Green Tea Leaf Extract Research Articles

Formulation natural ingredients combination and consumer preference product sunscreen lotion

UV rays exposure on the skin can lead to sunburn and cancer risk. Sunscreen is a preparation used to protect skin from sun exposure. Antioxidant compounds are known to have the potential effects to protect against the effects of UV rays. This research used green tea, lemon, and chitosan as natural ingredients to make sunscreen lotion. This research aims to get the right sunscreen formulation based on natural ingredients, understand the physicochemical characteristics, and acquire information on consumer preferences level. The stage of this research is to make a sunscreen formulation from green tea leaf extract (10%, 15% and 20%), chitosan (0%, 5% and 10%) and lemon juice 10%—the next step value measurement Sun Protector Factor (SPF) with spectrophotometry Uv-Vis. Quality inspection includes pH test, specific gravity, homogeneous lotion, viscosity and total plate count. Data processing was conducted using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) methods and Microsoft Excel for calculating Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI). The best treatment was obtained sunscreen lotion from the third formulation with extract green tea 10%, chitosan10% and lemon 10%. For pH test 6.19, spesific gravity 1.05 g/ml, viscos 31,500 cP, TPC 0 Cfu, and SPF test 15. The CSI value of the product is 69%, customer satisfaction is at the normal level, or customers feel satisfied.

Potent antiviral effect of green synthesis silver nanoparticles on Newcastle disease virus

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes serious infectious diseases in birds, affecting poultry production. In addition to adverse side effects, almost all conventional drugs targeting viral proteins have drug resistance mutations. This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of green silver nanoparticles using green tea leaf extract as a new strategy to control NDV in ovo. The Log embryo infective dose50 (EID50) virucidal reduction was used to measure the antiviral activity of silver nanoparticles against NDV. The treatment of Vero cells with the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at a noncytotoxic concentration significantly therapeutic value by inhibiting NDV entry and reduced viral replication, which led to a great reduction in the viral titer in ovo. In conclusion, silver nanoparticles are effective as a therapeutic antiviral agent against NDV and inhibit microbial resistance by making it difficult for the microbe to adapt.

Antioxidant Activities of Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Leaves From Ciwidey, West Java

It has been reported that polyphenols-rich diets provide some protection against the development of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Exogenous antioxidants are abudantly found in plants. Tea (Camellia sinensis L.; family Theaceae), which is the most popular beverage in Southeast Asia, is known for its medicinal properties. In this study, we evaluated antioxidant activity as well as phenol and flavonoid content in green tea leaves from PPTK Gambung Ciwidey in West Java. Antioxidant activity was observed through measuring 2,2- diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin Ciocalteu method. The green tea leaf extract showed the highest DPPH-scavenging activity at a concentration of 25 ug/ml (DPPH = 94.55%;IC50 = 0.54 μg/mL). Furthermore, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the green tea leaf extract were 36.64 and 8.43 mg QE/mg extract, respectively. These findings showed that the green tea leaf extract exhibited antioxidant activity.
 Keywords: Camellia sinensis L, flavonoid, antioxidant

Synthesis of a new magnetic adsorbent using green tea leaf extract and its application in phenol removal by RSM method

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) has attracted a lot of attention in recent years because of lower costs and being environmentally friendly in comparison to the chemical methods. One of the most considered methods is production of metal NPs using organisms. Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best candidates and suitable for the biosynthesis of large-scale NPs. The produced NPs by plants are more stable and their synthesize are faster than microorganisms. In this research, the green synthesis of iron oxide magnetic NPs (Fe3O4-MNPs) has been performed using aqueous extract of green tea (Camelia sinensis) as a reducing and capping agent. Evaluation of properties and morphology of Fe3O4-MNPs is performed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and vibrational magnetometer. The synthesized NPs were crystalline in nature and spin-shaped with a mean diameter of ≤ 20 nm and also has super-magnetic properties. The systematic study of the synthesis process was performed using Design Expert 10 software to determine the relationship between the four process variables, namely iron concentration, extract volume, time, and temperature. The square model was significant for the response variables. In the final, synthesized Fe3O4-MNPs were applied for magnetization of activated carbon that then used for efficient removal of phenol (up to 98%) from aqueous media. Various parameters affecting the removal process such as pH, extraction time, and adsorbent amount were optimized by using response surface methodology.

Olive and green tea leaf extracts mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs): comparison investigation on characterizations and antibacterial activity

Olive and green tea leaf extracts mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs): comparison investigation on characterizations and antibacterial activity

Alcohol exacerbated biochemical and biophysical alterations in liver mitochondrial membrane of diabetic male wistar rats – A possible amelioration by green tea

Alcohol exacerbated biochemical and biophysical alterations in liver mitochondrial membrane of diabetic male wistar rats – A possible amelioration by green tea

Development the composition and technology for obtaining a dietary supplement “Cachinol” with the antioxidant activity in the form of granules used in the polycystic ovary syndrome

Aim. To develop the composition and technology for obtaining a dietary supplement “Cachinol” with the antioxidant activity in the form of granules used in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Materials and methods. To achieve the goal, physical, physicochemical, pharmacotechnological and statistical research methods, as well as generally accepted research methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU) 2.0 were used in the work. Results and discussion. The rational dosage form is granules. The green tea leaf extract and myo-inositol were chosen as the active pharmaceutical ingredients of granules. For 3 batches of granules, the following parameters were determined: the fractional composition ranging from 13.2 to 17.9 % for 3-2 mm, from 45.3 to 56.2 % for 2-1 mm, from 20.1 to 26.1 % for 1-0.5 mm, from 8.1-12.4 for 0.5-0.25 mm, from 2.95-4.6 % for < 0.25 mm; the moisture content of granules ranging from 2.80-3.10 %; the bulk density – from 0.49 to 0.52 g/cm3, the tapped density – from 0.54 to 0.58 g/cm3; the flowability was in the range of 8.00-8.25 g/s; the angle of repose – from 30 to 33°; disintegration – from 41 to 45 s. Conclusions. The flowchart for obtaining granules in industrial conditions has been developed. The technological process for obtaining granules consists of 8 technological stages. The studies of the technological parameters of granules have been performed in accordance with the requirements of the SPhU 2.0. It has been found that the granules developed meet the requirements of the SPhU 2.0 and can be recommended for further research.

Effect of Spent Green Tea Leaf Extracts, Butylated Hydroxytoluene and Repeated Freezing–Thawing on Physicochemical and Oxidative Properties of Chevon

Microbial growth and lipid oxidation are the leading causes for degradation of quality attributes of meat. For the preservation and prolonged the shelf life of meat generally, artificial additives are commonly used to delay lipid oxidation and prevent microbial growth. However, their usage is getting concerned due to adverse health effect. Similarly, repetitions of freezing–thawing cycles also deteriorate meat quality. This aim of the current research was to explore the effect of spent green tea leaves extract (SGTLE), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and repeated freezing–thawing on physicochemical and biochemical properties of Chevon. Total five samples were prepared by soaking equal amount of Chevon in SGTLE and/or BHT solution. The samples were stored at −18 °C and thawed with distilled water (1:10 ratio). Freezing–thawing was continued for 5-cycles (30 day/cycles). Dried SGTLE resulted in total phenol content of 73.023±1.45 mg GAE/g, though its antioxidant activity was lower than BHT. Quality changing rate of Chevon was increased with freeze– thawing cycles, but decreased by SGTLE and/or BHT treatments. Changing in quality parameters followed 1st order kinetics model (R21st > R2zero), though color and protein degraded following zero order. 1% SGTLE+0.01% BHT treatment showed the least degradation rate, whilst 2% SGTLE exhibited almost similar effect as like 0.01% BHT. Conclusively this study evinced that SGTLE has potentiality to be used as a natural antioxidant.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using green tea leaf extract, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial activity.

The use of nanoparticles in medicine, nanomedicine, is very important to diagnose and treat diseases; among the various metallic nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are very popular due to their physical, chemical, and biological properties, encompassing a range of activities such as antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. In this study, the synthesis of AgNPs was conducted by the use of a nontoxic, ecofriendly method. Green tea (GT) leaf extract was used as a reducing agent to convert silver ions into free AgNPs. The UV-vis spectrum showed a peak at 410 nm, confirming the presence of AgNPs. A Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the GT extract and GT AgNPs display spectra that is identical to those of polyphenols, polysaccharides, and proteins. All the vibrational peaks in the GT extract spectrum were shifted in the AgNP spectrum, becoming narrower after the encapsulation of nanoparticles. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirm the presence of AgNPs with different sizes, ranging from 15 to 33 nm. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs in three different concentrations (10, 20, and 50 mg ml−1) showed appreciable inhibition of bacterial growth against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella sp. From the above findings, we can recommend the use of AgNPs from GT leaf extracts as an antimicrobial agent to treat chronic infections.

Bio-AgNPs-based electrochemical nanosensors for the sensitive determination of 4-nitrophenol in tomato samples: the roles of natural plant extracts in physicochemical parameters and sensing performance.

The present work reports efficient electrochemical nanosensors for the sensitive monitoring of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in tomato samples using various biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs). Three different bio-AgNP types were synthesized using natural plant extracts, including green tea (GT) leaf, grapefruit peel (GP), and mangosteen peel (MP), aiming to investigate their effects on the formation of bio-AgNPs, as well as the analytical performance of 4-NP. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the phytochemical content in various plant extracts directly influenced the physicochemical parameters of the created bio-AgNPs, such as particle size, crystallinity, and distribution. More importantly, these parameters have decisive effects on the electrocatalytic activity, conductivity, and electrochemical sensing performance of electrodes modified with them for 4-NP detection. Among the three bio-AgNPs evaluated, the GT-AgNPs (using green tea leaf extract) with uniform shape, small size without aggregation, and high crystallinity showed the best analytical performance for 4-NP determination. The electrode-modified GT-AgNPs exhibited a good 4-NP analytical performance with an electrochemical sensitivity of 1.25 μA μM−1 cm−2 and a detection limit of 0.43 μM in the detection range from 0.5 to 50 μM. The practical applicability of the sensor was also studied in tomato samples, promising satisfactory results toward 4-NP detection in other real samples.

Hair Growth Activity Test of Hair Tonic that Contain Combination of Green Tea Leaf Extract and Celery Leaf Extract

Hair loss is an abnormality where the amount of hair is less or more than normal with or without visible thinning. Excessive hair loss can lead to baldness. The prevalence of hair loss in women aged 14-28 years in Jakarta is 50%, and in Surabaya, it occurs in 53.3% of hijab users. One of the formulations that could be used to prevent hair loss is hair tonic formulations. Hair tonic is a cosmetic formulation that functions to stimulate hair growths, both in normal hair and in hair loss and baldness. Hair tonic can be developed from natural ingredients such as green tea leaves, celery leaves, or a combination of both. Green tea leaves contain epigallocatechin-3-gallate and flavonoids which have hair growth activity, while celery leaf (Apium graveolens L.) contain apigenin compounds that have hair growth activity. This research aims to formulation and evaluation of hair tonic contain ethanol extract of green tea leaves (Camellia Sinensis L.), celery leaf (Apium grave lens L.), and a combination of ethanol extract of green tea leaves (Camellia Sinensis L.) and celery leaf (Apium grave lens L.) in guinea pigs. This study is an experimental type of quantitative research with a true experimental design. laboratory and Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Hair tonic formulations were made with 6 formulations given to 6 groups of guinea pigs with a total of 4 guinea pigs in each group. The formulations used were negative control, positive control of celery leaf extract, positive control of green tea leaf extract, formulation of 1 green tea leaf 7,5% and celery leaf extract 2,5%, formulation of 2 green tea leaf 5% and celery leaf extract 5%, formulation 3 green tea leaf extract 2,5% and celery leaf extract 7,5%. Evaluation of hair tonic formulations was carried out by physical evaluation with organoleptic tests and pH tests. Evaluation of hair growths activity observed the hair growth of guinea pigs every 7 days for 28 days and measured it with a caliper. The results of the organoleptic test of organoleptically stable hair tonic formulations were assessed from the color, smell, and texture that did not change. The results of the pH test met the requirements for the skin's pH value of 4.5-6.5. The results of the hair growth test on hair tonic formulations showed that all formulations could grow hair in guinea pigs. Green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L) extract, celery leaves (Apium grave lens L), and the combination of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L) extract and celery leaves (Apium grave lens L) extract can be formulated and used as hair growth in guinea pigs. The best grow hair fast formulation is a combination of green tea leaves extract: celery leaves extract is 2,5%:7,5%.

Green Synthesis of Silver-Decorated Magnetic Particles for Efficient and Reusable Antimicrobial Activity.

Metal and metal hybrid nanostructures have shown tremendous application in the biomedical and catalytic fields because of their plasmonic and catalytic properties. Here, a green and clean method was employed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticle (Ag NP)-SiO2-Fe2O3 hybrid microstructures, and biomolecules from green tea extracts were used for constructing the hybrid structures. The SiO2-Fe2O3 structures were synthesized using an ethanolic green tea leaf extract to form Bio-SiO2-Fe2O3 (BSiO2-Fe2O3) structures. Biochemical studies demonstrated the presence of green tea biomolecules in the BSiO2 layer. Reduction of the silver ions was performed by a BSiO2 layer to form Ag NPs of 5–10 nm in diameter in and on the BSiO2-Fe2O3 microstructure. The reduction process was observed within 600 s, which is faster than that reported elsewhere. The antimicrobial activity of the Ag-BSiO2-Fe2O3 hybrid structure was demonstrated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the nanostructures were further visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The magnetic properties of the Ag-BSiO2-Fe2O3 hybrid structure were used for studying reusable antimicrobial activity. Thus, in this study, we provide a novel green route for the construction of a biomolecule-entrapped SiO2-Fe2O3 structure and their use for the ultra-fast formation of Ag NPs to form antimicrobial active multifunctional hybrid structures.

Protective role of green tea against paraquat toxicity in Allium cepa L.: physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical assessment.

In this study, the toxic effects of paraquat, one of the most commercially sold herbicides in the world, and the protective role of green tea leaf extract (GTLE) against these effects were investigated. Allium cepa L. bulbs (n = 16) were used as test material. One hundred milligrams per liter dose of paraquat and 190 and 380mg/L doses of GTLE were preferred. Paraquat toxicity was investigated with the help of physiological (percent germination, root length, and weight gain), cytogenetic (mitotic index = MI, micronucleus = MN, and chromosomal damages = CAs), biochemical (superoxide dismutase = SOD, catalase = CAT, malondialdehyde = MDA), and anatomical (meristematic cell damages) parameters. A. cepa bulbs were divided into 6 groups as 1 control and 5 applications. The control group was germinated with tap water, and the application groups were germinated with paraquat and two different doses of GTLE. Germination was carried out at room temperature for 72h. At the end of the period, A. cepa bulbs were prepared for physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical analyzes using routine preparation techniques. As a result, paraquat application caused a decrease in physiological parameters and an increase in cytogenetic (except MI) and biochemical parameters. Compared to the control (group I), the germination percentage decreased by 38%, root length 12.5 times, and weight gain 5 times decreased in group IV treated with paraquat. MDA level increased 2.58 times, SOD activity 2.48 times, and CAT activity 4.51 times increased. Paraquat application caused a decrease in the percentage of MI and an increase in the number of MN and CAs. Paraquat application caused CAs in the form of fragment, sticky chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin, bridge, nucleus with vacuoles, nucleus bud, and reverse polarization. In the meristematic cells of the root tips applied paraquat, unclearly vascular tissue, flattened cell nucleus, epidermis, and cortex cell deformation were observed. The application of GTLE together with paraquat caused an increase in the physiological parameter values and a decrease in the cytogenetic (except MI) and biochemical parameter values. An improvement in the severity of damages induced by paraquat was also observed in root tip meristematic cells. It was determined that the improvements observed in all these parameters were related to the dose of GTLE applied. The 380mg/L dose of GTLE provided more protection than the 190mg/L dose. Compared to group IV in which paraquat was applied, the germination percentage increased by 21%, root length 5.83 times, and weight gain 2.92 times increased in group VI administered 380mg/L dose of GTLE. In addition, MDA level decreased 1.78 times, SOD activity 1.59 times and CAT activity 1.65 times. In conclusion, paraquat administration at a dose of 100mg/L caused physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical toxicity in A. cepa bulbs. GTLE application, on the other hand, resulted in improvements in the severity of this toxicity induced by paraquat, depending on the dose. Therefore, GTLE can be used as an effective nutritional supplement to reduce or prevent the toxicity caused by environmental agents such as pesticides.

Tyrosinase Inhibition from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) gel

Green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) leaf has polyphenol substance that able to inhibit tyrosinase enzyme. Tyrosinase enzyme is one of the essential components that can be initiated melanin formation on the skin (melanogenesis). The natural inhibitory enzyme can be utilized in cosmetics and medicinal industries as depigmentation agent. Green tea leaf was formulated in the dosage form of a gel with carbomer 934 as a gelling agent. This study aimed to determine the optimum concentration of carbomer 934 on green tea leaf extract gel that has an inhibitory tyrosinase activity. This research used three carbomer 934 concentration, there was 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% respectively. Which every formula was evaluated during six weeks involve organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, pH, centrifuge, and freeze-thaw test (during six cycles). The optimum formula was evaluated tyrosinase activity used a spectrophotometer-vis. The results showed that the great concentration of carbomer 934 was contained on the first formula, which has not phase separation and 49.62 ppm of IC50 value. This research showed that green tea leaf extract gel with 0,5% carbomer 934 prevented tyrosinase activity. Keywords: Carbomer 934, gel, green tea leaf extract, inhibitory of tyrosinase

Novel Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Biosilver Nanoparticles as a Colorimetric Probe for Highly Selective Detection of Fe (III) Ions in Aqueous Solution

In this work, an eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of biogenic silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) using botanical extracts in combination with an electrochemical process was carried out. We employed three types of plant extracts, including green tea leaf (GTE), grapefruit peel (GP), and mangosteen peel (MP) extracts to successfully synthesize the bio-AgNPs and optimized the experimental conditions aiming to get the highest synthetic yield. The formation of bio-AgNPs was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy via a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at about 420–430 nm. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed their spherical shape with the size range within 23–55 nm. While X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis described in detail the crystalline structure of the bio-AgNPs with a face-centered cubic crystal lattice of metallic silver. The chemical bonding and elemental compositions of the bio-AgNPs were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in which organic compounds in the natural extracts not only acted as effective reductants but also capping agents for the fabricated bio-AgNPs. The prepared bio-AgNPs exhibited high stability and excellent dispersion for about four months. Based on the linear relationship between obtained SPR band intensity of bio-AgNP GTE in the presence of Fe (III) and concentration of Fe (III) ions, our bio-AgNP GTE can be used to develop a highly selective colorimetric sensor for the determination of Fe (III) ions within a linear range from 1 to 25 μM. According to that, the limit of detection (LOD) was recorded at approximately 0.532 μM, and the quantitative limit (LOQ) was calculated to be 1.77 μM. A detection mechanism was proposed through redox reactions between bio-AgNP GTE and Fe (III) ions. More interestingly, this method was successfully applied for the determination of Fe (III) ions in a lake water sample with percentage recovery of 107-150% and high reproducibility ( RSD = 1.49 % ).

Antioxidant Properties of Aqueous Extraction Green Tea on Some Chemical Properties of Local sheep Meat Stored in Cold Storage

The aim of this study was investigate the effect of adding aqueous extract of green tea on some chemical properties (thiobarbituric acid TBA, total volatile nitrogen TVN, free fatty acid FFA, and peroxide value PV) on sheep meat stored for 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days at 1-4 Cº. The treatments included: the first treatment was a control treatment without addition (0 %). As for the second, third, fourth and fifth treatments, green tea leaf aqueous extract was added by 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% respectively. The results of the study showed a significant decrease for (T.B.A, T.V.N, F.F.A, and P.V) compared with control treatment for all periods. The TBA concentration decreased significantly for the fifth treatment, compared the first treatment which had the highest concentration. As for the addition treatment, the fifth treatment showed a significant decrease for all the periods . As for T.V.N, its value decreased significantly for the fifth treatment (7.01%) at the day 12 of storage period . While the first treatment had the highest (P≤0.01) concentration value of 14.72% for the same storage period. The concentration of P.V decreased significantly for the fifth treatment, (4.22%) for the last storage period (12 days), while the first treatment recorded the highest (P≤0.01) value (6.31%) for the same period of storage. With these results, green tea leaf extract can be used as a natural antioxidant to store meat for long periods in cold storage or to extend the shelf life in term of TBA, TVN, FFA and PV.

Study of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of some groups of BAS in dietary supplements with green tea leaf extract

Recently, there has been a high demand from the population for dietary supplements that have antioxidant activity. First of all, these are dietary supplements with green tea leaf extract, because green tea contains catechins in a fairly high amount. Nowadays, according to the current legislation of Ukraine the qualitative composition and quantitative content of biologically active substances in dietary supplements are not established, which to a certain extent affects the quality and safety of these products. The aim of the study was to determine the qualitative composition and quantitative content of some groups of BAS in dietary supplements with green tea leaf extract. Materials and methods. Three dietary supplements from different manufacturers “Green Tea Extract”, “Green Tea Extract”, “Green Tea” were chosen for the study. Qualitative analysis was performed by thin layer chromatography, for quantification spectrophotometry in the UV-region was used. Results. The presence of catechins was found in the studied dietary supplements, caffeine was found only in trace amounts. The total content of catechins is 146.80 ± 1.36 mg, 79.00 ± 0.88 mg, 28.00 ± 0.75 mg, and in terms of green tea extract, which is stated in dietary supplements for dietary supplements “Green Tea Extract”, “Green Tea Extract”, “Green Tea”, respectively. Conclusions. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of some groups of BAS of three dietary supplements with green tea leaf extract was performed. It was found that dietary supplements “Green Tea Extract” and “Green Tea” meet the requirements of the US Pharmacopoeia 38 in terms of catechins. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the problem of compliance with dietary supplements is relevant today and requires the introduction of regulatory documentation for the detection and determination of biologically active substances in dietary supplements.

Efficient Concentration of Functional Polyphenols Using Their Interaction with Gelatin

Among polyphenol compounds, the flavan-3-ol structure, which is the basic unit of green tea catechins and the galloyl groups contained in green tea catechins are known to exhibit various functions. In this paper, we discuss how to concentrate highly functional polyphenol compounds by exploiting the interaction between gelatin and the catechol structures. First, we confirmed the interaction between heat-stabilized gelatin and flavan-3-ol derivatives, including synthesized compounds. When green tea leaf extract containing a large amount of flavan-3-ol derivatives was incubated with gelatin, most of the polyphenol compounds it contained were adsorbed. Because the compounds adsorbed on gelatin could not be eluted, DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging activity tests were conducted using the as-prepared gelatin–polyphenol complex. Radical scavenging activity was observed when the compounds were adsorbed on gelatin and heating at 90 °C for 5 min did not have a significant effect on their activity. These results suggest that functional polyphenols can be efficiently concentrated using heat-stabilized gelatin and retain their functionality while adsorbed.

The combination of simplex lattice design and chemometrics in the formulation of green tea leaves as transdermal matrix patch

Aim: This study was aimed to formulate a transdermal matrix patch using green tea leaf extract. Materials and methods: The transdermal matrix patch formulation was optimized by the simplex lattice design method. The correlation between responses was analyzed using chemometrics. The observed responses were: 1. the physical properties of the matrix patch, and 2. the percentage of dissolution efficiency of catechins, caffeine, and epigallocatechin gallate released from the patch. The determination of drug release kinetics was based on the curve-fitting analysis using zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. Results: The results showed that the optimal formula was obtained using the mixture of HPMC K100, HPMC K4M, and PEG 400 at a ratio of 4.0: 4.5: 0.5. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that %DE300 values of catechin caffeine and epigallocatechin gallate positively correlate. A similar condition was observed between the weight and thickness of the matrix. Drug release kinetics follows the Korsmeyer-Peppas model.

Sweet chestnut standardized fractions from sustainable circular process and green tea extract: In vitro inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic fungi for innovative applications in green agriculture.

In the present study, the antifungal activities of two commercial tannins-rich dry fractions towards different filamentous fungi of agronomical and food interest were evaluated. In particular, a standardized fraction from sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) wood by-products and a commercial green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaf extract were tested at different concentrations (0.1-5.0% and 0.2% w/v respectively). The Sweet Chestnut Wood fraction was produced in an industrial plant through an environmentally and economically sustainable process, involving hot-water extraction and a sequence of membrane filtration steps with different molecular cut-offs for fractionation and concentration of the active principles. The Sweet Chestnut Wood and Green Tea Leaf extracts were characterised via HPLC/DAD/MS quali-quantitative analysis. The first extract showed a polyphenolic content of 20.5% w/w, 100% hydrolysable tannins; the second one showed a polyphenolic content of 87.5% w/w, of which 96.2% epigallocatechin gallate and 3.8% epicatechin gallate. The antifungal activity of the Sweet Chestnut fraction in aqueous solutions was evaluated towards different filamentous fungi, in particular telluric phytopathogens (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici; Fusarium solani; Rhizoctonia solani; Sclerotium rolfsii) and post harvest pathogens (Botrytis cinerea, that can also attack field plants; Penicillium digitatum; Penicillium italicum), and compared to the activity of Green Tea Leaf extract solutions. The experimental results evidenced, for almost all tested fungi, inhibition of the mycelial growth rate in presence of tannins. The lowest inhibitions were observed for B. cinerea (7.5%, to 28.9%) and P. italicum (53.8% in 5.0% w/v Sweet Chestnut extract substrate). A proportional inhibitory effect to tannin concentration was observed for F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and F. solani (from 33.7% to 56.6%), R. solani (from 29.7% to 68.8%) and P. digitatum (64.7% to 87.0%). The highest effect resulted for S. rolfsii, (5.0% to 100%).