aortic root lumen and positive correlation with the thickness of the interventricular septum and end-diastolic volume (EDV) of both the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) were noted. Moreover, in the RV, positive correlations with the end-systolic volume (ESV) index (ESVI), stroke volume (SV), ESV, and EDV were observed. Regarding serum free fatty acids, we found a negative correlation between their values and the diameter of the lumen of the ascending aortic vessel. Lipoprotein lipase showed a positive correlation with the SV index of the RV and negative correlation with the diameter of the lumen of the ascending aortic vessel. Several associations were observed regarding cardiac morphometric characteristics, myocardial fat deposition, and smoking cessation with the lipid profile of young smokers.

Investigating the impact of linseed supplementation, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, on the expression of immune genes in Beetal Goats

The present study investigated the effect of linseed supplementation on serum profiling and differential expression levels of IL-2 and TLR 2 genes involved in the immune system of lactating goats. The study was conducted on 15 lactating Beetal goats for 3 months, which were divided into three groups. Treatment group T1 was kept as a control group with no linseed supplementation, whereas treatment group T2 received ground linseed at the rate 10% of concentrate per day per animal, and treatment group T3 received 20% ground linseed. The concentration of triglycerides, cholesterol and LDL concentration were found to be significantly lower (P < 0.05) in both 10% and 20% linseed supplemented group than the control group. Whereas, HDL concentration in T2 and T3 group were found to be significantly higher than the control group. The differential expression of targeted genes comparatively revealed highest relative expression in the group that received 20% linseed supplementation. Although the study did not show a significant effect of linseed supplementation on the expression of TLR-2 and IL-2 genes in goats, it highlights the potential benefits of omega-3 PUFA supplementation on immune system modulation in animals.

Ambient air pollution exposure, plasma metabolomic markers, and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundBoth air pollution (AP) and impaired lipid metabolism contribute to type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, little is known about the detailed associations of AP to lipidomic markers and the specific lipid metabolomic profile that mediates the impact of AP on incident T2D. We aimed to examine the associations between long-term AP exposure, plasma metabolomic markers, and incident T2D, and subsequently determine the lipid metabolomic profile that mediates the relationship between AP and T2D. MethodsThis prospective study included 82,548 participants from the UK Biobank without a history of T2D at baseline. Baseline plasma samples were analyzed using the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomic platform, which measured 168 metabolomic markers, including lipids, lipoprotein subclasses, and other circulating metabolites. Land Use Regression models were utilized to estimate annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2. The associations among AP, metabolomic markers, and T2D were investigated using multivariable linear regressions and Cox proportional hazards models. Mediation analyses were performed to assess the role of each metabolomic marker in the AP-T2D relationship. Furthermore, principal component (PC) analysis was conducted on 168 metabolomic markers to extract metabolic patterns. These patterns were utilized to determine their associations with AP and T2D, as well as their mediating role in the AP-T2D relationship. ResultsWe found that long-term AP exposure was associated with some lipid metabolites, including ApoA1, HDL concentration, HDL size, and lipid components within HDL, especially in very large, large, and medium HDL, as well as some other lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, glucose, and glycoprotein acetyls. In pairwise mediation analysis, these metabolites exhibited significant mediation effects in the AP-T2D relationship. We identified six PCS representing distinct metabolic patterns. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 showed significantly negative associations with PC2 (characterized by high levels of ApoA1, larger HDL, other lipids, and low levels of larger VLDL). PC2 mediated 12.3% and 10.3% of the associations of PM2.5 and NO2 with incident T2D, respectively. ConclusionsThis study revealed the associations of AP with various lipid metabolites. A lipid metabolomic profile characterized by ApoA1 and larger HDL may mediate the association between AP and incident T2D.

Dietary caffeine intake is associated with favorable metabolic profile among apparently healthy overweight and obese individuals

BackgroundRecent studies have revealed some conflicting results about the health effects of caffeine. These studies are inconsistent in terms of design and population and source of consumed caffeine. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the possible health effects of dietary caffeine intake among overweight and obese individuals.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 488 apparently healthy individuals with overweight and obesity were participated. Dietary intake was assessed by a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and the amount of dietary caffeine was calculated. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Enzymatic methods were used to evaluate serum lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations.ResultsThose at the highest tertile of dietary caffeine intake had lower percentage of fat mass, higher fat free mass and appetite score (P < 0.05). Also, lower total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) was observed in higher tertiles of dietary caffeine intake compared with lower tertiles. In multinomial adjusted models, those at the second tertile of dietary caffeine intake were more likely to have higher serum insulin (P = 0.04) and lower homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values compared with first tertile (P = 0.03) in crude model. While, in the age, body mass index (BMI), sex, physical activity, socio-economic status (SES) and energy intake –adjusted model (Model III), those at the third tertile of dietary caffeine intake were more likely to have low serum LDL concentrations [odds ratio (OR) = 0.957; CI = 0.918–0.997; P = 0.04]. With further adjustment to dietary vegetable, fiber and grain intake, those at the third tertile of dietary caffeine intake were more likely to have low systolic blood pressure (SBP), LDL and high HDL levels compared with those at the first tertile (P < 0.05).ConclusionHigh intakes of dietary caffeine was associated with lower LDL, SBP, insulin resistance and higher HDL concentrations among overweight and obese individuals. However, due to observational design of the study, causal inference is impossible and further studies are warranted to confirm our findings.

Microarray analysis identifies human apoA-IMilano and apoA-II as determinants of the liver gene expression related to lipid and energy metabolism

The phenotype of individuals carrying the apolipoprotein A-IMilano (apoA-IM), the mutant form of human apoA-I (apoA-I), is characterized by very low concentrations of HDL and apoA-I, and hypertriglyceridemia. Paradoxically, these subjects are not found to be at increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease compared to controls. Besides, various in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that apoA-IM possesses greater anti-atherosclerotic activity compared to apoA-I. The molecular mechanisms explaining the apoA-IM carrier's phenotype and the apoA-IM higher efficacy are still not fully elucidated. To investigate such mechanisms, we crossed previously generated apoA-I (A-I k-in) or apoA-IM knock-in mice (A-IM k-in) with transgenic mice expressing human apoA-II but lacking murine apoA-I (hA-II) to generate hA-II/A-I k-in, and hA-II/A-IM k-in, respectively. These genetically modified mice completely reproduced the apoA-IM carrier's phenotype, including hypoalphalipoproteinemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Furthermore, by using the microarray methodology, we investigated the intrinsic differences in hepatic gene expression among these k-in mouse lines. The expression of 871, 1,018, 1129 and 764 genes was significantly altered between 1) hA-II/A-I and hA-II/A-IM k-in; 2) A-IM and hA-II/A-IM k-in; 3) A-I and A-IM; 4) A-I and hA-II/A-I k-in liver samples, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis highlighted that the hepatic expression of two genes, Elovl6 and Gatm, related to fatty acid/lipid and energy metabolism, respectively, is influenced by the presence of the apoA-IM natural variant and/or apoA-II.

Investigating the relationship between non-occupational pesticide exposure and metabolomic biomarkers.

The relationship between pesticide exposures and metabolomics biomarkers is not well understood. We examined the changes in the serum metabolome (early biomarkers) and the metabolic pathways associated with various pesticide exposure scenarios (OPE: overall exposure, PEM: exposure in months, PEY: exposure in years, and PEU: reported specific pesticides use) using data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 31-year cross-sectional examination. We utilized questionnaire data on pesticide exposures and serum samples for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics analyses. For exposures and metabolites associations, participants size varied between 2,361 and 5,035. To investigate associations between metabolomics biomarkers and exposure to pesticide scenarios compared to those who reported no exposures multivariable regression analyses stratified by sex and adjustment with covariates (season of pesticide use, socioeconomic position (SEP), alcohol consumption, BMI, and latitude of residence) were performed. Multiple testing by Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction applied. Pesticide exposures differed by sex, season of pesticide use, alcohol, SEP, latitude of residence. Our results showed that all pesticide exposure scenarios were negatively associated with decreased HDL concentrations across all lipoprotein subclasses in women. OPE, PEY, and PEU were associated with decreased branched-chain amino acid concentrations in men and decreased albumin concentrations in women. OPE, PEY and PEU were also associated with changes in glycolysis metabolites and ketone bodies in both sexes. Specific pesticides exposure was negatively associated with sphingolipids and inflammatory biomarkers in men. In women, OPE, PEM, and PEU were associated with decreased apolipoprotein A1 and increased apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio. Our findings suggest that identification of early biomarkers of disease risk related to pesticide exposures can inform strategies to reduce exposure and investigate causal pathways. Women may be more susceptible to non-occupational pesticide exposures when compared to men, and future sex-specific studies are warranted.

Dietary influence of de-oiled lecithin on broiler growth, Blood parameters, Antioxidant status, Thyroid hormones and immunoglobulins: An analysis across two distinct strains of broilers

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of adding an emulsifier, de-oiled soybean lecithin (DOL) in diet, on growth performance, blood parameters, antioxidant potential, thyroid hormones (T3 & T4), and serum immunoglobulins in two distinct strains of commercially raised broilers, Ross 308 (S1) and Evian 48 (S2). A total of 800 one-day-old broiler chicks from both strains (N = 400 each) were assigned to a control group (T0) and three dietary treatments, each with five replicates of 20 birds. Experimental treatments included a basal diet supplemented with varying levels of de-oiled lecithin (DOL): T1 = 0.5 g/kg, T2 = 1 g/kg, and T3 = 1.5 g/kg. The study used a 2 × 4 factorial design, which allows for the examination of the effects of two factors (in this case, strains and dietary treatments) on the outcome variables. Following 35 days, the broilers of strain S1 and those fed the T3 supplemented diet exhibited superior body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), cumulative feed intake (CFI), cumulative feed conversion ratio (CFCR), performance index (PI%), and lower mortality rate (Mr %) (P < 0.05) compared to those of strain S2 and those fed other dietary levels. A significant disparity (P < 0.05) was observed between the two strains regarding the plasma concentrations of ALB, GLB, A/G ratio, CHO, HDL, AST, and ALT, with strain S1 showing better levels. Similarly, the broiler chicks in group T3, along with the interaction between groups S1 × T3 and S2 × T3, demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) improvement in blood biochemical parameters. Broilers of strain S1 and those on the T3 supplemented diet, along with the interactions between the groups S1 × T3 and S2 × T3, demonstrated substantial improvements (P < 0.05) across assessed parameters of antioxidant status and thyroid hormones, when compared to other dietary treatments and the control group. In conclusion, the addition of DOL as a supplement improved growth performance, blood parameters, antioxidant capacity, thyroid hormones (T3 & T4), and serum immunoglobulins in both broiler strains.

Development of Direct LDL Measurement by LDL Precipitation Combined with Sandwich ELISA Using In-House-Generated mAbs.

One of the major risk factors for the progression of cardiovascular diseases is a high blood level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), so progression of the disease may be prevented by lowering the plasma LDL. Evaluation and monitoring of LDL concentrations are therefore necessary. Friedewald's equation is a calculation method that is currently used routinely to estimate plasma LDL concentrations in hospital laboratories. However, this method cannot be applied to samples with a high concentration of triglyceride (TG). To overcome this limitation, this study aimed to develop direct LDL measurements using in-house generated monoclonal antibodies against human LDL in combination with LDL precipitation using heparin-containing citrate buffer pH 5.04. The method was applied to measure the LDL concentration in 208 randomized samples from Suranaree University of Technology Hospital. The mean values obtained from the developed method and the hospital laboratory were 126.6 ± 43.1 mg/dL and 123.2 ± 42.3 mg/dL, respectively. Linear regression analysis showed a high correlation between these two methods (r = 0.8491, p < 0.0001). High concentrations of TG, total cholesterol, and HDL have no influence on the LDL values obtained by this method. In this study, we offer an alternative technique for the direct measurement of plasma LDL. Further development for more convenient and easy use can now be undertaken.

Metabolic disorders in patients with post-COVID-19 Tuberculosis: A Peruvian unicentric experience

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the diagnosis, monitoring, and prevention of many significant pathologies began to be ignored, tuberculosis (TB) being one of these pathologies. The objective was to determine metabolic disorders and their association with TB stages in post-COVID-19 TB patients from the Félix Torrealva Gutiérrez Hospital in Ica, Peru. Methods: The research was observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive-correlational. The study was carried out on 80 patients diagnosed with post-COVID-19 tuberculosis. A questionnaire was used to collect the sociodemographic characteristics and the metabolites analyzed were glucose, lipid profile, and hepatic profile. Results: Among the 80 patients, a mean age of 56.6 years was observed and 52.5% were male. The presence of sensitive tuberculosis (56.3%), multiresistant tuberculosis (15%), and recurrent tuberculosis (28.7%) with 5.94 months of treatment was found. Alterations were found in the concentration of glucose (36.3%), total cholesterol (31.3%), triglycerides (52.5%), HDL (52.5%), LDL (53.8%), albumin (32.5%), total bilirubin (46.3%), direct bilirubin (5.0%), TGO (30.0%), TGP (56.3%), alkaline phosphatase (50.0%), GGTP (46.3%) and total protein (22.5%). TB stage was significantly associated with sex (p=0.011), treatment time (p˂0.001) and total cholesterol (p=0.021). Conclusions: There are post-COVID-19 metabolic disorders in patients with tuberculosis at the Félix Torrealva Gutiérrez Hospital in Ica, Peru.

Assessment of Prolonged Administration of SynriamTM on Haematological Parameters and Lipid Profiles of Rats

A potential antimalarial prospect should have high efficacy with low toxicity. SynriamTM antimalarial drug has been proven to be safe and effective for the treatment of malaria in human with dearth information on rats. This study investigated its potential toxicity from prolonged administration on lipid profiles and haematological indices in rats. Thirty-five Wistar rats were randomized into five groups (A – E) of seven rats each. Animals in group A (control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, while groups B, C, D, and E respectively received 4.0, 8.0, 16.0 and 32.0 mg/kg bwt of the drug once daily for 28 days. The concentrations of serum TC, LDL and atherogenic index showed significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease, while serum TRIG, HDL, and VLDL concentrations had no effect (p&gt;0.05). The drug also had no effect (p&gt;0.05) on the levels of the red blood cell count, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. Similarly, it had no effect (p&gt;0.05) on the levels of the WBC, lymphocytes and neutrocytes, while the platelet counts had slight (p&lt;0.05) decrease. Hence, SynriamTM is relatively safe at doses of 4.0-32.0 mg/kg bwt in rats when taken once daily with minimal effects on the lipid profiles and haematological indices.

Growth and blood lipid profile of native chickens given noni juice (Morinda citifolia) via drinking water

The concept of phytogenic feed additives refers to natural medicinal products derived from herbal plants to promote the growth and health of poultry. This study aims to examine the inclusion of Noni fruit juice (NFJ) in drinking water on the growth and blood lipid profile of native chickens. A total of 160 native chickens aged 2 weeks with homogeneous body weight were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups and 4 replications, each repetition with 40 chickens. Chickens were given treatment, namely: chickens were given drinking water without NFJ (A), drinking water with 4% NFJ (B), drinking water with 4.5% NFJ (C), and drinking water with 5% NFJ (D). The results showed that NLJ supplementation in drinking water had no significant effect (P&gt;0.05) on chicken growth and feed efficiency. Blood cholesterol and HDL levels showed significant differences (P&lt;0.05) between treatments. The lowest blood cholesterol levels were found in group C chickens and the highest in group A chickens. On the other hand, the highest HDL levels were found in group C chickens and the lowest in group A chickens. It was concluded that supplementation of 4.5% NFJ in drinking water had no impact on growth, but significantly reduced cholesterol content and increased HDL concentrations in native chicken blood.

ZAG (Zinc-Alpha 2 Glycoprotein) Serum Levels in Girls with Anorexia Nervosa

The objectives of the study were: (1) the evaluation of the blood serum concentration of ZAG (Zinc-alpha 2 Glycoprotein) in girls with anorexia nervosa, as well as in girls with simple obesity and healthy girls; and (2) the valuation of the relationship between the blood level of ZAG and the duration of AN and anthropometric parameters, parameters of the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, thyroid hormones, and cortisol in the blood in all study subjects. Materials and methods: The study covered 87 girls (aged 11–17.9 years). The studied group (AN) contained 30 girls suffering from anorexia nervosa, and the control groups contained 30 healthy girls (H) and 27 girls with simple obesity (OB), respectively. Results: The mean concentration of ZAG in the blood serum in the AN group was significantly higher than in the OB and H groups. Accumulatively, the level of ZAG in the entire studied group correlated negatively with the parameters of their nutritional status. The mean concentrations of ZAG in the entire group correlated positively with the concentrations of HDL and cortisol and negatively with insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, and hsCRP. Conclusions: The higher blood concentrations of ZAG in girls with AN compared to healthy subjects seemed to constitute a secondary adaptation mechanism in response to the undernourishment status. ZAG blood concentration values correlated negatively with body mass, BMI, Cole’s index, the level of insulin, and the HOMA-IR score, whereas they correlated positively with the level of cortisol. Increased ZAG levels in AN patients may result from increased levels of cortisol, manifesting in malfunction along the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which in effect can promote body weight loss.

PCOS during the menopausal transition and after menopause: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Current knowledge about the consequences of PCOS during the late reproductive years and after menopause is limited. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of data on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of women ≥45 years of age-peri- or postmenopausal-with PCOS. Studies published up to 15 April 2023, identified by Entrez-PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus online facilities, were considered. We included cross-sectional or prospective studies that reported data from peri- or postmenopausal patients with PCOS and control women with a mean age ≥45 years. Three independent researchers performed data extraction. Meta-analyses of quantitative data used random-effects models because of the heterogeneity derived from differences in study design and criteria used to define PCOS, among other confounding factors. Sensitivity analyses restricted the meta-analyses to population-based studies, to studies including only patients diagnosed using the most widely accepted definitions of PCOS, only menopausal women or only women not submitted to ovarian surgery, and studies in which patients and controls presented with similar indexes of weight excess. Quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE system. The initial search identified 1400 articles, and another six were included from the reference lists of included articles; 476 duplicates were deleted. We excluded 868 articles for different reasons, leaving 37 valid studies for the qualitative synthesis, of which 28 studies-published in 41 articles-were considered for the quantitative synthesis and meta-analyses. Another nine studies were included only in the qualitative analyses. Compared with controls, peri- and postmenopausal patients with PCOS presented increased circulating total testosterone (standardized mean difference, SMD 0.78 (0.35, 1.22)), free androgen index (SMD 1.29 (0.89, 1.68)), and androstenedione (SMD 0.58 (0.23, 0.94)), whereas their sex hormone-binding globulin was reduced (SMD -0.60 (-0.76, -0.44)). Women with PCOS showed increased BMI (SMD 0.57 (0.32, 0.75)), waist circumference (SMD 0.64 (0.42, 0.86)), and waist-to-hip ratio (SMD 0.38 (0.14, 0.61)) together with increased homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (SMD 0.56 (0.27, 0.84)), fasting insulin (SMD 0.61 (0.38, 0.83)), fasting glucose (SMD 0.48 (0.29, 0.68)), and odds ratios (OR, 95% CI) for diabetes (OR 3.01 (1.91, 4.73)) compared to controls. Women with PCOS versus controls showed decreased HDL concentrations (SMD -0.32 (-0.46, -0.19)) and increased triglycerides (SMD 0.31 (0.16, 0.46)), even though total cholesterol and LDL concentrations, as well as the OR for dyslipidaemia, were similar to those of controls. The OR for having hypertension was increased in women with PCOS compared with controls (OR 1.79 (1.36, 2.36)). Albeit myocardial infarction (OR 2.51 (1.08, 5.81)) and stroke (OR 1.75 (1.03, 2.99)) were more prevalent in women with PCOS than controls, the ORs for cardiovascular disease as a whole, coronary artery disease as a whole, breast cancer and age at menopause, were similar in patients and controls. When restricting meta-analysis to studies in which women with PCOS and controls had a similar mean BMI, the only difference that retained statistical significance was a decrease in HDL-cholesterol concentration in the former and, in the two studies in which postmenopausal women with PCOS and controls had similar BMI, patients presented with increased serum androgen concentrations, suggesting that hyperandrogenism persists after menopause, regardless of obesity. Hyperandrogenism appeared to persist during the late-reproductive years and after menopause in women with PCOS. Most cardiometabolic comorbidities were driven by the frequent coexistence of weight excess and PCOS, highlighting the importance of targeting obesity in this population. However, the significant heterogeneity among included studies, and the overall low quality of the evidence gathered here, precludes reaching definite conclusions on the issue. Hence, guidelines derived from adequately powered prospective studies are definitely needed for appropriate management of these women.

1471-P: Metabolomic Profiling of Type 2 Diabetes Pathway-Partitioned Polygenic Risk Scores Offers Insights into Disease Etiology

Previous studies have identified type 2 diabetes (T2D) subtypes using clinical phenotypes and/or genetic information. This study aimed to identify molecular signatures associated with genetically based T2D subtypes. We analyzed data from ~100,000 unrelated European UK Biobank participants without T2D and not taking lipid-lowering medications. T2D subtypes were characterized using five polygenic scores denoting three forms of insulin resistance (lipodystrophy, obesity, and impaired lipid/hepatic metabolism) and two subtypes of insulin secretion (beta-cell dysfunction and impaired proinsulin synthesis). Nuclear magnetic resonance profiles of 249 plasma metabolites on the Nightingale platform were tested for association with T2D subtypes using linear regression adjusted for age, sex, batch, and ancestry-derived principal components; P&amp;lt;0.0002 was considered significant. Independent validation was conducted in two independent cohorts, including 720 from the ANTORCHA cohort. In general, the T2D subtypes driven by insulin resistance were characterized by alterations in lipid and lipoproteins, while the impaired insulin secretion subtypes showed aberrant plasma amino acid levels. The lipodystrophy cluster showed the most distinct molecular signature, with higher concentrations of extremely large, very large, and large VLDL particles which were enriched by triglycerides and phospholipids, and lower concentrations of HDL. The beta-cell dysfunction cluster was characterized by higher concentrations of amino acids (alanine, valine, leucine, and tyrosine). These associations were broadly consistent after adjusting for BMI, and the pattern of alterations in lipid metabolites was partially replicated in the ANTORCHA cohort. We identified specific metabolic signatures related to T2D genetic clusters before T2D onset, offering further characterization of the putative underlying pathways. Disclosure M.Sevilla: None. I.Lamiquiz-moneo: None. K.Smith: None. M.Canyelles: None. J.C.Florez: Consultant; AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Other Relationship; AstraZeneca, Merck &amp; Co., Inc. A.Manning: None. F.Civeira: None. J.Merino: None. M.Udler: None. Funding American Diabetes Association (9-22-PDFPM-04 to M.S.)

Physiology of sedentary behavior.

Sedentary behaviors (SB) are characterized by low energy expenditure while in a sitting or reclining posture. Evidence relevant to understanding the physiology of SB can be derived from studies employing several experimental models: bed rest, immobilization, reduced step count, and reducing/interrupting prolonged SB. We examine the relevant physiological evidence relating to body weight and energy balance, intermediary metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the musculoskeletal system, the central nervous system, and immunity and inflammatory responses. Excessive and prolonged SB can lead to insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction, shift in substrate use toward carbohydrate oxidation, shift in muscle fiber from oxidative to glycolytic type, reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, loss of muscle mass and strength and bone mass, and increased total body fat mass and visceral fat depot, blood lipid concentrations, and inflammation. Despite marked differences across individual studies, longer term interventions aimed at reducing/interrupting SB have resulted in small, albeit marginally clinically meaningful, benefits on body weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c and HDL concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and vascular function in adults and older adults. There is more limited evidence for other health-related outcomes and physiological systems and for children and adolescents. Future research should focus on the investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning adaptations to increasing and reducing/interrupting SB and the necessary changes in SB and physical activity to impact physiological systems and overall health in diverse population groups.

Evaluation of Biochemical Parameters of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on Age and Gender in Umuahia

Diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue. The study was done to determine the changes in some biochemical parameters between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and apparently healthy adults in Umuahia. The fasting blood glucose was significantly higher in females than in males in the diabetic population. The table revealed a significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher levels of serum total cholesterol, trialytglycerol, LDL-cholesterol, in females than males, except low HDL cholesterol (P&lt;0.05) compared to male matched patients. Glycated haemoglobin was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in female than male. Creatinine was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in male. Urea was also significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in female. Potassium was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in females. Bicarbonate was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in female.The study showed a significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher levels of total cholesterol, trialyglycerol, LDL- cholesterol in patient’s aged between 57-74years, except low HDL-cholesterol (P&lt;0.05) compared to those aged between 40-56years. Fasting blood glucose and HbAIC were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in age limit 57-74years than 40-56years. Urea and creatinine were significantly (P&lt;0.05) low in patients aged 57-74years when compared to age 40-56years. However, HDL concentration was significantly (P&lt;0.05) high in the 40-56years when compared to 57-74years.Elevated levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and glycated haemoglobin (Glyc.Hb) and reduced levels of HD. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, lipid profile, kidney function, liver function, glycated haemoglobin, fasting blood sugar.