Harmful Gas Emissions Research Articles

Electric vehicles application - environmental justification

The transport sector is the second largest source of greenhouse gas pollution in terms of total carbon dioxide emissions in the European Union. Reducing emissions in transport is more expensive than in other sectors because transport is still heavily reliant on fossil fuels. For years, electric vehicles have played a prominent role in the transport sector in terms of solving the f harmful gas emissions problem. They have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by offering an alternative to conventional vehicles based on internal combustion engines. Although they have zero CO2 emissions in the tailpipe, electric vehicles require the consumption of electricity to produce them as well as to power the battery, which contributes to the creation of CO2 emissions. The paper compares the use of a delivery vehicle with an internal combustion engine and an electric vehicle in the field of road transportation of the postal sector from the aspect of environmental sustainability. The electric vehicle use showed a lower generation of CO2 by 114.2 g/km, taking into account the average emission of carbon dioxide for electric vehicles according to the data of the European Union.

Strategies for reducing noxious gas emissions in pig production: a comprehensive review on the role of feed additives.

The emission of noxious gases is a significant problem in pig production, as it can lead to poor production, welfare concerns, and environmental pollution. The noxious gases are the gasses emitted from the pig manure that contribute to air pollution. The increased concentration of various harmful gasses can pose health risks to both animals and humans. The major gases produced in the pig farm include methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, sulfur dioxide and volatile fatty acids, which are mainly derived from the fermentation of undigested or poorly digested nutrients. Nowadays research has focused on more holistic approaches to obtain a healthy farm environment that helps animal production. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, dietary enzymes, and medicinal plants in animal diets has been explored as a means of reducing harmful gas emissions. This review paper focuses on the harmful gas emissions from pig farm, the mechanisms of gas production, and strategies for reducing these emissions. Additionally, various methods for reducing gas in pigs, including probiotic interventions; prebiotic interventions, dietary enzymes supplementation, and use of medicinal plants and organic acids are discussed. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on reducing noxious gas in pigs and offers valuable insights for pig producers, nutritionists, and researchers working in this area.

Environmental stability in the current and forthcoming eras

The Number of research papers on the environmental sustainability along with the method and the ways to maintain the environment pollution free and environmental friendly. This research paper pivot is based on survey which provides the different ways and discusses the issues related to the environmental sustainability. There are many research papers which reflect the evolution of environmental sustainability as there are 29616 journals on the environmental and social science technology and has been increasing from the 24 year time period. This research focuses on the environmental stability methods and reflects the information collected from the various research papers. The research learning and inclination is based on the two basic factors from the modern era period which focuses on the water, solar and wind power research as the use of renewable sources of energy and to prevent the global warming and control over the pollution and emission of various gases affecting the environment. There are various other research papers established over the years which help in providing the highest stability research methods like decrease in carbon foot print, green engineering, Renewable Energy(Wind, Water and Solar) management and their implications results in providing the future generation a new era towards the development as well as usage of the renewable sources of energy and help in preventing the emission of harmful gases and pollution and also demolishing of non renewable resources.

Assessment of the association between health problems and cooking fuel type, and barriers towards clean cooking among rural household people in Bangladesh

BackgroundIn low- and middle-income countries, households mainly use solid fuels like wood, charcoal, dung, agricultural residues, and coal for cooking. This poses significant public health concerns due to the emission of harmful particles and gases. To address these issues and support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopting cleaner cooking fuels like electricity and gas are acknowledged as a viable solution. However, access to these cleaner fuels is limited, especially in rural areas.MethodsThis study conducted a face-to-face survey with 1240 individuals in rural Bangladesh to explore the link between health issues and cooking fuel type, as well as barriers to transitioning to clean cooking. Using a convenient sampling technique across four divisions/regions, the survey gathered socio-demographic and health data, along with information on clean cooking barriers through a semi-structured questionnaire. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were then employed to identify significant associations between cooking fuel type and health problems.ResultsThe study revealed that a majority of participants (73.3%) relied on solid fuel for cooking. The use of solid fuel was significantly correlated with factors such as lower education levels, reduced family income, location of residence, and the experience of health issues such as cough, chest pressure while breathing, eye discomfort, diabetes, asthma, and allergies. Economic challenges emerged as the foremost obstacle to the adoption of clean cooking, accompanied by other contributing factors.ConclusionThe use of solid fuel in rural Bangladeshi households poses substantial health risks, correlating with respiratory, eye, cardiovascular, and metabolic issues. Lower education and income levels, along with specific residential locations, were associated with higher solid fuel usage. Economic challenges emerged as the primary obstacle to adopting clean cooking practices. These findings emphasize the need for implementing strategies to promote clean cooking, address barriers, and contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal targets for health and sustainable energy access in Bangladesh.

Collocated control of double electric pushrod in a harvester header based on an improved gray wolf PID algorithm

In order to further enhance energy conservation and emission reduction, the header lifting structure of a harvester is studied. First, a double electric pushrod structure is used to replace the oil cylinder and air cylinder lifting structure of a traditional header to reduce fuel consumption and harmful gas emission. Furthermore, a mathematical model and a simulation model of the electric pushrod are established. To enhance the control effect of the header lifting structure, an improved version of the traditional gray wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm is designed. The nonlinear convergence factor, Kent chaotic mapping and convergence surrounding and spiral updating operations are introduced to increase the convergence speed and optimization accuracy of this algorithm. The improved GWO (IGWO) algorithm is applied to optimize the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller of the double pushrod coordinated control system. Then, a new IGWO-PID control algorithm is also designed. The cross-coupling control strategy of header’s double pushrods is then studied. Results of the simulation and bench test show that the IGWO-PID control algorithm and the cross-coupling control strategy can effectively enhance controlling effect of the harvester header. The left and right pushrods can achieve good synchronous and coordinated movements.

A mixed blessing of influent leachate microbes in downstream biotreatment systems of a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant

In landfill leachate treatment plants (LLTPs), the microbiome plays a pivotal role in the decomposition of organic compounds, reduction in nutrient levels, and elimination of toxins. However, the effects of microbes in landfill leachate influents on downstream treatment systems remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we collected 23 metagenomic and 12 metatranscriptomic samples from landfill leachate and activated sludge from various treatment units in a full-scale LLTP. We successfully recovered 1,152 non-redundant metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), encompassing a wide taxonomic range, including 48 phyla, 95 classes, 166 orders, 247 families, 238 genera, and 1,152 species. More diverse microbes were observed in the influent leachate than in the downstream biotreatment systems, among which, an unprecedented ∼30 % of microbes with transcriptional expression migrated from the influent to the biological treatment units. Network analysis revealed that 399 shared MAGs across the four units exhibited high node centrality and degree, thus supporting enhanced interactions and increased stability of microbial communities. Functional reconstruction and genome characterization of MAGs indicated that these shared MAGs possessed greater capabilities for carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and arsenic metabolism compared to non-shared MAGs. We further identified a novel species of Zixibacteria in the leachate influent with discrete lineages from those in other environments that accounted for up to 17 % of the abundance of the shared microbial community and exhibited notable metabolic versatility. Meanwhile, we presented groundbreaking evidence of the involvement of Zixibacteria-encoded genes in the production of harmful gas emissions, such as N2O and H2S, at the transcriptional level, thus suggesting that influent microbes may pose safety risks to downstream treatment systems. In summary, this study revealed the complex impact of the influent microbiome on LLTP and emphasizes the need to consider these microbial characteristics when designing treatment technologies and strategies for landfill leachate management.

Preparation of nano sulfur from the wastes (foam) in the Al_Mishraq sulfur mine (Mosul/Iraq)

The research included estimating the elemental sulfur percentage in sulfuric foam waste, which was found to be 88.15%. Potassium polysulfide was prepared from this waste and used to prepare nano-sized sulfur particles through reduction processes. Stable suspensions were obtained for more than 30 days. The crystalline structure of the prepared samples was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD). It showed a crystalline growth of nano-sized sulfur particles from the non-crystalline structure at a concentration of 0.5 mL. The crystalline bundles began to appear at a concentration of 1 mL, and their intensity increased, and good bundles appeared at a concentration of 1.5 mL. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to study the same prepared samples, and the particle size range was (19.59-43.47 nm), (31.33-44.23 nm), and (31.52-62.64 nm). The method was characterized by its ease, low cost, and absence of harmful environmental gas emissions.

Application of biodegradable plastic and their environmental impacts: A revie

The increasing environmental concerns linked to the extensive use of traditional plastics have led to a rising interest in bioplastics, mostly because of their capacity to biodegrade and their reliance on organic materials. This study examines the harmful impacts of petroleum-derived plastics on the ecosystem, animals, and human health, highlighting the pressing requirement for sustainable alternatives. The enduring characteristics of plastics, together with their role in exacerbating global warming and emission of harmful gases when burned, highlight the urgency of discovering environmentally-friendly alternatives. The research promotes the use of biodegradable materials as a practical alternative, highlighting their ability to break down through the action of microorganisms without causing harm to the environment. In addition, the text discusses the constraints of recycling and highlights the importance of developing alternatives such as polylactide, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyhydroxy butyrates, starch, and cellulose to reduce the negative environmental impact of conventional plastics. This work adds to the current discussion on shifting towards sustainable materials in order to address the growing problem of plastic pollution.

Fuzzy controller system utilization to increase the hydrogen production bioreactor capacity: toward sustainability and low carbon technology

Abstract The utilization of bio-hydrogen as a fuel source holds immense promise as a renewable energy option, offering compelling economic and environmental advantages. This study investigates the economic and environmental advantages of bio-hydrogen as a renewable energy source compared to fossil fuels, focusing on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The enhancement of anaerobic hydrogen production reactor capacity is explored through the application of a fuzzy controller system. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the fuzzy controller outperforms other methods in augmenting biological hydrogen production, effectively addressing the inherent non-linear characteristics of the system. In contrast, limitations in robustness against system uncertainty are observed with the non-linear controller. Exceptional tracking of desired values by the fuzzy controller, even in the presence of model uncertainty, results in a lower integral of time multiplied by squared error (ITSE) performance index compared to non-linear and proportional–integral controllers. Emphasizing the viability of the fuzzy method for regulating hydrogen production processes, potential gains of up to 95% in biological hydrogen production are indicated compared to open-loop configurations. This clean-burning fuel holds promise for industrial applications, contributing to the reduction of harmful gas emissions. The findings underscore the transformative potential of the fuzzy controller system in advancing sustainable hydrogen production and its significant role in addressing environmental concerns.

Decision-making for solar panel selection using Sugeno-Weber triangular norm-based on q-rung orthopair fuzzy information

Solar power is an alternative energy derived from the sun. Solar power is more environmentally friendly and sustainable than burning fossil fuels which releases harmful greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate a reliable solar panel based on certain characteristics by incorporating the theory of the decision-making process. To serve this goal, this study discusses a well-known aggregation model of the q-rung orthopair fuzzy set, which is a broader and flexible environment of fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets used to handle unpredictable information of human opinions. The key components of this article are to demonstrate some realistic operations of Sugeno–Weber triangular norms considering q-rung orthopair fuzzy information. These operations provide authentic estimated information during the decision-making process. We developed a class of new aggregation operators using the q-rung orthopair fuzzy information system, including q-rung orthopair fuzzy Sugeno–Weber power weighted average and q-rung orthopair fuzzy Sugeno–Weber power weighted geometric operators. Some realistic characteristics and special cases are also demonstrated to show the compatibility of the proposed methodologies. An innovative approach to the multi-attribute decision-making problem is utilized to resolve different real-life applications considering various criteria or attributes. To show the intensity and applicability of the proposed approaches, we explored a numerical example for efficient solar panel selection based on the proposed methodologies. Furthermore, we presented a comprehensive comparison technique to compare the findings of the existing methods with the proposed aggregation approaches. Finally, the proposed research work is summarized, and the future prospects are discussed.

Hygiene and common health related problems prevalent in slum area of Varanasi

In modern times, it has become so important to take care of one’s health and hygiene. With the rising population levels, pollution levels, emission of harmful gases,it has to be a priority for everyone to maintain their health and hygiene. Health and hygiene is interrelated with each other. The present study was conducted on the hygiene and common health related problems in slum area of Varanasi. An interview method was used to collect the information regarding health and hygiene. In this study only 44 per cent respondents was adopted handwash practices and 66 per cent womens suffered from anaemia. 30 per cent of women had irregular menstrual cycle whereas 25 per cent of women suffered from urinary tract infection. Almost half of the women had in flammatory problems related to joints and abdomen.

A smart contract and IPFS-based framework for secure electric vehicles synchronization at charging station

The growth of electric vehicles (EVs) at a significant pace is a promising solution for reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional vehicles. Nevertheless, optimal and efficient EV charging management is a serious concern that needs to be solved for the benefit of both charging stations (CSs) and EVs. In this regard, we proposed a smart contract and Interplanetary File System (IPFS)-based secure EV synchronization framework at the CS utilizing a 5G wireless network. Blockchain technology strengthens the security of the EV charging at the CS in a synchronized and coordinated manner. The IPFS and 5G wireless network ensure efficient and reliable EVs synchronization to charge vehicles from the available number of charging points (CPs) at a CS. Furthermore, we have coordinated and synchronized the EV charging, considering various scenarios based on the waiting queue time, energy demand, and EVs (they can arrive in an emergency). We have shown the implementation interface of the proposed model based on the execution of a smart contract using the Remix Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Moreover, we have performed the security analysis of the smart contract using Echidna fuzzing-based tool to ensure the secure EVs allocation to the corresponding CS. Finally, the performance analysis of the IPFS and smart-based proposed model is evaluated and simulated considering various metrics such as transaction storage cost analysis, computational and communication overhead analysis, utilized cost based on the smart contract functions, and the number of EVs.

Including Carbon Dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide Production in the Lifetime Costs of Buildings

Reduction in the consumption of operational (primary) energy and emissions of harmful gases has recently become the focus of attention of the civil engineering sector. In this context, there is also emphasized the energy consumption and emission production values associated with the whole life cycle of the construction materials used, which is referred to as “bundled energy consumption” and “bundled emissions”. This paper analyses the energy performance certificates in combination with the SBToolCZ methodology. Sustainability Building Tool is a methodology designed to assess the sustainability of buildings. This methodology is used to assess the environmental impact of buildings at different stages of their life cycle, such as production, operation and demolition of the building. The amount of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide produced during the life cycle of buildings was determined by analysing and extending the building assessment data by the SBToolCZ methodology, which was subsequently valued and incorporated into the lifetime costs. The data from 17 case studies from the Czech environment were analysed. Taking these environmental impacts into account, valuing them and analysing the cash flows of investors and society shows the importance of paying increased attention to sustainable construction and reducing its negative impact on the environment and climate. Research data shows that 30% of the operating costs of buildings are the societal costs associated with CO2,eqv. and SO2,eqv. production.

Measuring the Impact of Technology Innovations and Renewable Energy Consumption for Enhancing Environmental Sustainability in India: Empirical Evidence from ARDL Approach

Rising carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at a breakneck pace is a serious problem for sustainable development. To ensure climate-protected sustainable development, we have to promote safe and sustainable energy for the future. Here, the production and consumption of renewable energy is having a vital role. Apart from this, technological innovation is also crucial to taste the benefits of renewable energy and reduce the emission of different harmful gases. Against this backdrop, the present study intends to investigate the contribution of technological innovation along with the use of renewable energy in ensuring environmental sustainability in India using the ARDL model. Further, the Granger causality test is also performed in this study to check the direction of causality among the variables. The results of this study reveal that renewable energy consumption reduces CO2 emissions in India in both the short and long run. This means that using renewable energy would help India to bring environmental sustainability through reducing CO2 emissions. However, a positive relationship is noted between technological innovation and CO2 emissions. This may imply innovation in technology in India is unable to act as an instrument to bring environmental sustainability.

Pathway of reducing CO2 emission and harmful exhaust gases in transport by using electric buses-the example of Belgrade

The buses have an irreplaceable role in the public transport system, regardless of city size. Buses powered by internal combustion engines (diesel, CNG) are still the most common concept of city buses, but in the last few years, the use of fully electric buses (E-buses) has been growing. One of the reasons for the increasing use of electric buses is their environmental advantages over conventional buses: zero emissions at the local level (Tank-To-Wheel) emission, more favourable carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at the regional or national level (Well-To-Wheel), and higher energy efficiency. The EKO1 line (Vukov Spomenik-Belvil) has operated in Belgrade since 2016, with five full electric buses. The paper will present the environmental aspects of using electric buses on line EKO1 compared to diesel and CNG buses. The environmental aspects of E-buses were researched through the effects of reducing the emission of harmful exhaust gases caused by eliminating the use of diesel-powered or CNG-powered buses and introducing E-buses. Within the ecological suitability of the using E-buses, the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) that occurs indirectly during electricity production was researched and a comparison was made with the emissions of CO2 caused by the combustion of diesel fuel and CNG in buses with conventional propulsion. The paper also examined the energy efficiency of buses with different drive systems on the line EKO1, based on the analyzed energy consumption. As a result of the analysis, the introduction of electric buses on the EKO1 line was justified from the point of view of improving the environment through the reduction of harmful gas emissions and decarbonization as well as better energy efficiency.

Monitoring of atmospheric air pollution in the samarkand region under the influence of vehicles

This article examines the influence of road transport on air pollution in the city of Samarkand, Republic of Uzbekistan. Based on the results of an analysis of the city map, five streets were identified with the largest number of vehicles. As part of the study, the volumes of emissions of harmful gases emitted by vehicles were measured, for this purpose 2 stationary and 2 mobile environmental control posts were used. Based on the results of measurements, it was revealed that road transport accounts for about 30.7 percent of the volume of emissions of pollutants into the air from all emissions in the city of Samarkand. Based on the results of the studies, appropriate conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made to reduce the impact of road transport on the city’s environment.

Use of an absorber for the regeneration of hydrotreating catalysts using a steam-air mixture

This article explores the processing of high-sulfur petroleum products into low-sulfur fuels without harming the environment. Specifically, it discusses the implementation of EURO-3 standards at the Bukhara Oil Refinery in Uzbekistan since 2022. The study examines the hydrodesulfurization process used to treat high-sulfur heavy fractions of oil. The primary aim of the research is to improve the method of oxidative regeneration of hydrotreating catalysts. Modern techniques are proposed for restoring the activity of used catalysts, one of which involves regeneration with a steam-air mixture. This new method offers numerous advantages over traditional approaches, including significant savings in energy and materials, reduced process duration, and decreased emissions of harmful gases into the environment. Consequently, this method not only enhances production efficiency but also plays a crucial role in protecting both the environment and human health.

Impact of developed software package application for the operation and maintenance management on improving the vehicle fleet energy efficiency

In order to improve the energy efficiency of the vehicle fleets, many countries have introduced laws, regulations and politics that encourage the use of vehicles with lower fuel consumption and lower emissions of harmful gases. Also, many companies have adopted strategies for lowering emissions of harmful gases, maintenance costs and vehicle exploitation, including the use of software packages for operation management and maintenance of vehicle fleets. On the international market there are numerous of already made software packages for the operation management and maintenance of vehicle fleets. Some of the companies, having in mind the specificity of business or vehicle exploitation, have decided to develop their own software packages for operation management and maintenance of vehicle fleets. One of them is the company "SRBOLAB" LLC. This paper analyzed the impact of the developed software package on the energy efficiency of the company's vehicle fleet. Firstly, it describes the structure of the developed software package, and after that, applied measures next to the software package, in order to improve energy efficiency and obtained results in the form of an analysis of the energy efficiency of the observed vehicle fleet before and after the implementation of software and measures. Analysis has shown that, regardless of the increased business, the total fuel consumption (l) and mileage (km) are higher after the implementation of software, as well as the energy efficiency of the observed vehicle fleet per CE groups which is reduced to specific fuel consumption (l/100km). Obtained results show that the differences in the specific fuel consumption (l/100km), before and after the implementation of software per CE groups, are in the range of 0,32 l/100km to 1,26 l/100km, in other words, fuel savings are from 4,1 % to 16,8%, if you look at this in percentages. Obtained results in comparison to the size, spent fuel (l), are showing savings in the range of 89 l to 342 l. Total fuel savings (l) for the observed vehicle fleet in the period of January to April 2023 is 626 l.

An Integrated Entropy-TOPSIS Approach for Electric Vehicle Selection

Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained a significant role in reducing emissions of harmful greenhouse gases, which can result in serious effects like global warming, deteriorating air quality, etc. Thus, it helps tackle concerns related to the environment and health of the general public. Many nations are switching towards this new era of electric mobility, thus promoting and contributing to the goal of sustainable development. Due to the rapid evolution and expanding scope of the electric vehicle market, selecting the best alternative between various existing EV models was tedious. In this paper, the electric vehicle in the Indian market context was considered along with the TOPSIS approach as a multi-criteria decision-making tool (MCDM) for choosing and ranking the best available choice for the electric vehicle present in the Indian market for the customer. The entropy method is used to obtain the weights associated with the criteria. For this study, thirteen electric vehicles have been selected as alternatives. This study contributes by giving a real preference order, considering a broad set of selection criteria, and evaluating the best alternative from the existing EVs.

Impact of diamond nanothread on the viscosity of asphalt binder: Insights from atomistic simulations

Viscosity stands as a pivotal property within asphalt binder, exerting influence not only over the pavement quality and construction efficiency but also over energy consumption and harmful gas emissions. Lower viscosity at the mixing temperature can reduce the energy consumption and emissions remarkably. As such, extensive efforts have been devoted to tailor the viscosity of asphalt by adding nanomaterials. Through atomistic simulations, this work provides an in-depth assessment on the viscosity of asphalt binder modified by ultrathin diamond nanothread (DNT). It is observed that the addition of DNT can reduce the viscosity of asphalt, a phenomenon traced back to the sp3-bonded nature of DNT that prevents the formation of π - π bonds with asphaltene molecules. Notably, samples endowed with higher count of stacked asphaltene molecules tend to display higher viscosity. Further investigation reveals that the sample with aggregated DNTs exhibits a lower viscosity, as the aggregated DNTs exert a more subdued influence on asphalt molecule mobility. Specifically, DNTs are found to promote the mobility of all molecules, and a remarkable enhancement on the mobility of saturated molecules is observed. This distinct behavior sets them apart from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), where viscosity rises with increasing content due to the SWNT-induced aggregation of asphaltene molecules. Overall, this work unveils the intricate mechanisms influencing the viscosity of asphalt binders through diamond nanostructures. These findings could be beneficial for the design of asphalt binders with tailored rheological properties.