Pleurotus Ostreatus Research Articles

Comparison of Mushroom Substrate from Para Rubber vs. Cashew Sawdust on Growth and Yields of Pleurotus Ostreatus

In Cambodia, para rubber sawdust is commonly used to cultivate oyster mushrooms due to its availability as a byproduct from wood factories, but country's significant cultivated cashew could be an alternative substrate. Hence, exploring new substrates becomes essential for farmers when there's a scarcity or price hike in para rubber. This study is in purpose of investigation the impact of para rubber vs. cashew sawdust and different mixture formulas on the growths and yields of Pleurotus ostreatus. The experiment was conduct in Factorial in CRD with two main factors: A) two different saw dusts which were para rubber sawdust and cashew sawdust and factor (B) was mushroom mixture formulas (B1 – B6). B4 of cashew sawdust displayed the highest efficiency at 32.24%, while B3 and B4 of para rubber sawdust showed efficiencies of 23.57% and 23.54%, respectively. In conclusion, based on this experiment, cashew proves more effective than para rubber for Pleurotus ostreatus production. Specifically, B4, consisting of 100kg of cashew sawdust, 8kg of rice bran, 1kg of calcium carbonate, 1kg of palm sugar, 1kg of sticky rice flour, and 0.2kg of magnesium sulfate, maximizes yields for P. ostreatus cultivation.

An investigation into the ability of three fungi and one yeast to grow and capture nutrients in cheese whey

This study addresses the environmental and waste disposal challenges dairy processing poses, namely its most nutrient-rich byproduct – whey. Here, the potential of four fungi/yeast species (Geotrichum candidum, Penicillium corylophilum, Penicillium restrictum, Pleurotus ostreatus) was investigated for nutrient reclamation of whey and production of value-added biomass. Conducted in closed and open batch systems, the study evaluates oxygen uptake rates (OUR), biomass yields, and nutrient removal efficiencies at varying mixing speeds. Results show that pellet formation, pH changes, and biomass nutrient content were species-specific. Among the species, P. corylophilum shows promise with high biomass yields (13.21 g DW L−1, 2.0 g/g COD removed) and nutrient removal efficiencies of 26 % COD, 35 % N-tot, and 41 % P-tot. While further optimisation is needed, P. corylophilum shows potential for bioremediation and improved circularity in the dairy industry. Efficacy could be enhanced through bioreactor optimisation, such as employing a continuously fed bubble reactor.

Nutritional profiling and in silico analysis of pharmacological activities from local rice Pulu Mandoti fermented with Pleurotus spp.

Pulu Mandoti, a local red rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety popular among Sulawesi residents, has gained recognition for its perceived health benefits, especially as a preferred dietary option for individuals with diabetes or those seeking to prevent obesity. Given the increasing consumption of mushrooms, particularly Pleurotus species, renowned for their nutritional and medicinal attributes, this study delves into the transformative effects of Pleurotus spp. fermentation on Pulu Mandoti, the indigenous rice variety. Proximate analysis disclosed elevated dry matter (91.99 ± 0.61%), crude protein (8.55 ± 0.15%), and crude fat (1.34 ± 0.05%) in Pleurotus cystidiosus fermentation compared to Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor. Concurrently, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were notably improved in all Pleurotus fermentations. Pulu Mandoti fermented with P. cystidiosus outperformed other treatments, aligning with molecular docking results pinpointing 11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester, and butylated hydroxytoluene as optimal interactors with antioxidant receptors 5O0x and 2CKJ. Butylated hydroxytoluene demonstrated interactions with the antidiabetic receptor 2QV4, along with 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester. These compounds, previously unreported in Pleurotus, displayed promising attributes as antioxidants and antidiabetic agents. Furthermore, the investigation delved into the fatty acid profiles, emphasizing the diverse range of potential bioactive compounds in fermented Pulu Mandoti. The findings of this research present a potential functional food rich in natural antioxidants and antidiabetic compounds, highlighting the yet undiscovered capabilities of Pleurotus spp. fermentation in augmenting the nutritional composition and bioactivity of indigenous rice varieties, specifically Pulu Mandoti.

Fabrication and characterization of mycelium-based composites from Lentinus squarrosulus and Pleurotus ostreatus with improved physico-mechanical properties for versatile applications

This study explores the potential of fungal mycelium-based plate-like composites as sustainable and cost-effective alternatives for synthetic materials. Locally available lignocellulosic waste and fungi isolated locally were used to fabricate mycelium composites. The medium primarily consists of Albizia sawdust and the fungi Lentinus squarrosulus and Pleurotus ostreatus were used. All the composites identified here were subjected to analyses based on scanning electron microscopy, moisture content, dry density, water absorption, flammability, thermal stability, and compression strength following ASTM and ISO standards. The mycelium plates produced with L. squarrosulus mycelium (ASL) exhibited lower dry density and less water absorption. The ASL mycelium plates exhibited a soft and foamy appearance, whereas the P. ostreatus material (ASP) appeared dense mycelium growth only in the top and bottom parts of the plate. The UL-94 rating demonstrated that both samples exhibited superior flame retardancy properties (rated as V1) compared to commercially used expanded polystyrene (EPS). These variations were due to the difference between mycelium density. Therefore, these new bio-composites have the potential to replace conventional packaging or interior construction materials.

Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer β-1,3-Glucanoligosaccharide (Ps-GOS) Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation and Function in Pre-Osteoclastic RAW 264.7 Cells by Inhibiting the RANK/NFκB/cFOS/NFATc1 Signalling Pathway.

Edible grey oyster mushroom, Pleurotus sajor-caju, β (1,3), (1,6) glucan possesses a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-microorganism and antioxidant. However, its biological activity is limited by low water solubility resulting from its high molecular weight. Our previous study demonstrated that enzymatic hydrolysis of grey oyster mushroom β-glucan using Hevea β-1,3-glucanase isozymes obtains a lower molecular weight and higher water solubility, Pleurotus sajor-caju glucanoligosaccharide (Ps-GOS). Additionally, Ps-GOS potentially reduces osteoporosis by enhancing osteoblast-bone formation, whereas its effect on osteoclast-bone resorption remains unknown. Therefore, our study investigated the modulatory activities and underlying mechanism of Ps-GOS on Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) -induced osteoclastogenesis in pre-osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells. Cell cytotoxicity of Ps-GOS on RAW 264.7 cells was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and its effect on osteoclast differentiation was determined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Additionally, its effect on osteoclast bone-resorptive ability was detected by pit formation assay. The osteoclastogenic-related factors were assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot and immunofluorescence. The results revealed that Ps-GOS was non-toxic and significantly suppressed the formation of mature osteoclast multinucleated cells and their resorption activity by reducing the number of TRAP-positive cells and pit formation areas in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, Ps-GOS attenuated the nuclear factor kappa light chain-enhancer of activated B cells' P65 (NFκB-P65) expression and their subsequent master osteoclast modulators, including nuclear factor of activated T cell c1 (NFATc1) and Fos proto-oncogene (cFOS) via the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, Ps-GOS markedly inhibited RANK expression, which serves as an initial transmitter of many osteoclastogenesis-related cascades and inhibited proteolytic enzymes, including TRAP, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) and cathepsin K (CTK). These findings indicate that Ps-GOS could potentially be beneficial as an effective natural agent for bone metabolic disease.

Antioxidant activity and viability Lactobacillus acidophilus synbiotic yogurt with the addition of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) extract

Antioxidant activity and viability Lactobacillus acidophilus synbiotic yogurt with the addition of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) extract

Monitoring of climatic variables in the production of the mushroom fungus (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Mushrooms are sensitive to changes in temperature and relative humidity, keepingthese variables at optimal levels helps to generate better quality, higher yields, andcan also prevent pests and diseases. The objectives of this work were to present theproduction process of the mushroom fungus, monitor the temperature and relativehumidity that exists in the production warehouse. This research was carried out in aproduction unit located in Texcoco Mexico, where two different experiments werecarried out, in each experiment six bags were planted with a total of 20 kg of moistsubstrate. The highest production was obtained in experiment two with 12.89 kg,while in experiment one 10.93 kg was generated. Another important aspect in thiswork was enthalpy. The range of the calculated enthalpy for experiment one wasfrom 15 kJ kg⁻¹ to 95.73 kJ kg⁻¹ and for experiment two was from 22.27 kJ kg⁻¹ to88.97 kJ kg⁻¹ Another objective was to know the fixed and variable expenses that areincurred when producing the mushroom and to determine some economic indicatorsto know if the production of mushrooms on a small scale is profitable.

Detection of Anti-cancer Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized using Aqueous Mushroom Extract of Pleurotus ostreatus on MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line

In this research, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were manufactured using aqueous extract of mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. Anticancer potential of AgNPs was investigated versus human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Cytotoxic response was assessed by MTT assay. AgNPs showed inhibition effect at the following concentrations 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 µg/ml versus MCF-7 cell line, and all treatments had a positive result. The MCF-7 cells were inhibited up to 85.14 % at the concentration 200 μg/ml of AgNPs which reduced cells viability to 14.86%, while 12.5 μg/ml of AgNPs caused 24.23% cells inhibition with reduction of cells viability to 75.77%.

Impact of Incorporating White Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) in Chicken Meatball Formulation on Moisture Content and Sensory Properties

Impact of Incorporating White Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) in Chicken Meatball Formulation on Moisture Content and Sensory Properties

The role of edible mushrooms in the Brazilian diet: a comprehensive analysis

Purpose This study aims to examine the role of edible mushrooms in the Brazilian diet, considering their strategic significance in meeting nutritional goals within sustainable development. Despite their potential in the nutrition of the Brazilian population, significant knowledge gaps still exist. To address this, the authors formulated this study into five main sections: the consumption of edible mushrooms in Brazil, the factors influencing the consumption, the occurrence of edible mushrooms in Brazil, the nutritional contribution of mushrooms consumed in Brazil and sustainable mushroom production in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach The authors compiled current literature to develop this viewpoint paper using systematic review, systematic search and narrative review search methods. Findings Mushrooms are sporadically consumed in Brazil, primarily by the urban population, with challenges in estimating the most used species. Social, economic and cultural factors, health considerations and reduced meat consumption influence mushroom consumption behavior. While Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes and Agaricus bisporus are primary species, ethnomycological studies highlight a more diverse consumption among traditional indigenous communities. Brazil hosts approximately 133 wild mushroom species safe for human consumption. Some can be sustainably cultivated using substrates derived from agricultural and urban waste, offering high-protein, high-fiber, low-fat foods with bioactive compounds holding antioxidant and prebiotic potential. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous study has investigated how edible mushrooms contribute to the food and nutrition of the Brazilian population. This study emphasizes the crucial role of edible mushrooms in preserving Brazil’s cultural heritage, contributing to food and nutritional security and enhancing the overall diet quality.

Degradation of edible mushroom waste by Hermetia illucens L. and consequent adaptation of its gut microbiota

The edible fungus industry is one of the pillar industries in the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, China. The expansion of the planting scale has led to the release of various mushroom residues, such as mushroom feet, and other wastes, which are not treated adequately, resulting in environmental pollution. This study investigated the ability of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae (BSFL) to degrade mushroom waste. Moreover, this study analyzed changes in the intestinal bacterial community and gene expression of BSFL after feeding on mushroom waste. Under identical feeding conditions, the remaining amount of mushroom waste in Pleurotus ostreatus treatment group was reduced by 18.66%, whereas that in Flammulina velutipes treatment group was increased by 31.08%. Regarding gut microbial diversity, compared with wheat bran-treated control group, Dysgonomonas, Providencia, Enterococcus, Pseudochrobactrum, Actinomyces, Morganella, Ochrobactrum, Raoultella, and Ignatzschineria were the most abundant bacteria in the midgut of BSFL in F. velutipes treatment group. Furthermore, Dysgonomonas, Campylobacter, Providencia, Ignatzschineria, Actinomyces, Enterococcus, Morganella, Raoultella, and Pseudochrobactrum were the most abundant bacteria in the midgut of BSFL in P. ostreatus treatment group. Compared with wheat bran-treated control group, 501 upregulated and 285 downregulated genes were identified in F. velutipes treatment group, whereas 211 upregulated and 43 downregulated genes were identified in P. ostreatus treatment group. Using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses, we identified 14 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism in F. velutipes treatment group, followed by 12 DEGs related to protein digestion and absorption. Moreover, in P. ostreatus treatment group, two DEGs were detected for fructose and mannose metabolism, and two were noted for fatty acid metabolism. These results indicate that feeding on edible mushroom waste can alter the intestinal microbial community structure of BSFL; moreover, the larval intestine can generate a corresponding feedback. These changes contribute to the degradation of edible mushroom waste by BSFL and provide a reference for treating edible mushroom waste using BSFL.

Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene by Trametes versicolor and its Physiological Response to Contaminant Stress.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) poses a potentially toxic threat to humans and the environment and widely exists in contaminated sites. White rot fungi effectively degrade refractory pollutants, while a few research studies use white rot fungi to degrade TCE. In this study, we investigated TCE biodegradation by white rot fungi and the potential influencing factors in the environment and attempted to research the effect of TCE on the physiological characteristics of white rot fungi. White rot fungi (Trametes versicolor, Pseudotrametes gibbosa, Pycnoporus sanguines and Pleurotus ostreatus) were added to the liquid medium for shock culture. The results revealed that T. versicolor exhibited the most pronounced efficacy in removing TCE, with a degradation rate of 81.10% within a 7 d period. TCE induces and is degraded by cytochrome P450 enzymes. High pH and Cr(VI) adversely affected the effectiveness of the biodegradation of TCE, but the salinity range of 0-1% had less effect on biodegradation. Overall, the effectiveness of degradation of TCE by T. versicolor has been demonstrated, and it provides a reference for the application prospects of white rot fungi in TCE-contaminated soils.

Submerged production of mycelium biomass and bioactive compounds from P. ostreatus in a controlled fermentation medium

Pleurotus ostreatus is commonly consumed mushroom species around the world due to its unique taste, flavor, and presence of biologically active compounds. The current study investigated the biological activities of P. ostreatus in submerged cultivation. Cultivation factors such as pH, temperature, inoculum density, and cultivation time with different carbon and nitrogen sources were optimized to obtain a high yield of biomass and exopolysaccharides (EPSs). The maximum biomass and EPS obtained were 24.66 ± 0.2 g/L and 4.8 ± 0.1 g/L respectively. The protein content and total phenolic content (TPC) were achieved as 0.936 ± 0.005 g/L and 16.484 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g respectively at 12th day of cultivation. Antioxidant activity of P. ostreatus was obtained as 49.59 ± 1.09%. Under optimized conditions, the P. ostreatus was also cultivated in a rotary bed reactor (RBR). Furthermore, different kinetic models were studied to observe the growth behaviour of mycelium biomass. The best fit was obtained for the contois model, which gave the maximum specific growth rate (µmax, hr−1) of 0.0235 hr−1 and R2 value of 0.976.

Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom: A Promising Feed Supplement in Poultry Farming

Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm mushrooms are cultivated on diverse by-products based on substrates that hold promise for mitigating antibiotic usage in the poultry industry and reducing environmental pollution. By incorporating agricultural by-products into mushroom cultivation, the functionality of the mushroom products can be increased, then the final product can be a more effective feed supplement. After mushroom cultivation, spent mushroom substrate (SMS) can be valorized, due to the presence of huge amounts of bioactive compounds like β-glucan, chitin, polyphenols, and flavonoids related to mycelia. As a prebiotic and antimicrobial feed supplement, these mushrooms positively influence gut microbiota, intestinal morphology, and thus overall poultry well-being. This article underscores the potential of solid-state fermentation (SSF) to enhance the bioactivity of oyster mushrooms and their derivatives, offering a cost-effective and efficient strategy for transforming unconventional feeding materials. Moreover, it emphasizes broader implications, including the reduction of antibiotic dependence in poultry farming, highlighting the promising integration of oyster mushrooms and their derivatives for sustainable and environmentally conscious poultry production.

Utilization of Agricultural Waste for the Cultivation of Pleurotus Mushrooms in Thailand

Thailand is one of the major agricultural production countries in the world. Therefore, large amounts of agricultural waste are generated as by-products of the agroindustry. The wastes are usually discarded or burnt, resulting in environmental pollution. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the use of agricultural waste for mushroom cultivation. A total of 15 mushroom isolates were recovered from mother spawns and basidiocarps. They were screened for their cellulolytic enzyme activity on Czapek agar using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the sole carbon source. Two isolates of the oyster mushrooms, Pleurotus pulmonarius PP6 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO3, produced the best enzyme activities. To observe the mycelial growth on agricultural waste, the two oyster mushroom candidates were cultured in jars containing five different types of agricultural waste: corn husk, rice straw, coconut meal, coconut husk and sugarcane bagasse, and the jars were incubated at 25°C for six weeks. The results show that both isolates grew best on coconut meal, producing very densely packed mycelia. Meanwhile, corn husk and rice straw were also good sources for oyster mushroom cultivation. This study shows that these three substrates have the potential to be utilized in mushroom cultivation on a commercial scale.

Biochemical, functional and antioxidant potential of higher fungi cultivated on agro-industrial residues. Part II: Cultures on mixtures of spent mushroom substrates and mushroom cropping by-products

Novel substrates consisted of different fresh agro-industrial residues, their corresponding and commercial spent mushroom substrates (i.e. SMS deriving from laboratory-scale experiments and SMS deriving from industrial-scale experiments by Green Zin S.A. - SMS GZ) and Pleurotus waste (PW; stipes/mishappen mushrooms) were used in blends for a new cultivation cycle of Pleurotus ostreatus and P. eryngii mushrooms in bags. Their impact on the biochemical properties (intra-cellular polysaccharides - IPSs, protein, lipid, total phenolic compounds - TPCs, individual carbohydrates composition of the IPSs) in the first- and second-flush whole mushrooms, pilei and stipes, as well as the fatty acids composition, the antioxidant activity (in the first-flush mushroom parts) and glucan content of stipes were examined. Both species produced satisfactory IPSs quantities in all substrates (28.69–46.38 %, w/w) and significant protein amounts (18.37–26.80 %, w/w). The further SMS addition (80 %, w/w instead of 40 %, w/w) in the cultivation substrates affected positively the mushroom IPSs values, whereas the highest protein content was detected in mushroom's parts cultivated on substrates consisted of fresh agro-industrial residues. Mushroom's lipid content was affected differently by the various substrate combinations, with SMS presence resulting in mushrooms with a lower fat content than those produced in substrates with PW addition. Fresh substrates with PW and those with coffee residue were the most favorable for TPCs production. Regarding production flushes, the nutritional value of mushrooms was comparable between them, only a slight increase in TPCs of second-flush carposomes was detected. Glucose was the predominant monosaccharide of the produced IPSs, combined with a significant production of total and β- glucans. SMSs and PW addition had a positive impact on antioxidant activity, too. A higher quantity of lipids, TPCs and significant antioxidant activity were detected in all Pleurotus pilei than stipes, whereas the latter were richer in IPSs. Both pilei and stipes had a significant protein amount. Hence, the data obtained by this study support the positive effect of different types of SMS and mushroom waste on P. ostreatus and P. eryngii nutritional value.

Functional analysis of basidiomycete specific chitin synthase genes in the agaricomycete fungus Pleurotus ostreatus

Chitin is an essential structural component of fungal cell walls composed of transmembrane proteins called chitin synthases (CHSs), which have a large range of reported effects in ascomycetes; however, are poorly understood in agaricomycetes. In this study, evolutionary and molecular genetic analyses of chs genes were conducted using genomic information from nine ascomycete and six basidiomycete species. The results support the existence of seven previously classified chs clades and the discovery of three novel basidiomycete-specific clades (BI–BIII). The agaricomycete fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was observed to have nine putative chs genes, four of which were basidiomycete-specific. Three of these basidiomycete specific genes were disrupted in the P. ostreatus 20b strain (ku80 disruptant) through homologous recombination and transformants were obtained (Δchsb2, Δchsb3, and Δchsb4). Despite numerous transformations Δchsb1 was unobtainable, suggesting disruption of this gene causes a crucial negative effect in P. ostreatus. Disruption of these chsb2–4 genes caused sparser mycelia with rougher surfaces and shorter aerial hyphae. They also caused increased sensitivity to cell wall and membrane stress, thinner cell walls, and overexpression of other chitin and glucan synthases. These genes have distinct roles in the structural formation of aerial hyphae and cell walls, which are important for understanding basidiomycete evolution in filamentous fungi.

Modern Floating Greenhouses: Planting Gray Oyster Mushrooms with Advanced Management Technology Including Mobile Phone Algorithms and Arduino Remote Control

A floating greenhouse for growing oyster mushrooms can be operated remotely via a mobile phone. This innovative system can enhance mushroom production and quality while saving time. By using the Android OS operating system on a mobile phone (Internet Mobile Device with Android OS, MGT Model: T10), users can adjust the humidity and temperature within the greenhouse. This approach is particularly beneficial for older adults. Create a smart floating greenhouse that can be controlled remotely to cultivate oyster mushrooms. It would help to enhance the quality of the mushrooms, reduce the time required for cultivation, and increase the yield per planting area. We carefully examined the specifications and proceeded to create a greenhouse that could float. In addition, we have developed a unit that could control temperature and humidity, a solar cell unit, and a rack for growing mushrooms. Our greenhouses were operated remotely. To determine the best conditions for growing plants in a floating greenhouse, we conducted a test to measure temperature and humidity. We then compared our findings to those of a traditional greenhouse test and determined the optimal parameters for floating greenhouse growth. These parameters include growth time, temperature, humidity, and weight. A mushroom nursery that can be controlled remotely and floats on water consists of four main components: a structure to regulate temperature and humidity, solar cells, and mushroom racks. Research shows that mushrooms grown under this automated control system grow better than those grown through traditional methods. The harvest period is shorter, and the yield is higher than the typical yield of 1.81–1.22. When considering the construction and use of remote-controlled floating mushroom nurseries, the daily weight of mushrooms accounted for 20.22%. The company’s investment return rates were found to be 3.47 years, or 580.21 h per year, which is higher than the yield of traditional methods. This mobile phone remote control system, created by Arduino, is tailor-made for cutting-edge floating greenhouses that grow grey oyster mushrooms. It can be operated with ease via mobile devices and is especially user-friendly for elderly individuals. This system enables farmers to produce a high volume of quality breeds. Furthermore, those with fish ponds can utilize the system to increase their profits.

Physical and mechanical properties of mycelium-based fiberboards

Mycelium-based fiberboards were evaluated as potential environmentally friendly substitutes for conventional wood-based composites. The goal of this study was to produce and test fiberboards out of yellow pine and poplar fiber mixtures without using any extra adhesive. Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma lucidum fungi were used. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the fiberboards were tested under the influence of two different types of fungi and two different incubation periods. The key findings indicated that the mycelium-based fiberboards had higher water absorption and thickness swelling percentages compared to control boards produced with adhesives. The fiberboards produced from fibers inoculated with Ganoderma lucidum and incubated for 30 days had higher mechanical properties compared to other test fiberboards. This indicated the possibility of utilizing them in specific applications. Although the mycelium-based fiberboards did not fully meet all the EN 622-5 (2009) standard requirements for dry-condition use, the results highlighted their potential in sustainable material development. This study provided useful insights into the utilization of mycelium for the development of mycelium-based fiberboards.

Expression of Concern: Efficient decolorization and detoxification of triarylmethane and azo dyes by porous-cross-linked enzyme aggregates of Pleurotus ostreatus laccase

Expression of Concern: Efficient decolorization and detoxification of triarylmethane and azo dyes by porous-cross-linked enzyme aggregates of Pleurotus ostreatus laccase