HDL Concentrations Research Articles

Impact of Supplementation of Different Levels of Rumen Protected Fat on Productive Performance, Lipid Profile and Hot Carcass Characteristics in Fattening Sheep

The present study was aimed at establishing an association between productive performance, lipid profile, and hot carcass quality in fattening sheep supplemented with different levels of rumen protected fat (RPF). Twenty-four adult ewes of 8 - 12 months of age were randomly divided into three groups with eight animals in each; one without supplementation (CSFA0); two supplementation groups (CSFA3 and CSFA5) that were supplemented with 3% and 5% additional RPF in the form of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (CSFAs), respectively on dry matter intake (DMI). Productive performances and the blood lipid profile were evaluated at fortnightly intervals, and at the end of 60 days, animals were slaughtered and hot carcass characteristics were recorded. Body condition score (BCS) was higher (P<0.05) in CSFA3 and CSFA5 sheep fed with 3% and 5% additional fat by 34.17% and 37.40%, respectively than CSFA0. The average daily gain (ADG) was higher (P<0.05) in sheep fed with CSFAs by 1.51-1.65-fold and enhanced live body weight (LBW) in the CSFA3 and CSFA5 groups by 11.36% and 14.48%, respectively. Plasma HDL and LDL concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in CSFA3 and CSFA5 sheep supplemented with additional RPF. Inclusion of CSFAs in the diet increased (P<0.05) fatness score of hot carcasses in CSFA3 and CSFA5 by 26.19% and 59.52%, respectively. Hot carcass weight (HCW), separable fat, neck, shoulder, flank and breast weights, and carcass compact index (CCI) were higher (P<0.05) in supplementation groups, which increased the dressing percentage (DP) by 3.21% to 3.68%. The BCS, LBW, slaughter weight, separable fat, fore and hind saddle weights were positively (P<0.01) associated with the HCW. Further, HCW, shoulder, and chest circumferences showed a positive (P<0.01) correlation with CCI and DP. The results of the current study concluded that supplementation of 3% and 5% CSFAs improved BCS, ADG, and LBW which enhanced the hot carcass characteristics and quality with an extra DP of 3.21 to 3.68%. However, we were unable to discern a discernible change in productive performance and hot carcass features between 3% and 5% administration of CSFAs. Therefore, inclusion of a 7% (basal diet 4% + 3% supplementation) source of lipids or fat on DMI is preferred for maximizing the desired productive performance and hot carcass quality in fattening sheep.

Phytochemical Screening, Anti-obesity and Hepatoprotective Activities of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Jatropha tanjorensis in Wistar Rats

Aim: The objective of this study is to assess Jatropha tanjorensis's phytochemical components, anti-obesity and hepatoprotective properties.
 Methods: 35 albino Wistar rats were placed into five groups of seven rats each. Each group received the following treatment: Group A served as the control group, and extract doses of 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg were given to groups B and C, respectively. Doses of 200 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg of J. tanjorensis extract were given to groups D and E. Using accepted methods, the phytochemical components, anti-obesity, and hepatoprotective properties of J. tanjorensis were identified.
 Results: J. tanjorensis was found to include biochemical building blocks like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, and saponins after undergoing a qualitative phytochemical screening. With the exception of group C, the results showed a substantial (P< 0.05) drop in cholesterol levels when compared to the control group. Group A's HDL concentration levels increased significantly (P< 0.05) when compared to the other groups.In treated group D (8.70±6.54) after extract administrations, ALP levels were significantly (p 0.05) lower than in the normal control group (15.00±8.00). Although there was a considerable decline in other groups, the ALT activity was found to be significantly lower in treatment group E (5.33±1.33). Treatment groups B (14.003.61) and E (14.003.61) saw a minor but significant decline in AST activity, but treatment groups C (24.33±3.53) and D (36.67±17.34) saw a more significant increase.
 Conclusion: The study concludes that plant extracts may be used to treat metabolic disorders like obesity and cardiovascular diseases because they have the potential to lower cholesterol and have hepatoprotective effects. Additionally, phytochemicals may be used as drug precursors, templates for synthetic modification, and pharmacological probes.

Evaluation of (sdLDLc*HCYc)/HDLc ratio in clinical auxiliary diagnosis of primary cerebral infarction

BackgroundTimely detection of cerebral infarction is of vital importance in planning intervention effect of rapid rehabilitation. The clinical auxiliary diagnosis value of single biomarker, including small dense low-density lipoprotein concentration (sdLDLc), homocysteine concentration (HCYc) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (HDLc) for cerebral infarction has been confirmed by many studies. Whether the use of three biomarkers in combination by calculating (sdLDLc*HCYc)/HDLc ratio could improve the diagnosis ability for primary cerebral infarction remains to be unclear. In the present study, we conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the value of (sdLDLc*HCYc)/HDLc ratio in clinical auxiliary diagnosis of primary cerebral infarction.MethodsA total of 583 participants, including 299 healthy participants as control group and 284 participants diagnosed with first cerebral infarction as experiment group, were included in this respective study. The serum sdLDLc, HDLc and HCYc were measured by peroxidase method, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and an enzymatic method, respectively.ResultsThe average concentration of sdLDL and HCY (0.69 ± 0.29 mmol/L and 18.14 ± 6.62 μmol/L) in experiment group was significantly higher than those in the control group (0.55 ± 0.22 mmol/L and 10.77 ± 2.67 μmol/L, P < 0.05). However, the average concentration of HDL (1.47 ± 0.25 mmol/L) in the control group was higher than that in the experiment group (1.33 ± 0.28 mmol/L, P < 0.05). Spearman correlation coefficient showed the three indicators are independent of each other. The positive predictive value of (sdLDLc*HCYc)/HDLc ratio (61.27%, 95% CI: 55.31–66.92) is higher than that in single biomarker (sdLDLc: 6.69 95% CI: 4.19–10.42, HCYc: 38.38%, 95% CI: 32.75–44.33, HDLc: 3.87%, 95% CI: 2.05–7.02). Receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis illustrated that predictive power of (sdLDLc*HCYc)/HDLc was higher than single biomarker, including sdLDLc, HCYc and HDLc, in primary cerebral infarction.ConclusionsTherefore, (sdLDLc*HCYc)/HDLc ratio might be a better new indicator in clinical auxiliary diagnosis of primary cerebral infarction, which could be contributed to predicting cerebral infarction occurrence and provide a scientific basis for early prevention.

Altered HDL Cholesterol Efflux Capacity and LCAT Activity is APOE‐Specific in Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐density lipoproteins (HDL) in circulation perform a crucial role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis by removing cholesterol from peripheral tissues for excretion. High HDL has been linked with a lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). However, the concentration of HDL only partially accounts for the variation in the ability of HDL to perform their primary function to efflux cholesterol. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, and its role in regulating cholesterol is implicated in AD. However, the complex relationship between APOE genotype and the function of peripheral HDL in AD patients remains largely unknown.MethodWe isolated HDL from plasma of 194 age‐ and sex‐matched, ApoE genotyped participants (non‐demented controls, n = 83; mild cognitive impairment, n = 40; AD dementia, n = 71) using two‐step flotation ultracentrifugation, followed by size exclusion chromatography. HDL cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) and lecithin‐cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity were measured. We further explored the relationships between HDL functional capacity and cognitive, functional, and imaging scores.ResultRegardless of diagnosis, ApoE3/E4 carriers had significantly lower CEC index (p = 0.003) and LCAT activity (p &lt; 0.001) vs. ApoE3/E3 carriers. When participants were stratified by APOE genotype and diagnosis, ApoE3/E3 MCI patients had significantly lower CEC index than controls (p = 0.042). In contrast, the CEC index of ApoE3/E4 AD patients was paradoxically increased compared to controls (p = 0.016). ApoE3/E3 MCI and AD patients had lower LCAT activity than controls (p = 0.012 and p = 0.004, respectively), but there were no differences in LCAT activity in ApoE3/E4 participants by diagnosis group. LCAT activity was positively correlated with verbal memory score (p = 0.033) and negatively correlated with clinical dementia rating (p = 0.025).ConclusionTo our knowledge, our study revealed for the first time an APOE genotype‐dependent alteration in peripheral HDL functional capacity among AD and MCI patients compared with non‐demented controls and an association between HDL LCAT activity and cognitive and functional scores.

Effects of a dietary intervention with Mediterranean vs lacto-ovo vegetarian diets on HDL function: Results from the CARDIVEG study

Background and aimHDL-cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) has been shown to be a better cardiovascular (CVD) risk marker than serum HDL concentration. Several foods and nutrients have been shown to improve HDL functions, however no effective dietetic nor pharmacological strategy is available to increase CEC. This study aims to evaluate the possible effect of Mediterranean diet (MD) and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet (VD) on HDL function in a group of clinically healthy subjects at low-to-moderate CVD risk. Methods and resultsThirty apparently healthy subjects with a low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk profile (21 F; mean age: 51.3 ± 9.7 years) were randomly assigned to a 3-month MD or VD diet and then crossed.Participants on VD showed a reduction in total HDL CEC by 8.99% (p < 0.001) as well as a reduction in ABCA1 mediated-CEC by 18.62% (p < 0.001) compared to participants on MD. Regarding CEC mediated by aqueous diffusion, no significant changes were observed after treatment with either diet. Finally, a significant positive association between CEC mediated by the ABCA1 transporter and adiponectin was found (r = 0.462; p = 0.010). ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that HDL activity in promoting cholesterol efflux and thereby reducing the concentration of pro-atherogenic lipoproteins was more effective in participants undergoing MD than VD. Based on these findings, the MD could be considered a better therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular prevention than VD.Clinical Trial registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02641834.

Inverse association of a traditional Korean diet composed of a multigrain rice-containing meal with fruits and nuts with metabolic syndrome risk: The KoGES

Hansik, a traditional Korean diet, may have a beneficial impact on metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk as dietary westernization increases its prevalence. We examined the hypothesis that adherence to the hansik diet may be inversely associated with the risk of MetS and its components and sought to understand the gender differences in 58,701 men and women aged over 40. Hansik was defined using 14 components from which the Korean dietary pattern index (Kdiet-index) was generated by summing their scores. Low-hansik intake was defined as the Kdiet-index with <8. MetS was categorized based on the 2005 revised NCEP-ATP III criteria modified for Asians. The Kdiet-index score was negatively associated with the dietary inflammation index and showed that the high intake of a meal with multigrain rice, fruits, and their products, and nuts, and low intake of fried foods were inversely associated with MetS by 0.707, 0.864, 0.769, and 0.918 times, respectively, after adjusting for covariates. More women and participants with more educated and lower income belonged to the high-hansik group, and participants with high self-rated health scores consumed more hansik. All participants on a high-hansik diet were associated with a 0.87 time lower risk of MetS. Specifically, the association between hansik intake and MetS risk was not significant among men following stratification by gender. Body composition, including the body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass, was inversely associated with hansik intake, while the skeletal muscle mass index was positively associated with the hansik intake in each gender and all participants. In all the participants in the high-hansik group, no significant changes were seen in the serum glucose and HDL concentration. However, a high-hansik intake showed lower blood pressure and serum LDL and triglyceride concentrations only in men and a higher glomerular filtration rate in both genders. Hansik intake might improve MetS risk, with its primary beneficial effects on body composition, dyslipidemia, and blood pressure gender-dependently.

Importance of Polymorphisms in the Gene of Paraoxonase-1 (SNP rs662) and Apolipoprotein A-I (SNP rs670 and rs5069) in Non-Smoking and Smoking Healthy Subjects and Patients with Acute Pancreatitis

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the initiation of acute pancreatitis (AP). HDL is considered to be a preventing factor against cell membrane oxidation, thanks to the presence on its surface of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1), which activity can be modified by genetic and environmental factors. The impact of SNP rs662 in the PON1 gene and SNP rs670 and rs5069 in the APOAI gene on PON1 activities and its concentration in the population of AP patients and healthy volunteers was investigated. In the group of patients with AP, a decreased HDL concentration and PON1 activities were observed. A decrease in the aryloesterase and lactonase activities of PON1 in AP patients with the TT genotype for SNP rs662 (especially in smokers) was found. In the group of patients with the AA genotype (rs670), the highest concentrations of HDL and apoA-I were observed, which were gradually decreasing in the course of AP. Changes in the concentration of apoA-I were associated with the changes in the concentration and activities of PON1 in the AP patients with the AA genotype for SNP rs670. A decreasing apoA-I concentration contributing to lowering PON1 concentration and its activities during the hospitalization of AP patients with the CC genotype for SNP rs5069 were shown. Therefore, more susceptibility of persons with the CC genotype for SNP rs5069 to pro/antioxidative imbalance was shown. In this process, an important role was played by the HDL level and its interaction with PON1 and apoA-I.

Alterations of HDL's to piHDL's Proteome in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, and HDL-Targeted Therapies.

Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, steatohepatitis, periodontitis, chronic kidney disease, and others are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which persists even after accounting for traditional cardiac risk factors. The common factor linking these diseases to accelerated atherosclerosis is chronic systemic low-grade inflammation triggering changes in lipoprotein structure and metabolism. HDL, an independent marker of cardiovascular risk, is a lipoprotein particle with numerous important anti-atherogenic properties. Besides the essential role in reverse cholesterol transport, HDL possesses antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antithrombotic properties. Inflammation and inflammation-associated pathologies can cause modifications in HDL’s proteome and lipidome, transforming HDL from atheroprotective into a pro-atherosclerotic lipoprotein. Therefore, a simple increase in HDL concentration in patients with inflammatory diseases has not led to the desired anti-atherogenic outcome. In this review, the functions of individual protein components of HDL, rendering them either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory are described in detail. Alterations of HDL proteome (such as replacing atheroprotective proteins by pro-inflammatory proteins, or posttranslational modifications) in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and their impact on cardiovascular health are discussed. Finally, molecular, and clinical aspects of HDL-targeted therapies, including those used in therapeutical practice, drugs in clinical trials, and experimental drugs are comprehensively summarised.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DETECTING ATHEROSCLEROSIS PLAQUES AND ELECTROMAGNETIC THERAPY TO ALTER CHOLESTEROL LEVEL

Introduction: Artificial Intelligence (AI) application in healthcare fields include matching patient symptoms to appropriate physician, helped to diagnose patients, determine patient’s prognosis, drug discovery, translating languages, and organize data. AI technology used in analysis and diagnosing coronary atherosclerotic plaques has increased annually. There are studies suggested that extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields exposure can affect lipid metabolism. Purpose: To use applied AI in a device that can both identifying atherosclerosis in blood vessel and treat with low-frequency electromagnetic wave. Method: Experiments carried out using a device to detect and treat blockage of blood vessels by emitting electromagnetic signals. This tool is an AI breakthrough that not only includes a diagnostic function, but can also perform electromagnetic therapy. Result: Previous studies mentioned that AI can be applied to identify atherosclerosis. There are some studies that states low-frequency electromagnetic waves can alter HDL and cholesterol levels in blood. Larger studies are needed to combine both function in identify atherosclerosis plaques and electromagnetic therapy. Conclusion: Rapidly developing AI technology can be applied to identify atherosclerosis plaque and treat them. Further studies are required to provide definitive proof of electromagnetic wave effects on the removal of cholesterol from plaques using thermal effects or raising HDL concentrations in blood.

Effects of Long-Term Low-Protein Diets Supplemented with Sodium Dichloroacetate and Glucose on Metabolic Biomarkers and Intestinal Microbiota of Finishing Pigs.

Simple SummaryOur previous study showed that low protein (LP) diets can save protein sources and reduce nitrogen excretion without significantly impacting the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. In the current study, sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) was used to explore whether it could work like a metabolic modulator to improve glucose and lipid oxidation in pigs fed with an LP diet, whilst glucose (GLUC) was used to evaluate if it could act as pyruvate, which is a metabolic fuel. In particular, we investigated the effects of LP diets supplemented with DCA and GLUC on metabolic responses and intestinal microbiota of finishing pigs. Our findings showed that DCA and GLUC supplementation improved the hepatic lipid metabolism but had limited effects on improving colonic microbiota profile of finishing pigs.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-protein (LP) diets supplemented with sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) and glucose (GLUC) on metabolic markers and intestinal microbiota of finishing pigs. A total of 80 crossbred growing barrows were allocated randomly to one of the five treatments, including the normal protein level diet (CON), the LP diets, LP with 120 mg/kg DCA (LP + DCA) or 1.8% glucose (LP + GLUC), and LP with 120 mg/kg DCA and 1.8% glucose (LP + DCA + GLUC). The LP diet increased the plasma HDL, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations and reduced the bile acid, urea nitrogen, albumin, and total protein concentrations compared to the CON diet (p < 0.05). The LP + DCA + GLUC diet reduced the plasma VLDL, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations and increased the bile acid concentration compared with the LP diet (p < 0.05). Pigs fed the LP + DCA and LP + GLUC diets showed reduced 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase content and increased Cytochrome P450 Family 7 Subfamily A Member 1 activity of liver compared that of the CON diet (p < 0.05). Moreover, the LP diets with or without DCA and GLUC supplementation increased the relative abundance of colonic microbiota related to carbohydrate fermentation in finishing pigs. In conclusion, 120 mg/kg DCA or 1.8% GLUC supplementation in an LP diet modulated the hepatic lipid metabolism of pigs, while the DCA along with GLUC supplementation likely improved the lipid metabolism by stimulating bile acid secretion.

Plasma HDL pattern, cholesterol efflux and cholesterol loading capacity of serum in carriers of a novel missense variant (Gly176Trp) of endothelial lipase

Loss of function variants of LIPG gene encoding endothelial lipase (EL) are associated with primary hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HALP), a lipid disorder characterized by elevated plasma levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Aim of the study was the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of a family with primary HALP. HDL subclasses distribution was determined by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Serum content of preβ-HDL was assessed by (2D)-electrophoresis. Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) of serum mediated by ABCA1, ABCG1 or SR-BI was assessed using cells expressing these proteins. Cholesterol loading capacity (CLC) of serum was assayed using cultured human macrophages. Next generation sequencing was used for DNA analysis. Plasma EL mass was determined by ELISA. Three family members had elevated plasma HDL-C, apoA-I and total phospholipids, as well as a reduced content of preβ-HDL. These subjects were heterozygous carriers of a novel variant of LIPG gene [c.526 G>T, p.(Gly176Trp)] found to be deleterious in silico. Plasma EL mass in carriers was lower than in controls. CEC of sera mediated by ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters was substantially reduced in the carriers. This effect was maintained after correction for serum HDL concentration. The sera of carriers were found to have a higher CLC in cultured human macrophages than control sera. The novel p.(Gly176Trp) variant of endothelial lipase is associated with changes in HDL composition and subclass distribution as well as with functional changes affecting cholesterol efflux capacity of serum which suggest a defect in the early steps of revere cholesterol transport.

The Effects of Chitosan-PEG Nanoparticles Based on Channa striata Protein Hydrolyzate on Decreasing Diabetes Mellitus in Diabetic Rats.

Channa striata has several good nutrients, including 70% protein, 20% albumin, complete amino acids, zinc, selenium, and iron. However, no study has investigated the chitosan-PEG nanoparticles based on Channa striata protein hydrolyzate. This study's purpose was to determine the role of 10% Channa striata protein hydrolyzate, chitosan-PEG 4000 nanoparticles, and chitosan-PEG 6000 nanoparticles in reducing diabetes mellitus in diabetic rats. A randomized pretest-posttest control group design was used, with male Sprague-Dawley rats being divided into five groups: STZ, acarbose, hydrolyzate, chitosan-PEG 4000 nanoparticles, and chitosan-PEG 6000 nanoparticles. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin at 1 ml in each formulation. Blood glucose levels were analyzed using a glucometer 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. The CHOD-PAP method was used to analyze the lipid profile. Pancreas and liver histology analyses were carried out using a microscope. The formulation of 10% Channa striata protein hydrolyzate and PEG 6000 was the most effective in lowering blood glucose concentrations, and the response was close to the acarbose result. The glucose concentration decreased after daily oral administration of chitosan-PEG nanoparticles for 21 days. The plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL concentrations were lower in treated than in untreated diabetic rats. This study concluded that the formulation of 10% Channa striata protein hydrolyzate and chitosan-PEG 6000 nanoparticles was more effective than acarbose.

Effect of Adding Grape Pomace and Resveratrol on Some Physiological Traits and Gene Expression to Prevent Hemorrhagic Fatty Liver Syndrome in Laying Hens

This study was aimed to show the effect of adding different levels of grape pomace (GP) and resveratrol (RSV) to the diet of laying hens on production performance and antioxidant capacity. Seventy two laying hens (Lohmann Brown) were used to study cumulative production performance and antioxidant activites. The experimental diets were; the first treatment T1 (control), T2 (1% GP), T3 (0.5% GP), T4 (400 mg/kg RSV), T5 contained on high-energy, low-protein diet (HELP) without any additives. T6, (HELP + 1% GP), T7, (HELP + 0.5% GP) and T8 (HELP + 400 mg/kg RSV). The results showed that There were no significant differences in the type of diet in the concentration of glucose, cholesterol and HDL, while a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in cholesterol concentration was observed in favor of the addition treatments (grape pomace 1%), (grape pomace 0.5%) and (resveratrol). 400 mg/kg feed) compared to the treatment (without addition), the results of the study showed a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in the gene expression of the SOD gene in the addition and interference treatments in all experiment treatments compared to the control treatment. The results of the study also indicated a high Significant (P≤0.05) in IL-6 gene expression in favor of T8 treatment compared to the control treatment. In conclusion, differences in grape pomace and resveratrol levels demonstrate the unique ability of natural antioxidants to improve physiological traits and gene expression for the prevention of hemorrhagic fatty liver syndrome in laying hens.

Effect of Rosemary and Licorice on Some Physiological Traits of Local Goats

The experiment was conducted in the animal field of the first agricultural research station of the College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, it is located in the Umm al-Akf region, 12 km southwest of Samawah, from 20/10/2021 to 20/1/2022. A total 12 male goats were used at the age of four months, were numbered and randomly assigned to four treatments, each treatment contains 3 animals, the animals were placed in adjacent and separated enclosures. Treatments as follows: T1 (control), T2 adding 5 g/kg of crushed rosemary leaves and T3 adding 5 g/kg of licorice root powder, T4 (the mixture treatment), adding 5 g/kg of crushed rosemary leaves and 5 g/kg of licorice root powder. no significant differences in all blood cellular traits (WBC, RBC, Hb and PCV). A significant increase in the concentration of cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, glucose, protein, albumin and globulin, uric acid, ALP, ALT, phosphorous and calcium in T4 treatment over to the others.

Correlation between Vitamin D3 Supplementation and Lipidemia in Women of Maysan Province, Iraq with Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes

A total of 130 overweight Iraqi women with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes, the ages of the women ( 28 to 60) years, were divided into groups, group 5000 IU (65 women) as group A and control (65 women) as group B. were participants from The Specialized Center for Diabetes in Maysan Province and its related areas in the countryside and the city for this double-blind, randomized control trial (Maysan Province, Iraq). A placebo and 5000 IU of D3 daily were given to the participants for four months. Laboratory tests were conducted at baseline and four months to analyze serum levels. After four months of treatment, positive changes in total cholesterol, D3 levels, and LDL cholesterol. There was no statistically meaningful change in HDL and TG concentration, and there were no significant differences in age and place of residence. According to this study, vitamin D may help type 2 diabetics lower their total cholesterol and LDL concentrations.

Mucin2 and Lipid Profile Estimation in Giardia Lamblia Infected Patients: A Case-control Study

Introduction: Globally, Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia) is a protozoan parasite that has the ability to cause sporadic or epidemic infectious diarrhoea. Giardia infection is a crucial cause of waterborne and foodborne disease, outbreaks in the daycare centre, and international travel-related infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Giardia lamblia infection on serum MUC2 and lipid profile. Patients and Methods: From March to April 2021, a case-control study was conducted on 48 patients with giardiasis who attended AL-Hakeem Hospital in Najaf Province in Iraq and 24 healthy adults as a control group. Stool examinations were done using standard techniques for the identification of the parasitic infection. Results: The results showed a significantly higher concentration (130.57 ± 4.04 ng/ml, and 130.11 ± 3.6 ng/ml) (p &lt; 0.05 of MUC2 in G. lamblia infected patients (males and females) in comparison to the individuals of the control group. In addition, significantly higher concentrations (p &lt; 0.05) of cholesterol, VLDL, TG, and LDL were found in comparison to the control individuals, whereas the concentration of HDL was significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05 in patients infected with G. lamblia as compared to the control group. Conclusion: The current study revealed that MUC2 and lipid profile are valuable biomarkers that help in the diagnosis of G. lamblia parasite infection.

Inhibition of obesity through alterations of C/EBP- α gene expression by gum Arabic in mice with a high-fat feed diet

Obesity is a metabolic disease associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Previously we showed that Gum Arabic (GA) inhibited obesity in fed with diet-induced obesity. However, the mechanism underlying the mode of action is not fully elucidated. Here we aimed to identify the effects of GA on CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein- α (C/EBP- α) in mouse-fed diet-induced obesity. Thirty female CD-1 mice 90 days old were randomly divided into three groups (n=10). Mice were fed either a regular diet (control), a high-fat diet (HFD), or a high-fat diet containing 10% w/w GA (HFD+GA) for 15 weeks. Body weights, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), plasma lipid, blood glucose, plasma insulin, adiponectin, and leptin levels were measured. In addition, 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and C/EBP- α gene mRNA expressions were measured, and 11β-HSD1 as well. Supplementation of GA significantly (P < 0.05) decreased body weight gain and VAT associated with decreases in blood glucose, total cholesterol LDL, and increased HDL concentrations. Likewise, administration of GA significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plasma Corticosterone (CORT) and leptin concentrations, whereas increased adiponectin compared to the control and HFD groups. In addition, GA administration significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the abundance of both hepatic 11β-HSD1 and C/EBP- α gene mRNA expression compared to the control and HFD groups. Supplementation of GA significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated hepatic 11β-HSD1 protein expression compared to control and HFD groups. These findings indicate that GA consumption may be useful to prevent obesity through suppression of C/EBP- α gene expression.

Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Red and White Wines Produced from Autochthonous Croatian Varieties: Effect of Moderate Consumption on Human Health.

Moderate wine consumption is often associated with healthy lifestyle habits. The role of wine as a healthy drink is mainly due to its bioactive compounds, which differ according to various viticultural and enological factors. The aim of the present study was to observe the differences in bioactive compounds of white and red autochthonous Croatian wines, differing in terms of the grape variety and production technology. Our further aim was to explore the effect of their moderate consumption (200 mL per day) over the course of six weeks on some aspects of health in sixty-six healthy individuals. Participants were divided into eight groups depending on the wines consumed, while one group formed a non-consuming control group. Medical examination and laboratory tests were performed before the start and at the end of the consumption period. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL concentrations decreased. Additionally, an increase in HDL concentrations, and serotonin and dopamine levels, was observed. ALT, ALP, and GGT levels did not significantly increase in consumer groups, although alcohol concentration was relatively high in all the wines. Such results support the beneficial effects of wine-derived bioactive compounds on some health aspects resulting from moderate white and red wine consumption.

Vitamin D deficiency and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in the occurrence of cardiometabolic events, but the evidence of this relationship in adolescence is still limited. Thus, we analyzed the association between vitamin D deficiency and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. Observational studies were searching in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Lilacs, and Google Scholar database. Random effects models were used to summarize standardized mean differences for as a summary measure. The certainty of the evidence was verified using the Cochrane recommendations. A total of 7537 studies were identified, of which 32 were included in the systematic review and 24 in the meta-analysis.Vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased systolic pressure (SMD = 0.22; 95%CI = 0.10; 0.34), diastolic pressure (SMD = 0.23; 95%CI = 0.10; 0.35), glycemia (SMD = 0.13; 95%CI = 0.05; 0.12), and insulin (SMD = 0.50; 95%CI = 0.15; 0.84), an increase in the HOMA index (SMD = 0.48; 95%CI = 0.36; 0.60), high triglyceride values (SMD = 0.30; 95%CI = 0.11; 0.49), and reduced HDL concentrations (SMD= -0.25; 95%CI = -0.46; -0.04). No statistically significant association was observed for glycated hemoglobin, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol. Most of the studies presented low and moderate risks of bias, respectively. The certainty of the evidence was very low for all the outcomes analyzed. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased exposure to the factors linked to the occurrence of cardiometabolic diseases in adolescents. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO (record number 42,018,086,298).

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Metabolic Syndrome in a Rural Population in Brazil

ObjectivesThere are still few articles in the scientific literature that assess the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in representative rural populations. Thus, the aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of MS and to evaluate the association with sociodemographic, work and lifestyle factors in a rural population in southeastern Brazil. MethodsCross-sectional observational epidemiological study conducted in a rural municipality in Brazil. The study population were 790 adult family farmers. The characterization of MS considers five parameters: abdominal circumference, systemic blood pressure levels and serum concentrations of fasting glucose, triglycerides and HDL, according to two different definitions: NCEP-ATP III and IDF. Tests of association between the independent variable and the outcome were performed using Pearson’s chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test when applicable. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed using the enter method. ResultsThe prevalence of MS was 15.4% and 17.2% according to the NCEP and IDF criteria, respectively. In the bivariate analysis, sex (p = 0.014), age group (p < 0.005), schooling (p = 0.007) and time working as a farmer (p < 0.001) were associated with MS (NCEP). According to the IDF criteria, sex (p = 0.024), age group (p < 0.001), education (p = 0.004), working time as a farmer (p < 0.001) and alcohol consumption (p- 0.017). In binary logistic regression, the increase in age groups showed an OR gradient, demonstrating that advancing age is characterized as a risk factor for MS (p < 0.001) in both diagnostic criteria. The other variables had no statistical difference in the multivariate analysis. ConclusionsIn conclusion, a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found in Brazilian farmers, mainly associated with advancing age in this population. The early diagnosis of MS could represent an important advance in terms of protection and prevention of the health of rural populations, as it is a multifaceted disease with several complications. Furthermore, high-cost and complex parameters are not necessary to diagnose MS, being a useful parameter for use in populations whose access to the health system is difficult. Funding SourcesResearch Program of the Unified Health System (PPSUS), through the notice FAPES/CNPq/Decit-SCTIE-MS/SESA No. 05/2015 – PPSUS.