Productivity Growth Rates Research Articles

Оценка реализации национальных проектов в сфере транспортной инфраструктуры (на примере регионов ЮФО)

The article analyzes the preliminary results of the implementation of the “Safe Quality Roads” and “Comprehensive Plan for the Modernization and Expansion of Main Infrastructure” projects, and identifies the regional features of their implementation for individual regions of the Southern Federal District - the Rostov region, the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Crimea. By 2022, the basic values ​​for individual target indicators have been achieved and, in general, given the existing positive dynamics in 2024, the rest will most likely be achieved. At the same time, project passports require revision taking into account regional characteristics. In Crimea, the share of roads that meet regulatory requirements is determined at a fairly low level - 38.8%, and with the current trend towards an increase in freight turnover, motorization, and tourist flow, road safety is significantly reduced, as evidenced by high accident rates. In this regard, target indicators for the quality of the road network should be revised upward. For the Rostov region, the federal project “Road Network” should include a list of agglomerations and for each of them the values ​​of basic indicators should be determined. Particular attention should be paid to the issue of transport support for small isolated settlements in all regional passports. “Safe Quality Roads” and “Comprehensive Plan for the Modernization and Expansion of Trunk Infrastructure” are labor-intensive and capital-intensive projects that require modern equipment and technologies. Infrastructure development will support the overall economic strategy. However, to achieve the assigned tasks, it is necessary to mobilize industrial production so that the modernization and creation of infrastructure is provided with domestic equipment and technologies. Based on the results of 2021, it can be argued that a qualitative transformation of the economy, accompanied by an acceleration in the growth rate of labor productivity, did not occur.

The effect of methyl jasmonate on growth, stevioside and rebaudioside A production in Stevia rebaudiana shoot culture using mist bioreactor

Steviol glycosides (SG) from Stevia rebaudiana have been used as natural sweeteners to substitute sucrose. SG production naturally needs large biomass. Therefore, it requires large area of cultivation. In vitro cultivation can be used as an alternative to propagate Stevia, as well as for increasing the production of SG. In this experiment, we conducted Stevia propagation in bioreactor and induced SG production through methyl jasmonate (MeJa) elicitation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of MeJA on plant growth and SG contents in Stevia shoot cultivated using mist bioreactor. Elicitation was carried out by MeJa spraying for 30 min every 6 h. In treatment A, we used 10 μM MeJa for 72 h and 100 μM MeJa for 24 h for treatment B. The results showed that treatment A gave higher increase in shoot growth (485%), biomass production (547%), and relative growth rate (0.13) compared to treatment B. There was no significant difference in stevioside content among treatments (A and B) and controls, meanwhile treatment B produced rebaudioside A (0.0113 mg/g) higher than treatment A (0.0062 mg/g). We concluded that treatment A was better in inducing growth and treatment B could be used to increase rebaudioside A.

Assessing the Moderating Effect of Political Stability on the Relationship between FDI and Economic Prosperity: The Case of Jordan

Objectives: The current research focuses on proving that Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a significant source for developing countries like Jordan. Therefore, Current research aims to investigate the impact of FDI on the economic prosperity of Jordan, focusing on how this relationship is affected by the country's political stability. The study incorporates the time series data from 2011 to 2021. The economic prosperity of the country is measured through the real gross domestic product (Real GDP) growth rate. Methods: The econometric analysis indicates that FDI has a positive significant impact on the economic prosperity of Jordan, but the political stability of the country also influences this effect. by using these indicators Unit Root Test, Regression Analysis, and Hierarchical Regression Analysis. Results: The findings indicate that the political instability of the country hurts the relationship between FDI and economic prosperity. Current research has positive significant implications for economic policymakers and politicians of Jordan. Conclusion: Jordanian policymakers and politicians should focus on improving the country's political stability, which will lead to attracting more FDI and economic prosperity.

Demographic Globalization: Contribution to Global Economic Growth in Long-Term Perspective

Demography is one of the important factors of the Great Convergence. We estimate the contribution of the demographic factor to the prospective GDP dynamics for all countries of the world up to 2100. We use a long-term economic growth model that is based on estimates of labor productivity growth rates and incorporates the demographic forecast for both population and life expectancy. Globally, our model estimates long-term economic growth of world GDP at an average annual rate of 1.7 per cent, of which the demographic factor accounts for 0.54 percentage points, or about one-third (31.8 per cent) of the projected world economic growth in the twenty-first century. In our forecasts, we have relied on the logic of the previous research on convergence, which considered a sufficiently high level of the human capital development and a sufficient degree of economic openness as necessary conditions for convergence, which have now largely been achieved throughout the world precisely through the globalization processes (especially in the core and the semi-periphery of the World System). However, the inclusion of the demographic projections in our forecasts allows us to emphasize an important feature of the perspective convergence – it is not the semi-periphery, but rather the periphery of the World System, or the ‘bottom billion’ according to Collier, that is likely to converge particularly rapidly with both the core and the semi-periphery (such as the BRICS countries) thanks to favorable demographic structure. The paper has been prepared within the framework of RANEPA state assignment in 2023.

A Sraffian model of Pasinetti's natural economic system

Pasinetti's (1981) natural economic system is a central idea of Pasinetti's structural economic dynamics, which explains various features of a growing economy, focusing on an evolving structure of commodity prices, an evolving structure of production, and the time pass of the wage rate and the rate of profit (Pasinetti, 1981, p.128). It exhibits three core properties: first, the sum of the growth rate of the quantity of labour and the growth rate of demand or the growth rate of labour productivity determines the rate of profit (the natural rate of profit). Second, under a ‘positive’ natural rate of profit, the quantity of labour commanded by a commodity equals the quantity of labour embodied in the commodity (a pure labour theory of value). Finally, equal rewards should be paid for equal amounts of homogenous labour (the basic principle of equal rewards). These core properties were examined, using our Sraffian discrete-time models corresponding to the three cases. The first model explains the simple case of a growing economy with no technical change and an invariant composition of demand. The second model treats the difference between the actual net product and the standard net product, assuming no technical change and an invariant composition of demand. The third model explains the occurrence of technical progress in a growing economy. The validity of three core properties of the natural economic system in Pasinetti (1981) is examined by three Sraffian models.

An Integrated Analysis on the Synergistic Reduction of Carbon and Pollution Emissions from China’s Iron and Steel Industry

Decarbonization and decontamination of the iron and steel industry (ISI), which contributes up to 15% to anthropogenic CO2 emissions (or carbon emissions) and significant proportions of air and water pollutant emissions in China, are challenged by the huge demand for steel. Carbon and pollutants often share common emission sources, indicating that emission reduction could be achieved synergistically. Here, we explored the inherent potential of measures to adjust feedstock composition and technological structure and to control the size of the ISI to achieve carbon emission reduction (CER) and pollution emission reduction (PER). We investigated five typical pollutants in this study, namely, petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants and chemical oxygen demand in wastewater, particulate matter, SO2, and NOx in off gases, and examined synergies between CER and PER by employing cross elasticity for the period between 2022 and 2035. The results suggest that a reduction of 8.7%–11.7% in carbon emissions and 20%–31% in pollution emissions (except for particulate matter emissions) could be achieved by 2025 under a high steel scrap ratio (SSR) scenario. Here, the SSR and electric arc furnace (EAF) ratio serve critical roles in enhancing synergies between CER and PER (which vary with the type of pollutant). However, subject to a limited volume of steel scrap, a focused increase in the EAF ratio with neglection of the available supply of steel scrap to EAF facilities would lead to an increase carbon and pollution emissions. Although CER can be achieved through SSR and EAF ratio optimization, only when the crude steel production growth rate remains below 2.2% can these optimization measures maintain the emissions in 2030 at a similar level to that in 2021. Therefore, the synergistic effects between PER and CER should be considered when formulating a development route for the ISI in the future.

Agricultural and resource economy of Ukraine and problems for economic growth

Ukraine’s economy is highly dependent on the agricultural sector; it is the main component of the country’s international specialisation in the international arena and is one of the main representatives of budget revenues. Thus, its research remains relevant, as does the investigation of historical prerequisites and prospects for this. The purpose of the study was to assess the latest trends in the development of the industry and, based on them, form recommendations for the development of the country, in particular, in wartime conditions. The main methods used in the study were analysis, historical analysis, forecasting, and abstraction. Within the framework of the study, some statistical data describing the latest trends in the development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine were analysed, including international trade in industry products, the amount of land planted with agricultural crops, the amount of livestock products produced. It was found that there were positive trends in the development of agriculture in the country, especially in the field of crop production. However, the events of 2014 and 2022 have led to political and economic instability in the country, resulting in stagnation (in the case of animal husbandry) and a decrease in growth rates (for crop production). Considering the difficulties that exist for the development of crop production in war conditions, separate recommendations were proposed for the development of national policy. These include minimising the negative impact of corruption (developing institutions), promoting innovation, and attracting investment. Although some such actions are already being implemented by the state in the form of various support measures, they are still not enough to solve all the problems of development in the sector. The paper brings new knowledge to the field of research in the agricultural sector, in particular in Ukraine. This knowledge will allow for more effective policy-making for both public sector representatives and entrepreneurs

ОСНОВНЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ И ПРИНЦИПЫ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ МАЛОГО БИЗНЕСА АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРА ЭКОНОМИКИ

Small agricultural enterprises, providing high growth rates of agricultural production, are a significant resource of the state, whose role in the implementation of the food program is growing every year. Recent years have shown an increase in the number of small enterprises engaged in the cultivation of grain crops in the Russian Federation and in the Voronezh region.
 At the same time, many small agricultural enterprises have an insufficient level of production, labor and financial resources, which disrupts the sustainable development of economic entities and the occurrence of bankruptcy of small businesses, the termination of activities. All this requires the search for new approaches and principles for the formation of sustainable development of agricultural enterprises and the definition of their priority areas.
 The article summarizes and analyzes the existing concepts of "sustainability". The economic realities in the field of grain production are considered on the example of small enterprises in the Voronezh region. The risks and threats that contribute to the decline in the development of the grain sector of the economy, represented by small agricultural enterprises in the Voronezh region, are identified.
 The author proposes a system of qualitative and quantitative indicators to assess the level of sustainable development of small agricultural enterprises.
 To obtain conclusions on the stated topic of the publication, the method of comparing and comparing the indicators of small enterprises in the Voronezh region was used. The main principles of sustainable development of small businesses in the agricultural sector are disclosed, the implementation of which in the practice of small agricultural enterprises will contribute to the sustainable development of small businesses, the growth of food security in the Voronezh region and the Russian Federation as a whole.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Chinas Quarterly Economy Growth Rate: Evidence from ARIMA Model

The COVID-19 pandemic unleashed unprecedented economic turmoil worldwide, with China, as its epicenter, experiencing profound repercussions. This study investigates the pandemic's impact on China's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate, considering macroeconomic, microeconomic, and societal dimensions. COVID-19 disrupted international trade, manufacturing, and supply chains, causing significant economic contractions. China's resilient response strategies, encompassing fiscal policies, digital transformation, and e-commerce promotion, played a pivotal role in stabilizing the economy. Utilizing ARIMA modeling and credible data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China, this research quantitatively assesses the pandemic's effects. It highlights the necessity for adaptable economic models that incorporate dynamic societal changes during crises. Policymakers can draw valuable insights from this study for crafting effective crisis response strategies, while investors can identify sector-specific opportunities in technology and related industries, influenced by shifts in consumer behavior. In summary, this study offers a comprehensive analysis of COVID-19's impact on the growth rate of China's GDP, providing a methodological framework, policy implications, and investment insights. As global economies recover from the pandemic's aftermath, these findings will continue to guide decision-makers in building resilient and adaptable economies for the future.

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate in Bangladesh.

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate in Bangladesh.

The impact of fiscal policy on female labor force participation in Egypt

There is no doubt that women play a vital role in all aspects of economic activities around the globe. However, despite the great efforts that governments have made over the past three decades to increase women’s integration into the labor market, their participation is still relatively low compared to men. On the other hand, economic literature argues that the government can use fiscal policy tools such as tax revenue and spending to decrease gender inequality in the labor market. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of government spending and tax revenue shocks on the female labor force participation rate (the share of women in the total labor force) in Egypt. Annual time-series data were collected from the Central Bank of Egypt and the World Bank from 1990 to 2021, where the vector autoregressive (VAR) model and impulse response functions have been used. The results suggest that government spending and tax revenue shocks increase gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, female labor force participation, and inflation. Results validated the research hypotheses and showed that a one standard deviation shock to either government spending or tax revenue has a positive impact on female labor force participation. Therefore, the study recommends that using an expansionary fiscal policy may increase the accessibility of Egyptian women to the labor market.

The oil production-mineral extraction-economic development nexus: A critical reappraisal

Using a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model, this study examines the relationship between crude oil and mineral extraction, and economic development in resource-dependent countries during the period 1995–2015. The results indicate that the performance of crude oil has a positive and significant short-term impact on economic development indicators, gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates, and employment. Additionally, in countries dependent on mineral resources, increases in crude oil prices increases employment rates by 0.8 %. This study also identified a significant long-term link between mineral resource extraction and economic growth, demonstrating that in nations dependent on mineral resources, an increase in crude oil performance is statistically significantly correlated with a 1.5 % increase in GDP growth. The results help clarify the dynamics at play and offer useful information for stakeholders and policymakers as they develop plans for sustainable economic growth and manage the problems brought on by resource dependency.

Resource Use and Economic Potential of Chickpea Cultivation in Haryana, India

The study was conducted in Bhiwani, Dadri and Mahendragarh districts of Haryana during the year 2021-22. Budgeting technique was employed to draw practical implications and production function was used for measure the extent of resource use in chickpea cultivation for taking policy decisions to encourage its cultivation in Haryana. The Negative growth rates of area and production of chickpea was observed in Haryana during last two decades (2000-01 to 2020-21). In same period owing large replacement of area towards mustard and wheat. The gross and net returns of Chickpea cultivation in Haryana worked out were Rs. 75842 ha-1 andRs. 21550 ha-1. The value of B:C ratio was 1.40 over total cost. The Marginal value productivity (MVP) Value of Chemical fertilizer, plant protection chemicals, machinery and irrigation was greater than unity for Bhiwani, Dadri, Mahendragarh and Haryana which indicates that these inputs were underutilized in the respective districts and Haryana. On the other side, the value of MVP were less than unity for Human Labour and seed in all districts indicating that these resources were over utilized, needs to be curtailed for higher returns. The major Constraints faced by Chickpea growers were unavailability of improved varieties in local market (85.83%), Price realization less than M.S.P./underpricing their produce (80.83%), Non-adoption of package of practice/ low input used (75.83%) and high incidence of insect-pest (64.17%).

CONTINUOUS PEDIOCIN PRODUCTION BY PEDIOCOCCUS ACIDILACTICI USING DAIRY WASTE

Objective: The production of pediocin by Pediococcus acidilactici has been conducted in continuous operation using dairy waste, namely whey. Methods: Whey supplemented with yeast extract was used as growth media of P. acidilactici. A series of batch fermentation have been conducted in whey with varying concentrations (0–40 g/L) of yeast extract. A continuous mode of fermentation was performed at the dilution rate of 0.05–0.25/h. The volumetric productivity of pediocin in continuous run has also been compared with batch process. A mathematical model has been developed to explain the reactor performance for pediocin production in both batch and continuous processes. Results: The highest specific pediocin production rate (36.8 AU mg/cell dry mass/h) and growth rate (0.41/h) were observed in batch runs using whey broth supplemented with 20 g/L yeast extract. Maximum cell growth and pediocin activity were obtained at 1.36 g/L and 2286 AU/mL in batch experiments. The highest pediocin productivity (514125 AU/h) was found in continuous mode for a dilution rate of 0.0625/h. The model was validated through well matching of simulated data with experimental ones. Conclusion: The study should be suitable for large-scale implementation of pediocin production.

PSIII-13 Effects of Weather, Body Weight, and Feed Intake on Total and Liquid Water Intake in Beef Bulls

Abstract Research conducted in the 1950s to determine water requirements used cattle that vary greatly from the animals being raised today. Changes in lean composition and growth rate in young cattle and milk production and mature size in cows have likely altered water requirements. Furthermore, most of the research has been conducted on animals being fed for slaughter, rather than bulls or reproductive females. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of weather variables, dry matter intake (DMI), and body weight (BW) on total daily water intake (TDWI) in growing beef bulls. Angus (n = 15) and Simmental x Angus bulls (n = 29) with an average initial BW of 362.5 ± 27.0 kg were housed in an open front, monoslope building at the SDSU Cow-Calf Education and Research Facility (CCERF) from November 9, 2021, to March 1, 2022. Bulls were provided with ad libitum access to feed (1.15 Mcal NEg/kg dry matter, 14% crude protein, 52.2% dry matter) and water using the Insentec Roughage Intake Control system (Hokofarm, Marknesse, Netherlands). Feed and water disappearance were assumed to be caused by intake. Water intake was measured in kg; however, the data were converted to L based on a correction factor determined by weighing a known amount of water. Body weights were taken every 28 d to determine ADG and predict daily BW during the duration of the study. Daily weather variables were collected from the South Dakota Mesonet station located 3.86 km from the CCERF. Weather variables analyzed included: average windchill (°C), solar radiation (W/m2), and wind speed (km/h); and minimum, maximum, and average relative humidity (%) and average temperature (°C). R-studio (R-4.1.2.pkg) was used to develop a linear mixed effects model with random intercept and slope used to account for the within subject correlations. Total daily water intake increased with increasing DMI (1.921 L TDWI per kg DMI; P < 0.0001), BW (0.025 L TDWI per kg BW; P = 0.0055), and maximum daily temperature (0.171 L TDWI per 1°C; P = 0.0023). For every 1% increase in the minimum relative humidity, TDWI tended to increase by 0.041 L (P = 0.0616). Warmer wind chill also tended to increase TDWI (0.463 L per 1°C; P = 0.0707). The effects of DMI, BW, maximum daily temperature, minimum relative humidity, and wind chill were predictive of TDWI in growing beef bulls fed during the winter months in South Dakota. This model will be useful for predicting TDWI in growing beef bulls that are raised in areas that experience similar winter weather conditions.

Inequality and growth impacts of climate change—insights from South Africa * *This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 821124 (NAVIGATE), the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No 101081369 (SPARCCLE), the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No.

The impact of climate change on economic growth has been the subject of numerous studies in recent years, with macro-econometric analyses estimating the effect of rising temperatures on gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates at the country-level. However, the distributional impact of warming on inequality and poverty at the micro-level remains relatively unexplored. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between temperature and inequality in South Africa at the national and sub-national level. Our analysis reveals a significant -shaped relationship between temperature and inequality indices, with inequality lowest at moderate temperatures (11 ∘C–18 ∘C) and increasing sharply as temperatures increase. We find that the optimal temperatures are lower for inequality measures than for income levels. This indicates that substantial increases in inequality are expected at higher temperatures compared to growth impacts. This effect is particularly noticeable for the poorer segments of the population, whose productivity and wages decline as temperatures increase, while the impact on the richer segments is less significant due to their greater adaptive capacity. In terms of mechanisms, we find that agricultural households are more likely to experience an increase in inequality due to warming. Our findings suggest that global warming has two adverse effects on hot countries: reducing average growth and increasing inequality. We compare the outcomes of the moderate RCP6.0 scenario to a reference scenario without warming and find that by the end of the century, the Gini coefficient in South Africa is expected to increase by 3–6 points, resulting in a potential welfare loss of approximately 50% when combined with the impact of warming on GDP (which alone can reach up to 43% by 2100 in South Africa). Our findings highlight the importance of investigating the distributional effects of climate change at the micro-level, particularly in low- or middle-income countries where vulnerable populations are more susceptible to its impacts.

Evaluation of types of product reproduction in agricultural organizations

It is emphasized that reproduction in agriculture has its own characteristics, which is due to the decisive influence of the natural biological system, i.e. land, plants, animals. Natural and climatic conditions directly affect cultivated crops in crop production. Agricultural organizations of the autonomy grow wheat, barley, peas, corn, sunflower, rapeseed, fruits and grapes. These crops are leading; they occupy more than 95% of the land in cultivation. In this regard, the article examines the production indicators of these crops over the past 20 years. Calculations to determine the average annual rate of change in the gross harvest of these crops showed that the production of wheat, corn, sunflower, rapeseed and fruits is characterized by expanded reproduction. To substantiate the factors of production growth, calculations were made to determine the average annual growth rates of cultivation areas and yields. When comparing these data, the excess of the growth rate of areas over the increase in productivity indicates an extensive type of reproduction, with the opposite ratio, an intensive type of reproduction takes place.It is noted that the production of wheat and sunflower was carried out mainly in an extensive way, since the average annual growth rate of areas outpaced the growth rate of yields. The production of rapeseed was carried out mainly in an intensive way - the growth rate of productivity outstripped the growth of sown areas. The cultivation of corn and fruits was carried out on an intensive basis: in the face of a decrease in the area of cultivation of crops, an increase in the gross harvest was ensured by increasing the yield of crops. The article used economic-mathematical, abstract-logical and graphic methods of research.

Growth rate of area, production and productivity of various crops in differences regions of Gujarat

Growth rate of area, production and productivity of various crops in differences regions of Gujarat

Assessment of Rice Status in Terai Madhesh Cluster (TMC) of Nepal

This study was carried out in the 21 districts of Terai Madhesh Cluster (TMC) from Ilam in East to Kanchanpur in West by adopting the data from Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu from 2000/01 to 2019/20. The main objective of this study is to review the status of rice at Terai Madhesh Cluster (TMC) of Nepal through trend analysis and to assess the Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis and intervention strategy development. The growth rate in the area of rice was found in ‘Decreasing Trend’ while the growth rate of production of rice was found in ‘Increasing Trend’ within TMC. The average annual growth rate in the yield of rice in both TMC and National level was found in increasing trend but the average annual growth of rice yield in TMC was found comparatively higher than national level in past 2 decades which clearly indicates TMC as rice basket of Nepal. The SWOT analysis of rice sub-sector had found the need of strengthening the inputs, production, marketing, and processing and value addition strategies of rice. Hence, the government of Nepal should have to either formulate new or amend existing Land Use Policy to stop the decreasing trend in the growth rate of area of rice. Similarly, inputs, production, marketing, and processing and value addition strategies of rice should be further strengthened in order to maintain food security in country with overall prosperity.

Stokvel saving and banking sector liquidity in South Africa: cointegration and short-run dynamics

Stokvel is a term used in South Africa to denote an informal saving club. A large population of South Africa are members of one stokvel or the other. A large amount of stokvel savings go unaccounted for in the banking sector resulting in distortions in the flow of funds in the banking sector. Thus, the objective of this paper was to establish the presence of a long-run relationship and causality between stokvel savings, money supply, gross domestic product growth rate and banking sector liquidity in South Africa. Applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Error Correction Model (ECM) techniques on quarterly time series data for the period from 1987Q3 to 2020Q1, the study reveals that in the long run, stokvel savings and money supply were found to have a negative relationship with banking sector liquidity albeit insignificant, however, gross domestic product growth rate exhibited a negative and statistically significant relationship at 1%. The coefficient of the error correction model (ECM(-1)) was, as expected, negative and statistically significant thus providing evidence of a short-run relationship. This study concludes that informal savings must be included in the formal banking services to harness the cash that is held by the informal sector and thus improve banking sector liquidity while minimizing the prevalence of financial disintermediation.