Harmful Gas Emissions Research Articles

Better to grow or better to improve? Measuring environmental efficiency in OECD countries with a stochastic environmental Kuznets frontier (SEKF)

The standard approach to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) holds that as a country develops and GDP per capita grows environmental degradation initially increases but eventually it reaches a turning point where environmental degradation begins to decline. Environmental degradation takes many forms, one of them being emissions of harmful gases. According to the EKC concept, a country can reduce emissions by ‘growing’. The standard approach implicitly assumes that a country emits as little as possible for its economic development, whereas in reality, a country might emit above the best attainable level of emissions. Therefore, emissions could be reduced before and after the turning point by becoming more environmentally efficient – i.e., ‘improving’ the emissions level. This article proposes a Stochastic Environmental Kuznets Frontier (SEKF) which is estimated for CO2 emissions for OECD countries and used to benchmark each country before and after the turning point differently, thus, indicating how a country could ‘grow’ and/or ‘improve’ to reduce its CO2 emissions. Additionally, we analyse the role of the stringency of environmental policies in reducing a country's carbon inefficiency measured by the distance from the benchmark EKC and find widespread carbon inefficiencies that could be reduced by more stringent market-based environmental policies.

Optimal Hybridization with Minimum Fuel Consumption of the Hybrid Fuel Cell Train

This paper describes a numerical study of the optimal distribution of energy between fuel cells and auxiliary energy storages in the hybrid train. Internal combustion engines (ICEs) are currently under pressure from environmental agencies due to their harmful gas emissions, and pure battery vehicles have a short range; a hybrid train powered by fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors can provide a viable propulsion solution. In this study, special energy management on the mountain railway with optimal power distribution and minimum hydrogen consumption is proposed. Considering the characteristics of the mountain railway, the vehicle uses recuperation of regenerative braking energy and thus charges additional power devices, and hybridization optimization gives favorable power to each power source device with a minimum consumption of hydrogen in the fuel cell. In this study, a simulation model was created in a Matlab/Simulink environment for the optimization of hybridized power systems on trains, and it can be easily modified for the hybridization of any type of train. Optimization was performed by using Sequential quadratic programming (SQP). The results show that this hybrid train topology has the ability to recover battery and supercapacitor state of charge (SOC) while meeting vehicle speed and propulsion power requirements. The effect of battery and supercapacitor parameters on power distribution and fuel consumption was also simulated.

Combustion of Pulverized Coconut Shell in Lab-Scaled Incinerator Rig using CFD

In power generation, particle size distribution (PSD) of pulverized coal used in a power plant was 65%-70% passing 200 mesh or known as 76 microns. Since coal took hundreds of millions of years to form, it is not renewable energy and coal will release harmful gases after-burn. Thus, biomass has become an alternative fuel for reducing the consumption of coal and the emission of harmful gases. Coconut shell has the potential to substitute coal as fuel. In this study, Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) is used for simulating the combustion process in the lab-scaled incinerator rig (LSIR). The behaviours of pulverized coconut shells and the effect of excess air during combustion are studied. The results showed that the average carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fraction was calculated at 0.0196 and 0.257 respectively. The combustion efficiency was determined as 92.94%. The percentage of excess air (EA%) was increased by increasing the velocity of inlet air for investigating the responses of combustion efficiency. The EA with 39% was predicted as the most suitable EA for the combustion because the heat generated at 39% EA was the highest and its volume average temperature was recorded as 1198.7K. Besides, the combustion efficiency was increasing when the EA% is increased by calculating from every volume average of mass fraction of CO and CO2.

Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) Derivatives as Promising Chemiresistive Gas Sensing Materials: A Review

The emission of harmful gases has seriously exceeded relative standards with the rapid development of modern industry, which has shown various negative impacts on human health and the natural environment. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based materials have been widely used as chemiresistive gas sensing materials for the sensitive detection and monitoring of harmful gases such as NOx, H2S, and many volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In particular, the derivatives of MOFs, which are usually semiconducting metal oxides and oxide-carbon composites, hold great potential to prompt the surface reactions with analytes and thus output amplified resistance changing signals of the chemiresistors, due to their high specific surface areas, versatile structural tunability, diversified surface architectures, as well as their superior selectivity. In this review, we introduce the recent progress in applying sophisticated MOFs-derived materials for chemiresistive gas sensors, with specific emphasis placed on the synthesis and structural regulation of the MOF derivatives, and the promoted surface reaction mechanisms between MOF derivatives and gas analytes. Furthermore, the practical application of MOF derivatives for chemiresistive sensing of NO2, H2S, and typical VOCs (e.g., acetone and ethanol) has been discussed in detail.

An Instability-Resilient Renewable Energy Allocation System for a Cloud Datacenter

Renewable energy supply is a promising solution for datacenters' increasing electricity monetary cost, energy consumption and harmful gas emissions. However, due to the instability of renewable energy, insufficient renewable energy supply may lead to the use of stored energy or brown energy. To handle this problem, in this paper, we propose an instability-resilient renewable energy allocation system. We define a job's service-level-objective (SLO) as the successful running probability by only using supplied renewable energy. The system allocates jobs with the same SLO level to the same physical machine (PM) group, and powers each PM group with renewable energy generators that have probability no less than its SLO to produce the amount no less than its energy demand. We use a deep learning technique to predict the probability of producing the amount no less than each value of each renewable energy source, and predict the energy demands of each PM area. We formulate an optimization problem to match renewable energy resources with different instabilities to different PM groups for supply, and use reinforcement learning method and linear programming method to solve it. We further propose an energy-driven computing resource assignment method, which adjusts the amount of computing resource of each job based on job deadline and failure probability in each PM group, and a failure prediction based energy saving method. Real trace driven experiments show that our methods achieve much lower SLO violations, total energy monetary cost and total carbon emission compared to other methods and the effectiveness of individual methods.

Combustion and Exhaust Gas Characteristics of Residual Oil Mixed with Air-Fine Mixture in Medium-Speed Marine Diesel Engine

In the marine engineering field, research has been conducted to reduce fuel consumption and emissions of harmful exhaust gases from medium- and low-speed diesel engines by improving supercharging performance, scavenging efficiency, and introducing electronic control technology, etc., and these technologies have been put to practical use. However, most of these technologies have been applied to newly constructed vessels, and oxygen-containing fuels such as water-emulsion fuel and DME fuel have not yet been put to practical use. In this study, the effects of heating high viscosity residual oil and mixing air into the fuel as fine bubbles on the combustion and exhaust characteristics of the fuel were investigated using a practical medium-speed marine diesel engine. As a result, the fuel consumption reduction effect was confirmed when fine air bubbles were mixed in heated residual oil, as is the case with them being blended into marine diesel oil. In particular, the maximum reduction was 7% at 75% load and 0.2L/min air volume, and the average reduction was 3.2% at 75% load. In terms of the exhaust gas characteristics of the fuel, no significant reduction in NOx was observed when microbubbles were mixed, but smoke values were reduced by up to 33%.

Experimental investigation of the desulfurization of a high sulfur coal with multi-ring sulfurous

ABSTRACT Coal desulfurization is imperative to produce clean coal and reduce the emission of harmful gas during combustion. However, organic multi-ring sulfurous in coal is more difficult to remove than inorganic sulfur. Therefore, in this paper, two desulfurization methods, traditional oxidation desulfurization method nitric acid leaching (NAL) and novel reduction potassium tert-butoxide and hydrogen silane desulfurization system (KOSi), were compared to remove the organic multi-ring sulfurous in raw coal sample. The results showed that the total sulfur content reductions of NAL and KOSi were 45.21% and 31.51%, corresponding to the loss rates of calorific value were 10.32% and 5.45%, respectively. The critical factors for the higher desulfurization rate of NAL than KOSi were the decreased particle size, the generation of cracks on the coal sample and the effective removal of sulfones (SN) from thiophene (TP) oxidation. In addition, the carbon macromolecular framework of coal particles could be destroyed in NAL system, resulting in a decrease in C-C and C-H content. This was the main reason that the calorific value loss of NAL was greater than that of KOSi. The consequence of this paper would provide data support for the selection of the desulfurization method for high sulfur coal, especially consisting of multi-ring sulfurous, in terms of indicators and mechanisms.

A Review: Cybersecurity Challenges and their Solutions in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs)

Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) are a crucial breakthrough in the automotive industry and a magnificent step toward a safe, secure, and intelligent transportation system (ITS). CAVs offer tremendous benefits to our society and environment, such as mitigation of traffic accidents, reduction in traffic congestion, fewer emissions of harmful gases, etc. However, emerging automotive technology also has some serious safety concerns. One of them is cyber security. Conventional vehicles are less prone to cyber-attacks, but CAVs are more susceptible to such events as they communicate with the surrounding infrastructure and other vehicles. To gather data for a better perception of their surroundings, CAVs are outfitted with state-of-the-art sensors and modules like LiDAR, GPS, RADAR, onboard computers, cameras, etc. Hackers, terrorist organizations, and vandals can manipulate this sensor data or may access the primary control by cyber-attack, which may result in enormous fatalities. The automotive industry must put up a rigid framework against cyber invasions to make CAVs a more reliable and secure means of transportation. This paper provides an overview of cybersecurity challenges in CAVs at the module and software levels. The sources of active and passive threats are analyzed. Finally, a feasible solution is recommended to cope with such threats

Properties Study of B20 Palm-Methyl Ester Biodiesel Added with Oxide Nanoparticle Towards Green Marine Fuels

Demand for low carbon emissions in the shipping sector has prompted alternative energy sources to reduce dependence on diesel petroleum for day-to-day operations. Biodiesel fuel has been identified as one of the alternative energy sources that can be used in marine engines. Biodiesel is a plant-based fuel, environmentally friendly, renewable, non-toxic and oxygenated. Despite having many advantages, it nevertheless contributes to a slight reduction in engine power due to its low energy content compared to diesel fuel. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of using different types of nanoparticle additives with different concentrations on the properties of biodiesel fuel. Nine test samples were prepared by blending B20 palm methyl ester biodiesel fuel with aluminium oxide (Al2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle by different concentrations of 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm. Several series of fuel property tests were performed on the samples including density, viscosity, calorific value, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The test results showed that, the caloric value of B20 biodiesel fuel was increased from 44747 J/g to 45122 J/g, 45090 J/g and 45110 J/g with the addition of Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticle, respectively. The viscosity and density properties have also improved with the highest values found on the SiO2 blend of 3.7792 mm2/s and 820.36 kg/m3. The morphology study revealed that the structure of nanoparticles is in an amorphous state which is expected to contribute a large contact area, good stability and catalytic with a high combustion rate of blend fuel. All of these advantages are expected to contribute as a good catalyst to biodiesel fuel in order to produce optimal combustion of marine diesel engines and further reduce harmful gas emissions

Optimization of combustion characteristics of novel hydrodynamic cavitation based waste cooking oil biodiesel fueled CI engine

The increment in the usage of automobiles is resulting in increased greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions continuously and there is a substantial need to reduce them effectively. The present research work investigates the emission behavior of waste cooking oil biodiesel doped with CuO nanoparticles during testing in Compression Ignition (CI) engines. This investigation is based on the effective emission reduction analysis emitted by diesel fuel during experimentation on CI engines. It suggests a cost effective modification of biodiesel as a fuel prepared from waste cooking oil (WCO) by a novel hydrodynamic cavitation technique which includes the hydrodynamic cavitation reaction mixture composed of 1.28 L of methanol and 10 g KOH and 5 L of preheated WCO at 45 °C in the cavitation reactor for 40 min. These reactants are synthesized utilizing the principle of cavitation and the final manufactured esterified oil is authenticated with ASTM Standard property measurement for suitability check. In the research work, two different investigations are carried out. In the first one, WCO biodiesel-diesel blends of 0, 30, and 100% (B0, B30, B100) ratio are prepared and the emission characteristics have investigated at 1500 rpm constant speed with varying load and indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). In the second investigation, the emission suitable blend B30 is doped with CuO nanoparticles, keeping other parameters as per the previous setup, the emission characteristics investigated for the second one. For precise results, more experimental trials are needed to achieve this decrease in the emission of harmful gases. Using an amalgamation of L9 Taguchi and response surface methodology (RSM) the maximum emission control with a minimum number of experimental trials is achieved. The first investigation includes the predefined predictors as A (blend), B (load), and C (IMEP), where blends (0 ≤ A ≤ 100%), load (0 ≤ B ≤ 12 kg), IMEP (3.5 ≤ C ≤ 7.5 bar) are controllable features. Optimization process resulted into a minimum emission of CO, CO2, and NOx by appertaining the condemnatory merger of inputs such as blend B0 (Diesel), load 12 kg, and IMEP 3.48 bar in the first investigation, which has resulted into 0.08 ppm CO, 0.6 ppm CO2 and 30 ppm NOx emission. Taguchi analysis-based second experimental investigation includes the predefined predictors as A (CuO), B (load), and C (IMEP), including nanoparticles CuO in blend B30, and the prognosticated results of optimization are 0.03 ppm CO, 0.3 ppm CO2 and 21 ppm NOx emission. In current investigation, the percentage reduction is found to be 92.3%, 94.82%, and 96% compared to the emission of diesel in CO, CO2 and NOx gases, respectively. The coefficient of determination is almost equal to 1, which reveals the chosen optimization technique is very accurate in prediction. The investigation has provided suitable minimum emission characteristics in a cost-effective way.

Influence of hydrogenated diesel/H2O2 blend fuel on diesel engine performance and exhaust emission characterization

The oxygenated hydro diesel (OHD) is prepared from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acetone, and seaweed polysaccharide. A long-term study was carried out on the OHD fuel blend stability for about a year at various temperatures. The long-term stability shows very stable properties, no easy emulsion breaking, and a long storage period. The neat diesel and blend fuel performance test was conducted at various engine speeds, 1700–3100 RPM the diesel blend with 5 wt.% and 10 wt. % of H2O2 revealed the best fraction for reducing smoke and emissions. The blend contains 15 wt.% H2O2, revealing a significant reduction in exhaust temperature without considering the engine's performance. Moreover, the performance of the OHD also revealed an economizing rate, decreasing environmental pollution and prolonging the engine’s service life. The diesel engine performance and environmental evaluation leading to exhaust emissions characterization ({mathrm{CO}}_{mathrm{X}}, {mathrm{SO}}_{mathrm{X}}, {mathrm{NO}}_{mathrm{X}}, and others). Based on the results, the various concentrations of H2O2 are an effective method for reducing the emission of diesel engines. Decreased CO, SO2, unburned hydrocarbons, and NO2 were also observed as percentages of H2O2. Due to increased oxygen content, water content and cetane number, the number of unburned hydrocarbons from diesel fuel decreased with the addition of H2O2. Therefore, the OHD blend can significantly curtail the exhaust emission of conventional diesel fuel, which will help reduce the harmful greenhouse gas emissions from diesel fuel sources.

Fuel efficiency and emissions reduction of hydroxy added gasoline fuel using HydroBoost technology

In the present work, using the HydroBoost technology, performance and emission characteristics of HHO added Gasoline is investigated. HydroBoost technology offers longevity to cell and increases the efficiency as it requires less power to break the bonds of water. Achieving good emission characteristics using HydroBoost technology is still unexplored. In the present work, following the EPA protocols, a comprehensive analysis of Total Hydrocarbon (THC), Methane (CH4), NOx, CO2, MPG emissions in four phases is performed. It is shown that harmful gas emissions are reduced in HHO added Gasoline in comparison to only Gasoline fuel. The stoichiometric air-fuel mixture has been achieved in the present work. BSFC (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption) is reduced by up to 11% and the overall emissions of HHO added gasoline are reduced by up to 13% for CO2, up to 72% for Total Hydrocarbons, up to 69% for Methane, up to 48% for NOx in relation to bare Gasoline fuel. The present technology enables Hydroxy gas to be produced on board the IC vehicle without creating an undesirable amount of parasitic loss or hazard, which can be immediately deployed to lower both BSFC and emissions including greenhouse gasses such as CO2.

Finding an energy efficient path for plug-in electric vehicles with speed optimization and travel time restrictions

Transportation is one of the main factors when global total energy consumption is considered and is a significant contributor to emissions of harmful gases including carbon dioxide (CO2). Due to their lower tailpipe CO2 emissions compared to the vehicles with internal combustion engines, electric vehicles provide an opportunity to reduce environmental impacts of transportation. In this direction, a problem for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is studied where the aim is to find an energy efficient path. Given an origin–destination pair over a directed network, this problem involves determining a path joining origin and destination, the speed of the PEV on each road segment, i.e., arc, along the path, the charging stations the PEV will stop by, and how much to recharge at each stop so as to minimize the total amount energy consumption. There are speed limits on each road segment, and PEV has to arrive at the destination on or before a given total time limit. For this problem, firstly, a mixed-integer second order cone programming formulation (MISOCP) is proposed. Secondly, to be able to solve larger size instances, a matheuristic is developed. Lastly, an iterated local search (ILS) algorithm is designed for this problem. Solution quality and computation times of the heuristics and the exact algorithm are compared on different instances. Differently from the literature, the speed values of the PEV on the arcs are considered as continuous decision variables in all proposed solution approaches. Moreover, consideration of the speed limits which can be legal limits or limits imposed by congestion makes our problem more realistic. The analysis of the results of the computational experiments gives the user an insight to select the proper solution approach based on the instance settings. MISOCP formulation becomes inadequate for larger instances. On the other hand, the heuristic solution approaches can solve such instances within reasonable computational times and therefore they have the potential to be integrated in some software to dynamically find energy efficient paths.

The Experimental Study of the Efficiency of the Gasification Process of the Fast-Growing Willow Biomass in a Downdraft Gasifier

In this work, a study was performed on the influence of the ratio of height to the diameter of the reduction zone of a small-size downdraft gasifier as well as of the fuel fraction sizes on the gas quality (the quality was evaluated for CO content). The ratio of a full side area to the volume of a fuel fraction (SVR) was used as a fuel parameter. The maximum CO concentration was observed when using a small fuel fraction with SVR—0.7–0.72 mm−1 and when adhering to the ratio of height to the diameter of the reduction zone H/D—0.5–0.6. The maximum electric power for gasoline generators (nominal power equaled 4 kW) when using the gas received from the fast-growing hybrid willow biomass equaled 2.4 kW. This power is 37.5% lower than when using gasoline and 7.0% lower than when using the gas received from the hardwood biomass. The emissions of harmful gases into the atmosphere by the gasoline generator engine equaled 0.12–0.14% CO and 24–27 mln−1 CxHy. The emissions were 64.8 times less for CO and 8.5 times less for CxHy when compared with using gasoline.

Određivanje emisije gasova staklene bašte kod motora traktora u laboratorijskim uslovima

Utilization of fossil fuels significantly worsens the problems of global warming due to the emission of carbon dioxide and other gases with the greenhouse effect. Agricultural machinery with diesel engines has its own negative contribution to this emission of harmful gases, because tractors are not only used as working and traction machines, but also on roads for transporting goods and people. In this work, the emission of harmful gases was measured in simulated operating conditions (laboratory) of used tractors IMT 539 and IMT 542, as the most typical representatives of tractors with engine power up to 50 kW in Republic of Serbia. Determination of the amount of emitted gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hydrocarbons (HC) was performed using the technique of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) with a flow gas cell. In this way, the parameters of diesel fuel consumption, operating mode and emission of harmful gases were correlated in simulated working conditions specific to this type of tractor. The test results clearly indicate the dependence of increased CO2, CO, NOx and HC emissions on the tractor's operating mode.

Використання електромобілів як таксі

In connection with the significant increase in the number of cars with internal combustion engines in Ukrainian cities, there is an increase in emissions of harmful gases, which significantly exceed permissible standards. The increase in the number of electric cars has been accelerated by the fact that when clearing an electric car, it is not necessary to pay value added tax and customs duty, but only excise duty for each kilowatt of battery capacity. The cost of one kilometer covered by an electric car is several times lower than a car with an internal combustion engine. In cities, taxi services are appearing that use only electric cars. The main factor when choosing the brand and model of an electric vehicle for taxi service is the cost of the vehicle, the level of degradation of the traction battery and the comfort of passengers. Tesla cars are popular in Western Europe and North America. These cars use traction batteries with a capacity of 70 kWh or more. These cars are expensive, so less affluent countries use cheaper electric cars with smaller batteries. In Lutsk, the "Premium Service" company operates Nissan Leaf electric vehicles with 24 kWh batteries. The increase in the number of electric cars has created a number of problems, since the number of charging stations in the city has not increased in proportion to the number of cars. One nightly charging of the battery of an electric taxi at the "Premium Service" enterprise is not enough to work during the working day. Therefore, during working hours, cars have to be recharged at city gas stations. The article discusses the method of charging electric cars used as taxis in Lutsk, and the solution to this problem in other cities

Klimatske promene u EU - klaster analiza i regresija

Climate change is often seen as the most global and complex problem the world has been facing during its current development. The emissions of harmful gases, rising temperatures, variable amounts of precipitation, the occurrence of extreme weather conditions affect all countries regardless of their geographical position and level of development. The subject and goal of this paper is to examine the impact of economic, technological and demographic determinants on CO2 emissions in 18 EU countries in the period from 2011 to 2020. In the research are used k-means clustering and panel regression analysis. By the application of k-means clustering, 18 EU countries were grouped into 2 clusters according to the level of emissions of selected greenhouse gases (CO2 , CH4 , HFC, PFC, SF6 ) per capita. In the "green cluster", there are the following countries: Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Poland, Belgium, Ireland, and Netherlands. The "red cluster" includes the other analyzed EU countries. The results of the panel regression model in the "green cluster" showed that CO2 emissions are statistically significantly and positively influenced by Energy efficiency and Production of electricity by solid fossil fuels. On the other hand, the results of the analysis in the "red cluster" suggested that Research and developments costs turn out to be the most important predictor of CO2 emissions.

Solar Energy Farming for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development: Myanmar Dry Zone

Adopting climate technologies is essential for lowering greenhouse gas emissions, boosting the competitiveness of important industrial and commercial sectors, and fostering low-carbon and environmentally friendly growth in Myanmar. The 2019 Global LEAP Awards succinctly stated, "Solar water pumps can play a significant role in delivering a sustainable water supply in an increasingly climate-sensitive world, all while reducing or preventing harmful greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing the incomes and resilience of rural households worldwide. This study aims to demonstrate the agricultural viability and economic viability of Myanmar's Dry Zone's solar pumping technology. The marginal profit of switching from diesel to solar has resulted in 100000 MMK per acre over the past 12 months, a 556 ton reduction in CO2 emissions, and 1499708 million in health benefits per acre. Environmental benefit is included in the BC analysis, which has a 12151504 million MMK NPV, 2.31 B/C ratio, and 25%. According to IRR, the solar pump is economically feasible and viable for the agricultural industry. Farmers in Myanmar's dry zone, like those in other parts of the country, deal with volatile crop prices and greater operating expenses. The government of Myanmar must establish stable market prices for crops and demands for farmers. Additionally, promote spending on renewable energy and assistance for Myanmar's dry zone farmers.

The influence of thermal pressure on the catalytic properties of SHS converter blocks during pre-start preparation of a diesel engine

The study is aimed at solving the important environmental problem of reducing harmful exhaust gas emissions from diesel engines with pre-heaters when operating at subzero ambient temperatures. The issue of cleaning the exhaust gases of the pre-heater in the catalytic converter during the heating of the catalytic units during the pre-start preparation period of the 8Ch12/12 diesel engine is considered. It was found that an increase in the specific heat flow and volumetric thermal gas pressure on the porous SHS catalytic material leads to an improvement in catalytic properties in exhaust gas purification processes. An increase in heat flow from 1589 to 3807 mJ/(m3×h) led to a decrease in the estimated values of harmful emissions: nitrogen oxides – by 1.6 times; carbon monoxide – 1.9 times; hydrocarbons – 1.23 times; solid particles - 2.1 times. It was revealed that when the exhaust gas temperature changed from 650 to 810 K, the efficiency of cleaning from solid particles increased from 50 to 75%, from nitrogen oxides - from 20 to 83%, and carbon monoxide - from 53 to 75%. An increase in the quality of hydrocarbon purification is noted up to 790 K; the quality of purification changes from 32 to 47%.

Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Replacing Diesel Fuel by CNG on the Emission of Harmful Exhaust Gas Components and Emission Changes in a Dual-Fuel Engine

The constant development of civilization increases environmental pollution as a result of industrial activity and transport. Consequently, human activity in this area is restricted by regulations governing the permissible emission of harmful substance components into the environment. These include substances emitted by combustion engines, the use of which remains high in many industries. Consequently, research is being conducted to reduce the emissions of harmful exhaust components from existing and newly manufactured internal combustion engines. This research presents a used semi-truck engine, in which an innovative Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) supply system was applied. Using this fuel supply installation allows a mass exchange of the base diesel fuel to natural gas of up to 90%. The study evaluated the effect of the diesel/CNG exchange ratio for different engine operating conditions (engine load, speed) on the concentration of toxic components, such as CO, NO, NO2, NOX, as a sum of NO, NO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8, NH3, and CH2O. The use of a dual-fuel system had a positive effect on the emissions of some harmful exhaust components, even in an engine from a vehicle that had been running for many years on diesel and at high mileage, but, simultaneously, the emissions of some harmful exhaust gas components increased.