Pleurotus Ostreatus Research Articles

Impact of Fava Bean (Vicia faba) Processing on Quality Characteristics and Digestibility of a Protein-Rich Snack.

The impact of fava bean processing methods (soaking, autoclaving, fermentation) on a legume-based bars' quality, protein characteristics, and digestibility was shown. The antioxidant and the angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory capacity before and after in vitro digestion were investigated to reveal the potential advantages of fava bean usage for snacks. All bars have demonstrated high protein content, varying from 22.1 to 25.1 g/100 g DB. Based on the fermented fava beans of Pleurotus ostreatus, the samples were characterized by a higher concentration of essential amino acids by 8.6% and a reduction of tannins by 18.5% compared with bars based on soaked fava beans. Sensory evaluation improved the color, texture, and overall acceptability of the bars with fermented legumes. Various types of bean processing did not significantly affect the protein digestibility of the bars. The fermentation method positively affected the angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory properties of bars and increased by 16.5% (before digestion) and 15% (after digestion) compared with other samples. After digestion, samples were characterized by a high level of Fe bioaccessibility (100, 83, and 79% for the bars based on soaked, autoclaved, and fermented fava beans, respectively) and increased total phenolic content. These findings highlight the potential health benefits of fava bean usage for snack products.

Utilization of local agro-industrial by-products based substrates to enhance production and dietary value of mushroom (P. ostreatus) in Ethiopia

Food insecurity and malnutrition are serious problems in many developing countries, including Ethiopia. This situation warrants an urgent need for the diversification of food sources with enhanced productivity. This study was aimed at contributing to the food security in Ethiopia through cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms using sustainable and locally available agro-industrial byproduct-based substrates in parallel with pollution control. Ten substrates were prepared using sugarcane bagasse, filter cake, trash, cotton seed hull and animal waste, namely cow dung and horse and chicken manure. The effect of each substrate (treatment) on the yields, biological efficiency, nutritional composition, and mineral contents of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom species was evaluated at the Ethiopian Forest Products Innovation Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The results obtained indicate that a significantly higher (p < 0.05) yield and biological efficiency were recorded from the mushroom cultivated on S2 substrate containing a mixture of 80% sugarcane bagasse, 12% cow dung, and 8% cotton seed hull. Moreover, substrate containing sugarcane bagasse mixed with cotton seed hull, cow dung, and chicken manure significantly (p < 0.05) increased the yields and biological efficiency of the mushroom. The content of protein, crude fat, fiber, and carbohydrates of the mushroom cultivated from all the utilized substrates were in the range of 17.30–21.5, 1.77–2.52, 31.03–34.38, and 28.02–39.74%, respectively. The critical macro-elements are abundant in the mushroom in the order of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sodium. The mushrooms cultivated on all the substrates were rich in essential micro-elements in the order of iron and zinc. It was found that substrate preparation and formulation significantly (p < 0.05) improved the yields, biological efficiency, nutritive values, and mineral contents of the mushroom. The use of these by-products as substrates is sustainable and environmentally friendly and allows the production of mushroom with high nutritional value on a sustainable basis in order to enhance food security in the country.

Effect of Different Substrates and Supplements in Production of Pleurotus ostreatus in Dang, Nepal

An investigation was laid out to evaluate the production of Pleurotus ostreatus on different substrates and supplements in inner Terai of Nepal, Dang, Deukhuri. Ten different treatments with different substrates and supplements were tested in completely randomized design, replicated four times during the spring season with an average daily temperature of 20-27° C and relative humidity ranging from 80-95 %. The parameters taken for the observation during the experiment were spawn run period, length of stalk, diameter of stalk, diameter of pileus, thickness of pileus, fresh weight of mushroom, ash content, moisture content and biological efficiency of treatments. The research revealed that there were statistically significant yield differences associated with rice straw + banana leaves + rice bran (2.46 kg/ball), followed by rice straw + chickpea flour (2.35 kg/ball). The spawn run duration (23 days) was shortest in banana leaves with highest stipe length (5.01cm). The biological efficiency of various mixtures was found between 40 to 159%, the highest being in treatment rice straw + banana leaves + rice bran and followed by rice straw + chickpea flour. Highest moisture percentage (89.4%) was recorded in rice straw + maize flour. It was accomplished that rice straw + banana leaves whenever abundantly present, can be reasonably used in mixtures with rice bran supplement for better mushroom cultivation. Thus, its use is suggested to farmers in this country where large volumes of rice bran and dry banana leaves are discarded as agricultural residue.

Investigating the optimum conditions for azo dye (methyl orange and methyl red) decolorization from aqueous solution using oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus): a mycoremediation approach

Since conventional dye removal techniques require a substantial amount of energy and chemicals, this study evaluated the utilization of Pleurotus ostreatus, a species of fungus, in an environmentally beneficial mycoremediation approach to decolorize two azo dyes, methyl orange (MO) and methyl red (MR), in a liquid medium. Pleurotus ostreatus was utilized under standard circumstances in the solutions containing 0.05% (w/v) MO and 0.05% (w/v) MR, without undergoing any genetic modifications. By analyzing the effects of time (6, 12, and 18 days), temperature (15 °C to 40 °C), pH (4 to 7), and inoculum volume (1 to 25 mL) on the decolorization rate of P. ostreatus, the ideal environment for the decolorization of MO and MR was determined. The highest rate of decolorization was evident at 25 °C temperature, pH 7 within 18 days of incubation, P. ostreatus could decolorize 0.05 g MO up to 97% when added in 10 mL inoculum volume on the other hand 0.05 g MR up to 93% in 15 mL inoculum volume at pH 6. Furthermore, the dye uptake rate after 18 days for MO was 59.25% and MR was 53.97% which indicated that P. ostreatus had a better uptake efficiency for MO than MR. Based on its ability to decolorize both MO and MR under suitable circumstances, the study concludes that P. ostreatus offers an appreciable mycoremediation approach for removing dye pigments from industrial wastewater.

Evaluation of chemical properties and humification process during co-composting of spent mushroom substrate (Pleurotus ostreatus) and pig manure under different mass ratios

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) from Pleurotus ostreatus is high in salinity, susceptible to deterioration caused by mold, and not suitable for direct application in soil. Its high C/N ratio and low pH inhibit the humification process during composting. Pig manure (PM) possesses high density and low porosity, impeding microbial metabolism. Co-composting SMS and PM can overcome these challenges. A 120-day composting experiment was conducted with varying mass ratios of SMS and PM, supplemented with calcium bentonite and microbial inoculum. After composting, there was observed a significant rise in the N and K2O contents, ranging from 11.1% to 84.1% and 55.1%–296.8%, respectively. Additionally, there was a decrease in the C/N ratio by a range of 18.9%–60.1%. The total nutrient content of SMS post-composting solely was a mere 4.9%, failing to meet the 5% required by China's Professional Standard outlined for organic fertilizers (NY/T525-2021). Composting PM alone simplified the molecular structure of humic-extracted acid (HE) and reduced the C content of humic acid (HA) by up to 18.1%. In contrast, co-composting SMS and PM in equal proportions stimulated microbial consumption of water-soluble substances, resulting in increase in C contents of HE and HA by 11.5% and 18.7%, respectively, along with a 15.4% rise in the polymerization level of the composted materials. Furthermore, this combination facilitated the conversion of inert humic component, reducing C content of humin by 79.3%, lowering the electrical conductivity (EC) value by 23.0%, and boosting GI value by 154.1%. Increasing the proportion of SMS in co-compost proved advantageous in enriching its organic matter content. The composting process involved bio-degradation of O-containing functional groups like phenols and alcohols, utilization of polysaccharides by microorganisms, and development of carboxyl groups in the HA. Based on the above index analysis, the most effective compost ratio to achieve higher humification level and compost quality was determined to be a mass ratio of SMS to PM of 5:5, followed by 6:4.

Effects of salt concentration and Lactobacillus plantarum population on grey oyster mushroom fermentation

Effects of salt concentration and Lactobacillus plantarum population on grey oyster mushroom fermentation

The Impact of Three White-Rot Fungi on Nutrient Availability, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Volatile Fatty Acid Production in Myceliated Sorghum.

Our study employed Pleurotus ostreatus, P. djamor, and Trametes versicolor (white rot fungi = WRF) in the process of solid-state fermentation (SSF) to convert sorghum grains into myceliated sorghum (MS). The MS was then used for in vitro studies to assess changes in nutrient content compared to untreated sorghum (control). The results demonstrated a significant (p < 0.001) increase in dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of MS. Specifically, CP and ash values saw a remarkable increase from 68 to 330% and 40 to 190% in MS, respectively. Additionally, NDF and ADF degradability values increased significantly (p < 0.001) by 81.5% and 56.2% in P. djamor-treated MS at 24 h post-incubation. The treatment × time interaction was also significant (p < 0.001) for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. T. versicolor MS exhibited the highest total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and propionate production. The use of WRF in the SSF process led to a significant improvement in the nutritional value of sorghum. Despite the varying effects of different WRF on the nutritional parameters in MS, they show potential for enhancing the feed value of sorghum in animal feed.

Evaluation of Biodegradability Potentials of Pleurotus ostreatus (jacq) P. Kumm. Cultivated on Solid Wastes Supplemented with Medicinal Plant Leaves

Evaluation of Biodegradability Potentials of Pleurotus ostreatus (jacq) P. Kumm. Cultivated on Solid Wastes Supplemented with Medicinal Plant Leaves

Yield of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using different growth promoters

Yield of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using different growth promoters

Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly Provides Insights into Fresh Pine Wood Decay Strategies of the Wolfiporia hoelen

The sclerotia of Wolfiporia hoelen (Fr.) Y.C. Dai &amp; V. Papp is an important traditional Chinese medicine with diverse pharmacological properties. This study utilized a combination of PacBio Long-Read Sequencing, Illumina Short-Read Sequencing, and Hi-C Sequencing to generate a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of a W. hoelen strain Minling A5. There were 112 contigs in the genome, with 62.95 Mb in total length and 4.21 Mb in length for the contig N50. The average GC content was 51.89%. Based on Hi-C data, we corrected the CCS data and scaffolded them into 14 pseudo-chromosomes. The genome contained 44.37% repetitive sequences and 12,670 protein-coding genes, 86.53% (10,963) of which could be functionally annotated in at least one of the KOG, GO, Pfam, Swissprot, TrEMBL, NR, and KEGG databases. In addition, 240 transfer RNAs, 97 ribosomal RNAs, and 103 other non-coding RNAs were identified in the W. hoelen genome. A total of 755 pseudogenes were also identified, with an average length of 2665.51 bp. Further, there were 398, 100, 2837, 519, and 2068 genes annotated by CAZymes, TCDB, PHI, P450, and DFVF databases, respectively. One notable attribute of W. hoelen is its capacity to thrive in a substrate of fresh pine sawdust. Through an analysis of the growth on various pure wood sawdust culture media, we found that the growth of W. hoelen and Sparassis latifolia on pine sawdust was similar to that on broad-leaved wood sawdust, while the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, and Cyclocybe aegerita was slower than that on broad-leaved wood sawdust. By the functional annotation analysis of orthogroups in these five mushroom-forming fungi, it was determined that 645 orthogroups were specifically common in W. hoelen and S. latifolia. The genes in these specific orthogroups were significantly enriched in 12 pathways, including steroid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of antibiotics, and tyrosine metabolism. The high-quality genome and comparative genome analysis results significantly contribute to advancing our foundational knowledge of W. hoelen biology, while also offering valuable insights for the development of innovative biotechnological approaches aimed at enhancing the efficient and sustainable utilization of Pinus.

Effects of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) stem residue supplementation on growth performance, meat quality and health status of broilers

Oyster mushroom stem residue, a by-product with medicinal and nutritive values, might be a prospective feed supplement in poultry nutrition. The study focused on evaluating the impact of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) stem residue (OMSR) powder supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, blood characteristics, and the cecal bacterial count in Arbor Acres broilers raised 35 d. A total of 144 day-old chicks, with an average weight of 40.27± 2.45 g, were divided into 3 groups: control (received a standard basal diet), antibiotic (basal diet + 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline), and OMSR (fed a basal diet with 300 mg/kg OMSR), where each group comprises 8 replications of 6 chicks. Supplementation of 300 mg/kg of OMSR powder in the broiler diet significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and final body weight as opposed to the control and antibiotic treatments, though the average daily feed intake was not influenced by OMSR supplementation during the whole experimental period. However, in comparison to the control and antibiotic groups, OMSR significantly reduced the postmortem breast meat drip loss percentage (P < 0.05) at 24 hours and on the seventh d. Furthermore, the OMSR group reported significantly elevated levels of Hb and RBC counts (P < 0.05), and decreased levels of serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations (P < 0.05) on d 35 in comparison to broilers in the control and antibiotic groups. Additionally, the OMSR group exhibited an improved Heterophil/Lymphocytes (H/L) ratio (P < 0.05) relative to the broilers of the control and antibiotic groups. In contrast, the inclusion of OMSR in the broiler diet did not significantly (P > 0.05) influence other serum biochemical and hematological values tested. Broilers in OMSR group had reduced number (P < 0.05) of E. coli and Salmonella spp., but higher presence of Lactobacillus spp. (P < 0.05) in contrast to the control broilers. To summarize, the study's findings revealed that 300 mg of OMSR powder supplementation per kg of basal diet could be act as a natural growth promoter, and confer favorable effects on health and meat quality of broilers.

Sausage Quality during Storage under the Partial Substitution of Meat with Fermented Oyster Mushrooms.

The increasing global demand for meat production, driven by a rapidly expanding population and changing dietary preferences has prompted the search for protein-rich, sustainable, and healthier meat alternatives. In this context, edible mushrooms are viewed as advantageous substitutes for meat, offering a viable solution. This study aimed to investigate the effects of partially replacing (25% and 50%) pork meat in sausage samples with fermented oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), which were subjected to various pretreatments. Six different pretreatments were applied to fresh oyster mushrooms as follows: blanching in water, steaming, oven-cooking, microwave treatment, high hydrostatic pressure treatment, and ultraviolet light treatment. The effects of mushroom replacement on the moisture, pH, lipid oxidation, color, and textural properties of sausages during the 4-week refrigerated storage period were evaluated. The results revealed that replacing pork meat with fermented oyster mushrooms resulted in an increase in moisture content and b* values and a decrease in pH, L*, a*, and shear force values, proportional to the mushroom percentage. The lipid oxidation findings suggest that the antioxidant capabilities of fermented oyster mushrooms were influenced by the pretreatment methods applied to the mushrooms, exhibiting varying levels of effectiveness.

Effect of aqueous extraction method on total water-soluble polysaccharides content and phytochemical properties of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Abstract White oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is an important raw material for nutraceuticals because it contains various bioactive substances, including polysaccharides, vitamins, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and sterols. P. ostreatus mushroom polysaccharides possess diverse biological activities (antioxidant, hyperglycemic effects, and immunomodulatory). The extraction process impacts the yield, affecting the biological function of natural active ingredients. In this study, aqueous extraction methods, i.e., ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and kinetic-assisted hot extraction (KAHE), were applied to investigate the impact of extraction methods on polysaccharides crude extract from the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus mushroom and their phytochemical properties. Water-soluble polysaccharides content, total polyphenolic content, total terpenoid content, and antioxidant level were analyzed using the spectrophotometric method by phenol-sulfuric acid, Follin-Ciocalteau’s reagent, vanillin-perchloric acid, and 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, respectively. After the extraction process, the morphological alterations on the surface of mushroom residues were observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The investigation has shown that aqueous extraction methods significantly affect the yields of polysaccharides crude extract and other phytochemical properties, i.e., total phenolic content, terpenoid content, and the DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The sample from MAE had the highest total water-soluble polysaccharide content (61,73±1,35% w/w DW) and the highest total phenolic content (3,44±0,75 %w/w DW). MAE method has the best potential and efficiency compared to UAE and KAHE for extracting polysaccharides while maintaining their phytochemical properties.

Mycelium-metal hybrids: Exploring fabrication and application for reconfigurable design structures

Abstract Mycelium-bound composites (MBCs) are materials grown by fungi onto lignocellulosic substrates. MBCs are a low-cost, lightweight, valorised biomass with promising properties concerning acoustics, heat insulation and fire resistance, among others. These properties make MBCs interesting as a sustainable alternative to currently existing fossil-fuel-derived products. However, MBCs lack properties such as mechanical strength or other functional properties like electrical conductivity which could widen their range of applications. In this work, the mycelium from Pleurotus ostreatus is grown in presence of metals. First, a coating strategy is developed to grow the fungus on aluminium, copper, and stainless-steel surfaces. The coating is made of agar and cornstarch to provide nutrients for the fungus to grow. It is found that the mycelium can grow on all surfaces, even on anti-bacterial copper surface. Secondly, magnetic MBCs with 3D shapes are fabricated for making potential reconfigurable structures. For these composites, the fungus is exposed to lignocellulosic substrate and rare earth magnets. Using 3D printing to create 3D moulds to grow the composite, and by strategically placing the magnet, several structures are made. This approach is interesting for the future design and fabrication of reconfigurable panels for room partition, building thermal or insulation, or to replace plastics in toy products, among others.

Elephant skin-inspired mycelium tiles for thermal regulation of buildings

Abstract Of all types of ecosystems, cities are the most polluting and this pollution affects more than 50% of the global population. One main cause for this pollution is related to the energy used to heat or cool down buildings. Currently, only 15% of households in Southeast Asia have an air conditioner, but this number is expected to rise, leading to an increase in demand in energy consumption, electricity and CO2 emissions which could further worsen global pollution and climate change. There is therefore an urgent need to find alternative solutions to cool buildings and regulate their temperatures. In this paper, inspiration is taken from elephants who live in very hot climates. Elephants can cool themselves thanks to the wrinkles on their skin that can limit heat gain, dissipate energy by evaporative cooling and store water. To emulate elephants’ cooling, tiles with elephant skin-inspired surface texture are designed. Computational simulations are performed to evaluate the effect of local shading due to the texture. Experimental tiles are produced using a biodegradable and natural material grown by a fungus, Pleurotus Ostreatus. These tiles are mycelium-bound composites (MBCs) where the fungus grew on bamboo microfibers, developing an interconnected web of cells called the mycelium that binds the microfibers together. The thermal properties of the tiles were measured for heating and cooling on the textured and flat side. The results show the tiles have anisotropic properties with a significant improvement by 25% in the cooling of the textured side over the flat side. In simulated rain conditions, the cooling is further improved by 42% as compared to dry conditions. The elephant-mycelium tiles are therefore promising for thermal regulation of building in Southeast Asia environments.

Crecimiento micelial y producción de lacasa y peroxidasas por Pleurotus ostreatus y Agrocybe aegerita en fermentación líquida

Mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus and Agrocybe aegerita in malt extract broth was evaluated. Laccase, manganese peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and unspecific peroxygenase (UnP) activities were determined in both strains, using biochemical and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis techniques. No strain showed MnP, LiP, and UnP activities. P. ostreatus had higher biomass production and laccase yield values than those shown by A. aegerita. P. ostreatus produced approximately twice as much biomass (Xmax) compared to A. aegerita (9.12 and 5.27 g/L, respectively). Maximum laccase activity (Emax) was nine-fold higher in P. ostreatus than in A. aegerita (106.5 and 12.23 U/L, respectively). P. ostreatus and A. aegerita showed 3 bands (estimated to be approximately 42, 55, 85 and 212 kDa) and one band (estimated to be approximately 35.2 kDa) with laccase activity, respectively. These results show that laccases are constitutively produced in both fungal species, whereas MnP, LiP and UnP are inducible enzymes. P. ostreatus has a great potential in the biotechnological production of laccases.

Evaluation of agricultural waste, as a substrate for the artisanal production of the Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus)

Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the most consumed edible mushrooms worldwide, in Ecuador, there is not much information on the use of agricultural residues that serve as optimal substrates, nor agroclimatic adaptations of the artisanal cultivation of this fungus. The objective of this work was to evaluate different agricultural residues, as a substrate for the artisanal production of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) in the community of Carmen, Loja, Ecuador. For the development of this work, three treatments with five replicates for each treatment were evaluated, the treatments were evaluated on agricultural residues of: cane bagasse (T1), coffee husk (T2) and rice chaff (T3), the variables that were measured were: earliness, biological efficiency and production rate. The statistical design used was a completely randomized design statistically evaluated by means of an ANOVA with the statistical program R. The results indicated that for the treatment with sugar cane bagasse (T1) the earliness found was between 34 and 44 days, obtaining an average production of 25% and biological efficiency 15%. For the cultivation of the fungus in the coffee husk residues (T2), growth problems were observed; in the treatment with rice chaff (T3) it presented an earliness between 52 and 81 days with an average production rate of 3.2% and an average biological efficiency of 2%. Concluding that cane bagasse is the most recommended agricultural residue for the cultivation of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus in the community of Carmen, Loja Ecuador.

Analisis Rantai Pasok Jamur Tiram di UMKM Sidimpuan Hiratake Mushroom Dalam Memenuhi Permintaan

Oyster mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus, are a type of edible wood mushroom. MSME Sidimpuan Hiratake Mushroom have customer, a family restauran. In order to meet consumer demand with quality and quantity requirements, MSME had issues such as inability to fulfill demand due to insufficient production capacity, and occurrence of returns, where both of these continue to increase. Purpose of this study is to explain the process of supply chain, to find out the actual performance, and to provide some suggestions for improvements to the performance of supply chain. The process flows analyzed in this supply chain are product, information and financial. The product produced by partner farmers is fresh oyster mushrooms, the products that will be sent to restaurant are oyster mushrooms that have been weighed, cleaned and packaged. This research method is qualitative and quantitative. The results of analysis with food supply chain network show that the process flow in the supply chain has been going well. The operational performance measurement results were measured using several supply chain operation reference metrics, that the operational performance of the supply chain cannot be said to be perfect overall. To measure marketing performance, the farmer's share value obtained by partner farmers is 58.3% and the marketing margin for MSME is Rp.5.000. The results of 5 why's analysis, inability to fulfill restaurant's demand was caused due to several things including variations in the growth process as well as limited resources of farmers. Returns are caused by differences in quality control standards and qualifications between restaurant and MSME.

Effect of Differences in the Composition of Growing Media on the Growth of White Oyster Mushroom Mycelium (Pleurotus ostreatus)

The use of the main growth medium in the form of wood sawdust in mushroom domestication is still higher than that of other organic materials, even though its availability is limited, so efforts need to be made to find a growth medium composition that minimizes the percentage of sawdust use. The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of treatment 1 (80% teak sawdust, 10% bran, 5% tapioca flour, and 5% agricultural lime) with treatment 2 (70% teak sawdust, 15% bran, 10% tapioca flour, and 5% agricultural lime) on the percentage of growth and mycelium growth of white oyster mushrooms. Composting of growing media was carried out for 5 days, then baglog making was carried out, after which the baglog was sterilized for 4 hours. After sterilization, the baglog was cooled and inoculated. After inoculation, the baglog is incubated to grow mycelium. Then, after 15 days, data collection and calculation were carried out. The parameters measured were the percentage of growth and mycelium growth of white oyster mushrooms in baglogs. Results showed that the percentage of growth and mycelial growth of white oyster mushrooms in treatment 1 is better than in treatment 2. Reducing the percentage of the main growing medium of teak sawdust and adding the percentage of additional growing media of bran and tapioca flour has a negative impact on the number of baglogs that grow mycelium (percentage of growth) and the growth of white oyster mushroom mycelium. This means that reducing the main media of teak sawdust and adding additional media is not the right growing media composition for domestication of white oyster mushrooms, so it cannot be used as an alternative growing media composition to reduce the use of wood sawdust.

Cultivation potential of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using agricultural wastes as substrates

Cultivation potential of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using agricultural wastes as substrates