Group Specific Substances Research Articles

Identification of ABO Blood Group Specific Substances from Human Epidermal Cells

The study reports the successful detection of ABO blood groups specific substances from heel serapings ubesined from 123 ‘donors’. Both mixed agglutination and absorption - elution techniques were ...

Identification of ABO Blood Group Specific Substances From Human Nails

Identification of ABO Blood Group Specific Substances From Human Nails

Saliva-induced aggregation of oral streptococci and the influence of blood group reactive substances

Aggregation of strains of Streptococcus rattus, Strep. Mutans and Strep. salivarius by saliva from individuals of blood groups A, B and O was investigated. Blood group A salivas had a significantly higher aggregation activity with Strep. rattus than blood group B salivas ( P < 0.05). However, Strep. mutans and Strep. salivarius were better aggregated by blood group B saliva and this was significant for Strep. mutans ( P < 0.05). For all three strains, the variance within blood group O was too large to give significant differences with either blood group A or B. The blood group A-specific carbohydrate, N- acetyl- d- galactosamine , inhibited aggregation of Strep. rattus, but not of the other strains. The blood group B-specific carbohydrate, d-galactose, inhibited aggregation of Strep. Mutans but not of Strep. Rattus or Strep. salivarius. l-Fucose, specific for blood group O failed to inhibit aggregation of any of the three strains. These findings suggest that blood group-specific substances may be involved in bacterial aggregation.

A, B and H group specific substances in human vitreous humor

The presence of A, B and H group specific substances in vitreous humor taken from 105 human corpses was determined. Good agreement was obtained between these group substances and the ABO blood group. The relationship with the secretor type is discussed.

Medicolegal Application of Human Blood Grouping

Although the inheritance, according to definite mendelian principles, of group-specific substances in human blood has been known for ten years, the application of this information to medicolegal questions has not yet been made. It is my object in the present paper to present the possibilities of this practical application and to define the instances in which it can be used. The term iso-agglutination describes the agglutination of red blood cells by contact with blood serum derived from another individual of the same species. Landsteiner, in 1901, showed that this is a normal phenomenon in all human blood, and reduced its occurrence to a definite law. With regard to the behavior of their serum and red blood cells, all human beings, without regard to race, sex or state of health, fall into one of three groups. In the first group the red cells are not agglutinable by any other human serum,

Determination of ABO(H) blood group specific substances from fingernails.

ABSTRACT Eighty-seven fingernails were analyzed for ABO(H) blood group substances. It was observed that with the application of modified absorption elution technique, the blood group substances can be successfully drawn from fingrnails.

Elution of Group-Specific Substance A from RBC of Various Subgroups of A and Its Effect on the Agglutination of A(x) RBC

Elution of Group-Specific Substance A from RBC of Various Subgroups of A and Its Effect on the Agglutination of A(x) RBC

Mixed agglutination on solid phase (MASP) and its inhibition (IMASP): Two immunoassays for soluble ABH group-specific substances

Two immunoassays are described: mixed agglutination on solid phase (MASP) and inhibition of mixed agglutination on solid phase (IMASP). The MASP assay permits detection and measurement of soluble A, B and H high molecular weight glycoproteins in secretor individuals with a sensitivity at least 800 times greater than the usual inhibition technique. Both secretors and non-secretors can be typed by the less sensitive IMASP test which also permits the detection of low molecular weight A, B and H substances.

Blood group specific substances in saliva of patients with cervical carcinoma

Secretion of blood group specific substances in saliva of 380 patients with carcinoma of the cervix was studied, along with age-matched controls. The study shows that carcinoma of the uterine cervix is much more common in non-secretors (55.0%) than in secretors (45.0%). Statistically, this difference was found to be highly significant (P < 0.001).

Detection of ABO group-specific substances on the red cells of the cynomolgus monkey.

Several attempts were made to demonstrate the presence of ABO blood group substances on the red blood cells (RBC) of the cynomolgus monkey. Neither the direct hemagglutination test nor the antibody absorption test was successful in detecting these substances from whole RBC, the stromata or the butanol extracts of RBC. By the heat elution of antibodies, however, the presence of ABH substances was demonstrated on RBC of every phenotype without fail. In all cases, there was a reciprocal relationship between the ABH substances of RBC and of saliva and the anti-A and anti-B antibodies in serum, being in good agreement with Landsteiner's rule. Accordingly, it can be concluded that a small amount of ABH substances must be present on RBC of the cynomolgus monkey.

The contribution of the minor mucous glands to the concentrations of blood group specific substances, carbohydrates and proteins in human mixed saliva

Human mixed saliva and secretions from the labial, palatine, parotid, submandibular and combined sublingual-submandibular glands were collected after pilocarpine stimulation from five subjects with different blood groups. The protein concentration of the minor gland secretions was in the same order of magnitude as in the other samples tested. The secretions of minor glands had high concentrations of total carbohydrate and fucose, but their relative contribution to mixed saliva could not be assessed because secretions of major glands had concentrations in the same range as mixed saliva. The secretions of minor glands had high concentrations of substances with blood-group specificity (A, B, Le a, Le b) and virus-haemagglutination inhibition activity. They appeared to contribute as much as the combined major gland secretions to the content of these substances in mixed saliva. The distribution of these substances indicated that different regions of the oral cavity may be exposed to fluids with different chemical characteristics.

Quantitation of the ABO system antigens by means of isoprecipitating antisera.

A quantitative method for the determination of blood group specific substances A and B on red blood cells was developed, using them to absorb isoprecipitating antisera anti-A and anti-B, followed by estimation of the residual antibody by means of a counterimmunoelectrophoretic technique with standard solutions of A and B substances prepared from saliva. The method was tested on a population of A2B donors. The mean amount of A substance in A2B RBC was 131 X 10(-12) +/- 217 X 10(-12) u/cell in the population of 95 donors. The A substance thus determined agreed significantly with values obtained by classical haemagglutinating titration. The mean amount of B substance in A2B RBC was 222 X 10(-12) +/- 178 X 10(-12) m/cell. The amounts of both the A and B substances were not correlated on the same RBC. Several peaks of the distribution curve of both substances confirmed the non-homogeneity of the populations, there being a wide standard deviation presumably due to differences in the antigen content of different subgroups.

Protein composition of human submandibular secretions

The protein composition of human submandibular saliva obtained from a single donor has been investigated, and 21 proteins have been resolved. On Sephadex G-100, submandibular secretions (unstimulated) separated into four fractions, I, II, III, and IV. Each fraction was analyzed further by isoelectric focusing and disc gel electrophoresis. The major components detected in each fraction along with their isoelectric point (p I) are as follows: I, blood group specific substance (2.3), immunoglobulin A (5.0–6.0), and immunoglobulin G (4.5–6.5); II, albumin (4.9), two glycoproteins (5.0), and acid phosphatase (5.2); III, three phosphoproteins (4.3–4.4), isoamylase 1A (5.9), isoamylase 1B (6.4), unidentified protein (7.1), lysozyme (>10), and a basic protein (>10); and IV, isoamylase 2A (5.9) and isoamylase 2B (6.4). Isoamylase 1A and IB are glycoproteins. Stimulated submandibular secretions were also resolved into four protein fractions by gel filtration. Fraction III, compared with unstimulated secretions, showed the greatest percent increase in protein. Analysis of this fraction by disc gel electrophoresis demonstrated the presence of four protein bands which were not detected in the unstimulated secretion. One of these proteins is tentatively identified as a phosphoprotein and two as basic proteins (p I > 10). The protein composition of submandibular, parotid, and sublingual secretions is compared.

Distribution of enzyme groups and serum proteins in a North German population.

The polymorphism of the gene frequencies of the five red cell markers, i.e. phosphoglucomutase, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase, and the two serum protein groups, i. e. haptoglobins and group-specific substances has been studied in a population sample of 224 inhabitants of North Germany. They are in good agreement with the previous studies done in different parts of Germany by other investigators.

Isoprecipitins: precipitating antibodies reacting with blood group specific substances.

Summary.A precipitating iso‐anti‐A was discovered in the serum of a female blood donor when routine tests were being performed for anti‐Au HAA antibody by means of counter‐immunoelectrophoresis. The isoprecipitin reacted with the sera of blood group A and AB donors and with dilute solutions of blood group A substance. Using the same technique, a significantly higher instance of anti‐A and anti‐B isoprecipitins was found in mothers of children suffering from haemolytic disease of the newborn due to ABO incompatibility. Regular screening of antenatal sera for precipitating anti‐A and anti‐B is recommended for possible antenatal prediction of affected infants. False positive reactions might be obtained when known Au HAA antigen‐positive sera used for screening for the presence of human anti‐Au HAA also contain A or B specific substances which could react with corresponding precipitating antibodies.

Demonstration of intercellular and basement-membrane zone antibodies in benign prostatic hypertrophy.

Low titers of antibodies reactive with an antigen present in the intercellular (IC) areas and basement-membrane zone (BMZ) of stratified squamous epithelium were observed in the serum of 26% (11 of 42) and 7% (3 of 42) patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, respectively, by the method of indirect immunofluorescence (IF). IC IF staining could be differentiated from similar IF patterns which are obtainable with sera from individuals with high titers of blood group isohemagglutinins by their stability following absorption with blood group-specific substances A and B. The finding of BMZ antibodies was particularly interesting in view of the suggested association of manifestations of bullous pemphigoid and the occurrence of internal malignancy.

Classification of Neisseria meningitidis Group B into Distinct Serotypes IV. Preliminary Chemical Studies on the Nature of the Serotype Antigen

Group B Neisseria meningitidis has been subdivided into 11 distinct serotypes by a sensitive bactericidal inhibition technique. The antigens responsible for induction of bactericidal type-specific antibodies were found to be extractable from the group B cells with heating at 100 C either by 0.017 n HCl in saline or by normal saline. These extracted serotype antigens were detected by a capillary precipitin test. The development of methods for extraction and assay of the serotype antigens permitted studies on their immunochemistry. The serotype antigens were distinct from the group-specific substance. Acid extracts contained abundant serotype antigen, but were devoid of group-specific substance. The identity of serotype antigens as proteins was confirmed by their sensitivity to Pronase and trypsin. The molecular weight of these antigens as estimated by G-200 Sephadex chromatography and by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels is in excess of 200,000 daltons. Saline extracts containing the serotype antigen could be fractionated into three distinct fractions with acetic acid: pH 4.5 and pH 3.5 precipitated fractions and a pH 3.5 supernatant fraction. The pH 4.5 precipitated fraction contained the serotype antigen.

A, B, and H Group Specific Substances in Cerumen

The author is a Crime Laboratory Analyst presently engaged in serological examination and hair and fiber comparison for the State of Illinois, Department of Law Enforcement, Bureau of Identification in Joliet, Illinois. Miss Dillon received her B.S. degree from the College of St. Francis in Joliet, Ill., and serves on the abstractor staff of the Technical Abstract Section of this Journal. EDITOR.

Tumors and blood groups

The biometrical and biological aspects of phenotypical associations between blood groups and diseases are discussed with a brief historical reference to the work done in this field. The statistical methods for studying this subject are described in detail and the present status of knowledge of the associations between the ABO blood groups and tumors is outlined. Current hypotheses as to the biological significance of these associations are discussed with special reference to the immunological analogy hypothesis, taking into account the most recent findings on the distribution of group-specific substances in the organism.

The Detection of A, B and H Group Specific Substances in Stains from Body Fluids by Absorption-Elution and Mixed Agglutination Techniques

The Detection of A, B and H Group Specific Substances in Stains from Body Fluids by Absorption-Elution and Mixed Agglutination Techniques