Group P2 Research Articles

Histological structure of Pectoralis thoracicus, small intestine, and growth performance of broiler chicken after supplementation of peanut hulls (Arachis hypogaea L.)

The main factor that must be considered in achieving the success of the broiler industry is feed. Processed peanuts from home industries produce waste material in the form of peanut hulls. This study aims to determine the effect of peanut hulls supplementation (PHS) on feed on the histological structure of the Pectoralis thoracicus (PT) muscle, small intestine, and the growth performance of broiler chickens. This study used 360 chickens then divided into 4 treatment groups with each group amounting to 90 with 3 replications. The control group (K) was given basal feed, perlakuan 1 (P1) group with PHS 0.25% /kg basal feed, group P2 with PHS 0.5%/kg basal feed, and group P3 with PHS 1%/kg basal feed. The treatment was carried out until the chicken was 18 days old. The parameters observed were chicken body weight at post-hatch age, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days, feed conversion ratio (FCR), histological structure of pectoralis muscle, and small intestine. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA, significance (P≤0.05). The results showed that body weight and FCR values of groups P1, P2, P3 were significant towards the control. The results of the pectoralis muscle treatment group were increased significantly compared to the control. The morphological results of duodenum and jejunum groups P1, P2, P3 were significantly increased towards the control. The conclusions of this study indicate that PHS in feed shows improved body weight, the FCR value, muscle performance of PT, and structure of small intestine of broiler chickens with the addition of the most optimal supplement of peanut hulls, which is 0.5%/kg basal diet.

Crystal structure, spectroscopic studies, DFT calculations, and biological activity of 5-bromosalicylaldehyde–based Schiff bases

A single-crystal X-ray diffraction investigation verified the chemical structure of (E)-ethyl-4-(5‑bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene amino)benzoate (1). Schiff base 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1¯ with unit cell dimensions of a = 5.961(2), b = 7.499(3), c = 17.112(6) Å and unit cell angles of α = 95.565(12), β = 94.192 (13), γ = 104.689(13)°. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations utilizing the B3LYP level of theory and the 6–31+G(d,p) basis set have validated the reported experimental geometries and spectroscopic data (UV–vis, FT-IR, 1H NMR) for 1 and 2-((E)-(4H-1,2,4-triazole-4-ylimino)methyl)-4-bromophenol (2), whereby Schiff base 2 corresponds to a literature known compound. The optimized geometry generated from DFT simulations was used to compute the molecules' vibrational frequencies. The experimentally observed frequencies are compared to the DFT calculated ones. TD-DFT simulations were also used to study the compounds' molecular electronic structures. The results of UV–vis spectroscopy, both experimental and computed, support the synthesis of the target compounds. The calculations of the molecular electrostatic potential surfaces of compounds 1 and 2 were performed. According to the calculated molecular electrostatic potential results, the reactive sites of 1 and 2 were determined.The compounds showed bactericidal activity against selective Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria except for 2 with no candidacidal activity compared to 1. In vitro cytotoxicity of 1 and 2 was screened for MCF-7 and fibroblasts cell lines by MTT assay. Results showed that 1 is more cytotoxic than 2 on MCF-7 but nontoxic on fibroblasts indicating that 1 has potential for further development in the search of safe and potent anticancer agent.

Effect of Giving Ethanol Extract of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) on Immunohistochemical Overview of CD40 in Cardiac Aorta of Male Wistar Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Induced by Cooking Oil

Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease that can cause death such as coronary heart disease. The use of used cooking oil can cause the formation of free fatty acids, trans fatty acids and free radicals that can trigger atherosclerosis. One of the biomarkers of atherosclerosis is CD40. Red dragon fruit contains anthocyanins which act as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ethanolic extract of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) (EEBNM) on CD40 immunohistochemistry in the heart aorta of male wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by cooking oil. This research is true experimental with randomized post-test-only control group design. The number of samples was 35 male wistar rats consisting of 7 groups. Group K0 (Standard normal diet). In group P1, P2 was given cooking oil 5 times for frying with EEBNM doses of 60 and 90 mg/kg BW per day. P3, P4 were given cooking oil 10 times for frying with EEBNM doses of 60 and 90 mg/kg BW per day. P5, P6 were given cooking oil 15 times for frying with EEBNM doses of 60 and 90 mg/kg BW per day for 60 days. The results of the kruskal-wallis test showed that there was a significant difference between the seven treatment groups (p-value=0.039). The results of the mann-whitney test in the treatment (P2) of frying 5 times at a dose of 90 mg/kg BW on the CD40 count the results showed a significant difference. This study proves that the ethanolic extract of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) can reduce the number of CD40 in the heart aorta of male wistar rats induced by cooking oil. Keywords: Atherosclerosis, Cooking Oil, Red Dragon Fruit, CD40.

Synthesis, structure, and scintillation of Rb4Ta2Si8O23

A new tantalum silicate, Rb4Ta2Si8O23, was synthesized as high-quality single crystals by the high temperature flux growth method. Rb4Ta2Si8O23 was found to exhibit intense blue luminescence and scintillation as a self-activated luminescent silicate. Rb4Ta2Si8O23 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1‾ with lattice parameters of a = 6.8916(2) Å, b = 7.7669(2) Å, c = 11.0018(3) Å, α = 76.3110(10)°, β = 89.2560(10)°, and γ = 71.8090(10)°. The structure consists of corner-sharing SiO4 tetrahedra forming infinite ribbons connected by isolated TaO6 octahedra. The synthesis, structure, and optical properties are reported, notably, bright blue scintillation when exposed to X-rays. The scintillation of Rb4Ta2Si8O23 was quantitatively evaluated by radioluminescence (RL) measurements and was determined to be ∼47% of BGO powder.

Crystal structure and photoluminescence properties of a supramolecular hybrid bisulfate and hydrogenphosphate salts

The use of 4-pyridinethioamide as an aromatic organic molecule in the synthesis of two hybrid bisulfate and hydrogenphosphate salts by slow evaporation method provided a supramolecular structure type. The obtained materials with formula [C6H7N2S][HSO4] and [C6H7N2S][H2PO4] crystallize according to the triclinic symmetry with the space group P1¯ and to the monoclinic symmetry with the space group P21/c, respectively. The mineral part is built from bisulfate [HSO4]− or hydrogenphosphate [H2PO4]− ions linked together and to the organic [C6H7N2S]+ cations by hydrogen bonds only. The Hirshfeld analysis results shows that in all potential molecular contacts, the H···O/O···H constitutes the most important interaction in the crystal (47.1 and 30.9%). The thermal behavior studied by thermogravimetric analyses shows a good stability up to 150 °C. Photoluminescence measurement indicates that material with formula [C6H7N2S][HSO4] manifests blue luminescence while the material [C6H7N2S][H2PO4] manifests green luminescence, both in their solide states.

Early Event-Related Potential During Figure and Object Perception of Abacus Mental Calculation Training Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The aim of this study was to discuss the effect of abacus mental calculation (AMC) on the early processing of children’s perception on numbers and objects. We designed a randomized controlled trial, and a total of 28 subjects were randomly distributed into two groups of equal numbers, namely, one group that received AMC training (training group) and the other group that did not receive training (non-training group). The subjects were asked to determine the figures and objects shown on the computer screen and were recorded on the computer. The event-related potential (ERP) component (N1, N170, P1, and P2) of different brain areas between the two subject groups was compared. Compared with the non-training group, the training group’s P1 in the occipital region showed a larger amplitude and a longer potential period. For N1, the training group showed a longer potential period. Additionally, for N170, the training group showed a smaller amplitude. Finally, the observation of P2 showed a smaller amplitude in the training group and a longer potential period in the condition of object stimulus. Overall, the activated degree of the occipital region of children who received AMC training was enhanced, while the activated degree of the central region of the forehead and temporal occipital region was slightly down. Meanwhile, the potential periods of all components were extended. Therefore, long-term AMC training can change children’s cortical function activities.

A Dose-Response Relationship Study of Prophylactic Nalbuphine to Reduce Pain During the Awakening Period in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Total Hysterectomy: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Study.

PurposeProphylactic intravenous nalbuphine was administered to observe its median effective dose (ED50) in reducing pain after undergoing laparoscopic total hysterectomy. To investigate the effect of different doses of nalbuphine on postoperative analgesia and adverse reactions in patients.Patients and MethodsThe 120 patients undergoing laparoscopic total hysterectomy were divided into 6 groups: group C (control) and group P (5 different doses of nalbuphine) with 20 patients per group. The doses of nalbuphine in group P were in an equally proportional series (groups P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 received doses of 0.280, 0.200, 0.140, 0.100, and 0.070 mg/kg, respectively), diluted to 20 mL with saline and administered 5 min before the induction of anesthesia. A similar volume (20 mL) of saline was administered to group C 5 min before the induction of anesthesia. The numeric rating scale (NRS) of patients during awakening and after surgery, the number of postoperative salvage analgesia, and the occurrence of postoperative adverse effects were recorded.ResultsThe ED50 (95% confidence interval (CI)) of nalbuphine in preventing pain during the awakening period in patients calculated using the point-slope method was 0.125 (0.108, 0.145) mg/kg. NRS scores differed among the 6 groups at 30 min and 1 h after extubation (P < 0.001; P < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons between groups revealed that, at 30 min after extubation, compared with group P1, the NRS scores of groups P4, P5, and C were higher (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001); compared with group P2, groups P5 and C had higher NRS scores (P = 0.011, P = 0.001). At 1 h after extubation, the NRS scores of groups P1 and P2 were lower than that of group P4 (P = 0.046, P = 0.036). Compared with the control, only the group P1 had a lower cough score (P = 0.009) and there were no differences in the other groups. There were no differences in sedation score at 10 min after extubation, the incidence of adverse events at 24 h postoperatively, or the number of remedial analgesics at 24 h postoperatively (P > 0.05).ConclusionThe ED50 (95% CI) of nalbuphine as a prophylactic in reducing pain during recovery was 0.125 (0.108, 0.145) mg/kg. Compared with the control, nalbuphine at doses of 0.140, 0.200, and 0.280 mg/kg prevented pain during the awakening period. Among these doses, 0.280 mg/kg was determined to be the best, the occurrence of cough was less during extubation and the postoperative analgesic effect was good. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the occurrence of adverse reactions.

The Role of the Bi3+ Lone Pair Effect in Bi(H3O)(SO4)2, Bi(HSO4)3, and Bi2(SO4)3.

Three new members in the Bi2O3-SO3-H2O system are identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement after a fundamental examination of this phase space. Bi(H3O)(SO4)2 crystallizes in space group P21/c (no. 14, a = 1203.5(4), b = 682.9(2), c = 821.2(2) pm, β = 102.99(1)°, 861 independent reflections, 88 refined parameters, wR2 = 0.14) homeotypic with Nd(H3O)(SO4)2 featuring edge-sharing BiO9 polyhedra. Bi(HSO4)3 crystallizes in a new structure type in space group P1 (no. 2, a = 492.04(7), b = 910.8(1), c = 1040.8(2) pm, α = 85.443(5)°, β = 86.897(5)°, γ = 74.542(4)°, 3227 independent reflections, 154 refined parameters, wR2 = 0.05) comprising dimers of edge-sharing BiO8 polyhedra. For Bi2(SO4)3, a new modification crystallizing in space group P21/n (no. 14, a = 1308.03(7), b = 473.25(3), c = 1452.61(8) pm, β = 100.886(2)°, 3189 independent reflections, 155 refined parameters, wR2 = 0.03) isotypic to Sb2(SO4)3 with noncondensed BiO7 polyhedra is presented. The role of the Bi3+ lone pair effect as elucidated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations is discussed for all three compounds with respect to their structural and optical properties. Additionally, the Bi3+ lone pair activity is compared to the recently reported borosulfates Bi(H3O)[B(SO4)2]4 and Bi2[B2(SO4)6]. Geometrical calculations based on structural data are correlated with electron localization function (ELF) calculations to establish the origin of the direction and strength of the lone pair stereoactivity of Bi3+ in oxidic compounds. Finally, the thermal properties of the three compounds are reported.

Pengaruh Aktivitas Fisik Intensitas Sedang terhadap Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah Sewaktu pada Laki-Laki Obesitas

&lt;p&gt;Obesity is a problem that concerns the world. The increasing of obese prevalence is relate to the risk of comorbidities that occurs through the insulin resistance mechanism. Moderate intensity physical activity can prevent insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity. The method is numerical comparative analytic research with a quasi-experimental design and the method of taking the repetitive measurement data (pre test - post test design) with a control group. Total of the samples are 30 people, divided into positive control groups (K1), negative control group (K2) and the treatment group (P). Analysis using Paired T-Test shows the value of p = 0.087 in group P1, p = 0.058 in group P2 and p = 0,000 in group P. Analysis using One Way Anova shows the value of p= 0.002 between P and K1, p= 0.085 between P and K2, p= 0.474 between K1 and K2. There is a statistically significant effect of moderate-intensity physical activity in the form of 30 minutes of brisk walking on lowering blood glucose levels in obese men.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&lt;/strong&gt; Blood glucose level, insulin resistance, moderate intensity of physical activity, obesity.&lt;/p&gt;

Risk of penetration of the baseplate peg in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for an Asian population.

Baseplate positioning may affect clinical outcome after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of penetration of the baseplate peg in RTSA. Forty-four patients with rotator cuff arthropathy or massive rotator cuff tears were included. Using their computed tomography data, ten insertion patterns of the baseplate pegs were simulated. First, in the axial plane, the baseplate was placed perpendicular to the Friedman axis (Friedman placement) and parallel to the glenoid surface (glenoid placement). Second, each of these placements were classified into the following groups: The baseplate peg was placed 2mm anterior to the long axis of the glenoid (group A2), 1mm anterior (group A1), on the long axis (group C0), 1mm posterior (group P1), and 2mm posterior (group P2). Cases in which the baseplate peg was within the scapular neck were defined as non-penetration, and the non-penetration rates among each group were evaluated and compared between sexes, and their relationship with patient height was evaluated. In both the Friedman and glenoid placements, the non-penetration rate was significantly higher in groups A2 (68.2% and 70.5%) and A1 (65.9% and 65.9%) compared with groups P1 (18.2% and 29.5%) and P2 (9.1% and 13.6%; p < 0.001) and in males than in females (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the non-penetration rate tended to be higher as the patient's height increased. It is recommended that the baseplate peg be placed anterior to the long axis of the glenoid.

Inverse-Tunable Red Luminescence and Electronic Properties of Nitridoberylloaluminates Sr2-x Bax [BeAl3 N5 ]:Eu2+ (x=0-2).

The nitridoberylloaluminate Ba2[BeAl3N5]:Eu2+ and solid solutions Sr2−x Ba x [BeAl3N5]:Eu2+ (x=0.5, 1.0, 1.5) were synthesized in a hot isostatic press (HIP) under 50 MPa N2 atmosphere at 1200 °C. Ba2[BeAl3N5]:Eu2+ crystallizes in triclinic space group P1‾ (no. 2) (Z=2, a=6.1869(10), b=7.1736(13), c=8.0391(14) Å, α=102.754(8), β=112.032(6), γ=104.765(7)°), which was determined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The lattice parameters of the solid solution series have been obtained from Rietveld refinements and show a nearly linear dependence on the atomic ratio Sr : Ba. The electronic properties and the band gaps of M 2[BeAl3N5] (M=Sr, Ba) have been investigated by a combination of soft X‐ray spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Upon irradiation with blue light (440–450 nm), the nitridoberylloaluminates exhibit intense orange to red luminescence, which can be tuned between 610 and 656 nm (fwhm=1922–2025 cm−1 (72–87 nm)). In contrast to the usual trend, the substitution of the smaller Sr2+ by larger Ba2+ leads to an inverse‐tunable luminescence to higher wavelengths. Low‐temperature luminescence measurements have been performed to exclude anomalous emission.

Efficacy of Putri Malu Leaf Plant (Mimosa Pudica Linn) as Hepatoprotectors on Ibuprofen Induced Hepatic Damage in White Mice (Mus Musculus)

Background:Putri Malu plants (Mimosa pudica linn) contain flavonoid compounds that are useful as hepatoprotectors. Putri Malu plants extract can be usefull to prevent problem such as Ibuprofen-induced hepatic damage., but study that focus on this topic remain scarce in Indonesia. Objective: To prove the extracted content of the leaves of the Putri Malu plant (Mimosa pudica linn) as a hepatoprotector of hepatic damage in mice (Mus musculus) induced by Ibuprofen. Method: This randomized post-test control group design was conducted at the Experimental Animal Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. A total of 28 mice were treated with four condition then underwent SGOT and SGPT blood laboratory tests. Results: Group P1 (placebo) had SGOT and SGPT levels averaging 23.87 mg/dl and 13.45 mg/dl, group P2 (ibuprofen dose 7 mg/KgBW) had SGOT and SGPT levels of 29.13 mg/dl and 19.10 mg/dl, group 3 (Putri Malu extract 35 mg/KgBW) had SGOT and SGPT of 24.05 mg/dl and 13.56 mg/dl, and group 4 (ibuprofen dose 7 mg/KgBW and Putri Malu extract of 35 mg/KgBW) showed SGOT and SGPT levels of 28.23 mg/dl and 18.35 mg/dl. The four groups had different mean SGOT and SGPT levels (P 0,000). Conclusion:Leaf extract of the Putri Malu plants (Mimosa pudica linn) has a chemical effect of heaptoprotector as shown by the decrease in SGOT and SGPT level.

Lemuru Fish (Sardinella Lemuru) Oil effects on Body Weight of Wistar Rats Induced by Trans Fatty Acids

The content of EPA and DHA in lemuru fish oil can be used to prevent obesity risk factors. This study aims to determine the effect of purified lemuru fish oil on the weight of Wistar rats induced by trans fatty acids. This research is an experimental study using a randomized block design with a post test only control group. The research sample was 30 male Wistar rats aged two to three months, grouped into two control groups (K) which were given standard feed (K0) and those given standard feed after two weeks of trans fatty acid induction (K1) and three treatment groups (P). ) with lemuru fish oil intervention as much as 0.34 ml (P1), 0.67 ml (P2), and 1.34 ml (P3). The induction material was 2.3 g of liquid margarine, containing 3.8% trans fatty acids. The intervention material was lemuru fish oil from the purification process containing 18.05% EPA and 9.37% DHA. Induction of margarine for two weeks made the body weight of the rats increased by 27.90% (P2) compared to the control (K0) 16.06%. After the intervention period of lemuru fish oil for three weeks, the weight of the treatment group P1 (18.53%), P2 (14.74%), and P3 (13.19%) was lower than the control group K0 (22.79%) and K1 (25.31%).

Evaluation of Activated Carbon Treatment on Overcoming the Interference of Rivaroxaban on the Detection of Functional Lupus Anticoagulant

Objective: The aim of this study was to review the role of activated carbon (AC) in eliminating the interference of rivaroxaban in the detection of lupus anticoagulants (LAs). Methods: Normal pooled plasma was obtained as group N1, group N2 took 1 mL plasma from N1 and added AC, group N3 was prepared by mixing normal plasma with rivaroxaban, and group N3 was treated with AC according to our procedure, as group N4. Plasma from 22 patients was collected before and 6–12 h after rivaroxaban therapy, described as group P1 and group P2, respectively, and 1 mL plasma was taken from group P2 and treated with AC, as group P3. Anti-Xa and diluted Russell’s viper venom time (dRVVT)/silica clotting time (SCT) index in each group were measured and compared. Results: Rivaroxaban concentrations and anti-Xa had high intercorrelations in group N3, and the levels of anti-Xa and dRVVT/SCT index had high intercorrelations. After treatment with AC, influence of rivaroxaban was removed, with LA and coagulation factor assays not influenced. Rivaroxaban administration could affect LA assay results in patients, with all LA results increased. After treatment with AC, results of anti-Xa and LA tests recovered to the level before rivaroxaban therapy. Conclusions: We proposed a reference procedure for the LA detection of patients using rivaroxaban by AC, and activated carbon was proven to be a simple product to eliminate the interference of rivaroxaban.

The Structural Basis of Babesia orientalis Lactate Dehydrogenase.

Glycolytic enzymes play a crucial role in the anaerobic glycolysis of apicomplexan parasites for energy generation. Consequently, they are considered as potential targets for new drug development. Previous studies revealed that lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a glycolytic enzyme, is a potential drug target in different parasites, such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Piroplasma. Herein, in order to investigate the structural basis of LDH in Babesia spp., we determined the crystal structure of apo Babesia orientalis (Bo) LDH at 2.67-Å resolution in the space group P1. A five-peptide insertion appears in the active pocket loop of BoLDH to create a larger catalytic pocket, like other protozoa (except for Babesia microti LDH) and unlike its mammalian counterparts, and the absence of this extra insertion inactivates BoLDH. Without ligands, the apo BoLDH takes R-state (relaxed) with the active-site loop open. This feature is obviously different from that of allosteric LDHs in T-state (tense) with the active-site loop open. Compared with allosteric LDHs, the extra salt bridges and hydrogen bonds make the subunit interfaces of BoLDH more stable, and that results in the absence of T-state. Interestingly, BoLDH differs significantly from BmLDH, as it exhibits the ability to adapt quickly to the synthetic co-factor APAD+. In addition, the enzymatic activity of BoLDH was inhibited non-competitively by polyphenolic gossypol with a K i value of 4.25 μM, indicating that BoLDH is sensitive to the inhibition of gossypol and possibly to its new derivative compounds. The current work provides the structural basis of BoLDH for the first time and suggests further investigation on the LDH structure of other Babesia spp. That knowledge would indeed facilitate the screening and designing of new LDH inhibitors to control the intracellular proliferation of Babesia spp.

Single oxygen vacancy in BaCoO3: Hybrid DFT calculations and local site symmetry approach

We use the hybrid B1WC density functional calculations and the supercell model to analyze properties of BaCoO3 (BCO) in the corner-sharing CoO6 octahedra geometry. We compare the atomic and electronic structures for ideal and defective BCO containing a single oxygen vacancy (Vo). We find that the ideal BCO is better described by the triclinic space group (SG) P1 supercell than the cubic SG Pm3¯m model. The site symmetry approach allows us to derive several Vo supercell models on the basis of SGs P4mm, Pmm2 or Amm2 from the aristotype cubic SG Pm3¯m. The low symmetry Pmm2 model suggests the 0.4 eV formation energy of Vo in BCO. Furthermore, stability of this result is confirmed by the calculation of Vo in the supercell without symmetry (SG P1). The ideal and defective BCO are characterized by the intermediate spin (IS) states of Co4+ and Co4+&Co3+ ions, respectively. Additional complexity is introduced by the smooth Co magnetic moment dependence on the Co–Vo distance.

Color and translucency of repressed lithium disilicate glass ceramic subjected to multiple firings and aging

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of multiple firings and aging on color and translucency ofrepressed lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS e.max press). Material and Methods: A total of 42 lithium disilicatediscs (15 mm x 1 mm) were fabricated using heat press technique following the manufacturers’ instructions.They were divided into three groups according to the number of pressing cycles (n=14): Group P1 (pressedonce), Group P2 (pressed twice) and Group P3 (pressed thrice). Each group was subdivided into two subgroupsaccording to the number of firing cycles (n=7): Subgroup (F2): 2 firing cycles, Subgroup (F4): 4 firing cycles.Then all specimens were subjected to thermocycling. Color and translucency parameter (TP) were evaluated byspectrophotometer; after pressing, firing (E1: color difference between pressing and firing) and aging (E2:color difference between pressing and aging). Results: E1 for subgroup F2 (3.38) showed statistically significantlower value than E1 for subgroup F4 (3.94). After aging, group P3 showed the statistically significant highestE2 (6.41). A statistically significant lower E2 was found with group P2 (5.55). Group P1 showed the statisticallysignificant lowest E2 (4.28). TP for subgroup F2 (18.27) showed higher value than subgroup F4 (17.78). Therewas a statistically significant decrease in TP after aging for all tested groups. Conclusion: Increasing the numberof firing cycles and aging affected color and translucency of repressed lithium disilicate.KEYWORDSAging; Ceramics; Color; Repressing; Translucency.

The Effect of Alpinia Galanga Extract to Seminiferous Tubular Epithelial Thickness and Seminiferous Tubular Diameter of Male Mice Induced to Lead Acetate

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of Alpinia galanga extract for seminiferous tubular epithelial thickness, and seminiferous tubular diameter of mice induced to lead acetate. This study was experimental, 25 male mice (Mus musculus) strain Balb/C with average arround 30 gram were divided into 5 groups in a completely randomized design with different treatments for 24 days. The negative control group C (-) was given CMC-NA, the positive control group C(+) was given CMC-NA + lead acetate, groups P1, P2, and P3 were given galangal extract 200, 400, and 800 mg/kgBB + CMC-NA + lead acetate. Mice were sacrificed at a predetermined time and then histopathological preparations of testicular organs were made for epithelial thickness and seminiferous tubule diameter. Data analysis used ANOVA test and continued with LSD test. The result of the research galangal extract administration showed an increase in epithelial thickness and diameter significantly by the three treatment groups against the control (+) (p&lt;0.05). group P2 which given galangal extract 200 mg/kgBw/day is the most effective to prevent epithelial thickness (59.83 ± 0.48; p&lt;0.05) and diameter of seminiferous tubules (180.89 ± 0.85; p&lt;0.05) because the result not significantly different from the control group (-) where epithelial thickness (59.64 ± 1.83; p&lt;0.05) and seminiferous tubule diameter (180.71 ± 1.37; p&lt;0.05) were given CMC- NA 0.2 ml/day. It can be concluded that giving galangal extract to male mice exposed to lead acetate was proven to maintain thick epithelium and seminiferous tubule diameter.

Plastination with low viscosity silicone: strategy for less tissue shrinkage.

Plastination is an anatomical technique for preserving biological tissues based on the principle of replacing body fluids with a curable polymer. An inconvenient aspect of this technique is the tissue shrinkage it causes; several studies seek ways to reduce or avoid this shrinkage. Additionally, there are no studies in the literature that quantitatively evaluate the use of low viscosity silicones in plastination having shrinkage of tissue as a parameter. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the use of Silicones S10 (Biodur) and P1 (Polisil) in the plastination of different types of biological tissues of a sliced human body, having as a parameter the tissue shrinkage caused in the forced impregnation stage. Human cardiac, pulmonary, splenic, renal, hepatic, muscular, and bone tissues were analyzed. For such purpose, a male human body was used, sliced in 13-15-mm-thick pieces, having as a parameter the before and the after plastination with the different silicones. The standard protocol of the plastination of the slices was followed: dehydration, forced impregnation, and curation. Half of the pieces obtained were plastinated with silicone P1 (group P1) and the other half with S10 (group S10). All tissues and anatomical segments analyzed in this study showed less or equal shrinkage when plastination of the control group (S10) was compared with that of the P1 group. Therefore, we concluded that the lower viscosity silicone promoted less tissue shrinkage, making it a viable alternative to the reference.

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF 1,2–BIS(4-PYRIDYL)ETHANE: 2–NITROBENZENE–1,3,5–TRIOL: AN ORGANIC ADDUCT

The molecular adduct crystals of 1,2–bis(4-pyridyl)ethane:2–nitrobenzene–1,3,5–triol were synthesized by slow evaporation solution growth method at ambient temperature. The structure of molecular adduct crystal was validated by a Single crystal X-ray diffraction study and it manifests that the adduct crystal belongs to the o triclinic system with space group P1. Computational studies were carried out to understand the nature of the crystals. The various hydrogen bonding interactions were confirmed by Hirshfeld surface analysis.