Gray Forest Soils Research Articles

Assessment of adaptive potential of selected cherry varieties for the south of the Non-Black Earth Region

On the basis of its biological characteristics, sweet cherry belongs to warm-season crops. Introduced most recently in the more northern areas (Central Black Earth and Central regions), it is in demand by the population as a new fruit crop. In 2010, 44 forms were selected from the seedlings of the Bryanskaya Rosovaya variety (free pollination). In this work, the most adaptable, yielding, large-fruited seedlings producing a fruit having a small seed were selected for breeding and economic use. The research was carried out in the experimental plot of the orchard at the All-Russian Lupine Research Institute in Bryansk region in 2019–2021. Light grey forest soil was used; pHKCl 5.9; humus – 2.37 mg/kg, P2 O5 – 251 mg/kg of soil, K2O – 181 mg/kg of soil. The heat summation by years amounted to 2020–2460 °C. The annual precipitation amounted to 436–714 mm. Subjected to contrasting weather conditions, varieties combining a high level of economic traits in their genome and having an attractive marketable appearance were selected. The seedlings 6-2-8, 6-2-5, 6-2-3, 6-1-20 demonstrated the highest yield of 5.9–14.5 t/ha. From year to year, the variation of this trait was less than 10%. The seedlings 6-2-27 (the maximum mass of the fruit amounted to 8,1 g; the size of the seed amounted to 4.2 % of a fruit size), 6-2-8 (8.5 g; 4.8 %), 6-1-20 (8.5 g; 4.6 %), 6-1-8 (7.8 g; 4.9 %), 6-2-14 (7.9 g; 5.4 %), 6-2-22 (8.7 g; 5.5 %) represent the largest varieties, having small seeds. For these traits, the noted varieties showed a medium to high level of variability of 7–17 %. In the future, they will be used in breeding as sources of economic traits.

The new variety of spring triticale Slovo for the Central and Volgo-Vyatka regions of the Russian Federation

The variety of spring triticale adapted to the conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone of the European part of Russia was developed in cooperation with Belorussian scientists using the method of intraspecific hybridization of ecologically distant forms. The results of this variety study in the varietal tests of 2015-2020 on gray forest medium loamy and sod-podzolic sandy soils of the Vladimir region and in the Republic of Belarus are presented. The new variety had high yield of 6.06 t/ha, on average, over 7 years of variety testing on gray forest soils. Yield increase to the standard variety Normann was 0.81 t/ha or 13.3 %. An intensive type variety. In a favorable year the yield in the variety testing reached 8.71 t/ha, the increase to the standard variety was 17.1 %. A medium-ripened, medium-sized variety Slovo matured 1-3 days earlier than the standard Normann variety and the new Dobroye variety. The Slovo variety was characterized by group resistance to diseases (powdery mildew, types of rust and smut), weak susceptibility to leaf and ear septoria, stress resistance to abiotic stressors (drought resistance 8.2 points, lodging resistance 5 points). The new variety like the standard Normann variety, is intended for cultivation using technologies of various intensity levels. It can be grown on different soils according to its granulometric texture and availability of mineral nutrition elements. On sandy sod-podzolic soils, the average yield was 4.20 t/ha, that of the standard variety was 4.15 t/ha. In addition to high productivity, the new variety was characterized by high quality of feed grain, the increase in protein per hectare to the standard Norman variety was 114 kg/ha. Since 2022, the Slovo variety has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in the Central (3) and Volga-Vyatka (4) regions of the Russian Federation. It is recommended in feed production for grain cultivation, as well as for monofodder.

Значение подтипа почвы и силы роста подвоя для экономической эффективности производства плодов яблони в Тамбовской области

The influence of the soil subtype on the yield of the apple tree was studied in the conditions of the north of the Tambov region. Changing the soil subtype during the growing of an apple tree under these conditions can lead to an increase or decrease in apple yield and the fruit production profitability level by half. The transition from semi-dwarf to medium-sized apple rootstocks leads to an increase in direct costs and a decrease in the profitability level by half, subject to the successful combination of soil subtype with rootstock. The growing of apple trees on a rootstock 62-396 in the northern part of the Tambov region is most profitable, subject to their allocation on leached black earth soil and meadow black earth soil (profitability - 84.7...145.3%). The cultivation of apple trees on a rootstock 54-118 in the north of the Tambov region is most profitable, subject to their allocation on podzolized black earth soil and gray forest soil (profitability - 59.8...142.7%). The production of apple fruits on medium-sized rootstocks 54-118 is less profitable or unprofitable, subject to the allocation of apple trees on waterlogged meadow black earth soils. Keywords: APPLE TREES, VARIETY, SOIL, ROOTSTOCK, EFFICIENCY, YIELD

The influence of the technology of cultivation of fallow lands on the yield and energy efficiency of growing grain crops in the conditions of the south-east of the Volga-Vyatka region

Relevance. After the introduction of state support for enterprises that put fallow lands into circulation, more and more such lands are beginning to be used for agricultural production. However, there are practically no scientifically based recommendations for the development of fallow lands for their more effective introduction into agricultural production.Methods. The research was carried out in a field experiment in the Nizhny Novgorod region on light gray forest soil. The technologies of basic processing of fallow lands and their impact on the yield and energy efficiency of grain cultivation were studied. The experiment was based on a three-factor scheme.Results. The article says that on light gray forest soils it is necessary to apply technologies for the production of grain crops using mechanical treatments (traditional technology and mini-till technology), which allow creating more favorable conditions for the growth and development of cultivated plants than direct sowing technology (no-till), which in turnleads to to increase the yield of the studied crops. It is established that the cultivation of Sinapis alba as green-manured fallow allows to increase the yield of the studied crops. It was revealed that with direct processing of fallow lands without the application of mineral fertilizers and without the cultivation of green manure crop, the most energetically recouped technology is the traditional technology of cultivation of grain crops (energy coefficient — 1.51). The introduction of organic fertilizers in the form of growing a green manure crop, without the introduction of mineral fertilizers, reduces the energy efficiency of all the technologies studied. When cultivating grain crops on a mineral background and with the cultivation of Sinapis alba as a green manure crop, the mini-till technology (energy coefficient — 1.45) is most energetically advantageous, it is more energy efficient thentraditional technology by 0.7%and then no-till technology— by 14.5%.

AGROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS OF REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA

The global nature of anthropogenic activity leads to profound and in some cases irreversible changes in biogeochemical cycles. The purpose of the work is to monitor the soils of the Republic of Mordovia. Initial parameters of the studied soils were used as a reference standard,in its relation the state of the soil cover was assessed.Mordovskiy State Center of Agrochemical Service has been conducting a system of regular observations on reference plots on the territory of the republic since 1993. They are located in different natural and climatic zones and reflect natural and climatic features of the main soil types. Organic matter accumulates on the soil surface and all upper horizons in the process of soil formation. For different soil types, there is a different ratio of the processes of supply of plant and animal residues and the processes of their transformation, and different intensity of these processes. The weighed mean content of humus was 7.6%, dark gray forest soils - 5.4%, gray forest soils - 3.9% and on alluvial soils - 4.7% on leached and podzolized black soils of the Republic of Mordovia. Soil samples of all soiltypes were taken in early spring before the start of spring field work (continuous survey), the results of their analyzesallow to assess their available nitrogen. Black soils and dark gray forest soils of the Republic of Mordovia are generally characterized by favorable physical and chemical properties: slightly acidic - close to neutral reaction of the medium, a relatively high amount of absorbed bases. Agrochemical properties of gray forest and soddy-podzolic soils worsen compared to those mentioned above. The content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in the studied soils varies from low to very high, being average in most areas. Their content is determined not only by the soiltype, but also by soilcultivation state and application of mineral fertilizers.

STATE OF INTERVARIETAL VARIABILITY OF WINTER WHEAT DEPENDING ON SEEDING TIME AND AMOUNT IN THE VOLGA-VYATKA REGION

The article presents experimental data obtained in a field experiment conducted at Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Agriculture in 2017-2021. The aim of the research is to determine the effect of elements of cultivation technology on yield and quality of winter wheat seeds on light gray forest soils in the southeast of the Volga-Vyatka region. The field experiment was based on a three-factor scheme: varieties of winter wheat (Moskovskaya 40, Moskovskaya 56, Moskovskaya 82, Nemchinovskaya 17, Nemchinovskaya 57, Moskovskaya 39 (standard)); sowing dates: the first - August 25-26, the second - September 10-11, the third - September 25-26 and seeding amount - 6.0; 4.5; 3.0 million v.s. (million viable seeds). Well-known generally accepted methods were used during the experiment. It was established that the field germination of seeds varied by the variants of the experiment at the first sowing period from 64.7 to 83.0%, at the second period from 67.4 to 75.9%, at the third period from 46.4 to 70.3%. It was determined that the conditions for overwintering of plants of the studied culture were generally satisfactory and, in terms of sowing time (in a ten-point system), varied within 7.85-8.37; 7.08-7.55; 6.44-7.18 points, respectively. It was found that the number of plants of the studied crop per 1 m2 before harvesting changed according to the sowing time as follows: in the first period from 130 to 186 pcs.; in the second period from 117 to 163 pieces and in the third period from 93 to 141 pcs. It was revealed that the sowing time had the greatest impact on winter wheat yield. On average for 2017-2021, the first of them stood out significantly average yield was 7.47, 5.66; 4.86 t/ha, respectively, in terms of sowing. When studying the seeding amount of winter wheat seeds, it was noted that, on average, at all three seeding amounts, the yield changed slightly and at a seeding amount of 6.0 million v.s. was 6.26 t/ha, at 4.5 million v.s. – 5.96 t/ha, at 3.0 million v.s. – 5.74 t/ha. It was determined that the most adapted varieties were Moskovskaya 56, Nemchinovskaya 57, Moskovskaya 82. Their average yield for three sowing times was 6.26, respectively; 6.29; 6.31 t/ha, which is by 13.2; 13.7 and 14.1% more than the standard (Moskovskaya 39). When studying the quality parametres of grain, the maximum value of protein and gluten was found in Moskovskaya 40 variety -16.8 and 29.5%, which is 10.5 and 9.7% more, than in the Moskovskaya 39 variety (standard).

Assessment and Forecast of Soil Conditions of the Central Ciscaucasia and the Caucasus with Chromium Contamination

Laboratory simulation of pollution with chromium (VI) oxides of 11 main types and subtypes of soils in the Central Ciscaucasia and the Caucasus was carried out: ordinary chernozems (Och), leached soil (Ls), podzolic soil (Ps), modal soil (Ms), redzina soil (Rs) , dark gray forest soil (Dgfs), slightly unsaturated brown forest soil (Subs), mountain-meadow soddy soil (Mmss), soddy-torfy soil (Sts), chernozemic soil (Chs), mountain meadow steppe soil (Mmsts). Impact analysis of 100, 1000 and 10000 mg/kg of chromium on the most sensitive and informative indicators of soil conditions (number of bacteria, enzyme activity, plant growth and development) and ecological functions of soils were performed. Regional ecologically safe concentrations of total chromium in the studied soils were established: Chs – 85 mg/kg, Ls, Och, Dgfs, Subs, Sts – 110 mg/kg, Rs – 115 mg/kg, Och – 120 mg/kg, Mmss – 125 mg/kg, Ms – 135 mg/kg, Mmsts – 140 mg/kg. Predictive deterioration maps of the biological state and violation of the ecological and agrarian soil functionality in the Central Ciscaucasia and the Caucasus in case of contamination with concentrated chromium were developed, indicating a very high environmental hazard of chromium.

ВЛИЯНИЕ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ, ОБРАБОТКИ СЕМЯН И ПОСЕВОВ НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПРЕДКАМЬЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

Improving the efficiency of fertilizers used, growth stimulants, taking into account the active phases of culture development remains relevant. The purpose of our study is to identify the impact of calculated doses of nutrients, pre-sowing seed treatment and treatment of vegetative plants with a growth stimulant on the productivity of spring soft wheat. Field experiments and laboratory studies were conducted in 2019-2021 on gray forest soils of Agrobiotechnopark LLC of Kazan State Agrarian University. The scheme of the field experiment involved the study of the following options: mineral fertilizers (factor A) - without fertilizers (0); calculated dose for grain yield 3.5 t/ha (N36P23K35); calculated dose for grain yield 4.5 t/ha (N94P83K77); growth stimulants (factor B) - seed treatment with Vial Trust 0.5 l/t; seed treatment with Vial Trust 0.5 l/t + spraying of plants in the tillering phase Stimax Growth 1 l/ha; seed treatment with Vial Trust 0.5 l/t and Stimaks 0.5 l/t + spraying of plants in the tillering phase Stimaks Growth 1 l/ha; seed treatment with Vial Trust 0.5 l/t and Stimax 0.5 l/t + spraying plants in the tillering phase Stimax Growth 1 l/ha + spraying plants in the booting phase Nutrivant Plus 2 kg/ha. The survival of plants on an unfertilized background was 57.7...62.0%, N36P23K35 - 62.5...67.2%, N94P83K77 - 71.8...79.8%. The complex effect of the disinfectant and growth stimulants in the treatment of seeds and plants in the tillering and booting phases ensured an increase in the survival of plants on an unfertilized background by 4.3%, against the background of N36P23K35 - by 4.7%, against the background of N94P83K77 - by 8.0% . The average wheat yield of the Ulyanovska 105 variety on an unfertilized background was 3.21 t/ha, N36P23K35 - 3.69 t/ha, N94P83K77 - 4.28 t/ha. The combined use of growth stimulants in the treatment of seeds and plants in the tillering and booting phases was accompanied by an increase in wheat yield by 4.7, 5.1 and 7.0%, respectively.

Economic efficiency of maize grain production under various agrotechnical measures of cultivation

Topicality. The efficiency of the grain production industry allows to provide the population with food and the state with currency. A significant place in the increase in the volume of grain crops is assigned to maize, which is in stable demand both in the domestic and foreign markets. Issues. Due to the lack of programs of grain maize breeding in the Western Forest-Steppe zone, it is necessary to purchase the hybrids and seed material in the originating institutions of the Central Forest-Steppe and Steppe zones. The choice of high-yield hybrids depends on their biological char-acteristics, effective use of soil and climatic conditions and positive response to the cultivation technology. Aim. To conduct a comprehensive and economic evaluation of maize hybrids depend-ing on the implementation of their genetic potential in the soil and climatic conditions of the West-ern Forest-Steppe and their response to the system of basic and foliar plant nutrition. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out during 2019–2021 on the fields of the Department of Seed Production and Seed Science at the Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian region NAAS. We studied next maize hybrids: Pochaivskyi 190 MV, DN Meotyda, DN Khortytsia, Orzhytsia 237 MV (the originator – State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, Dnipro). Yield accounting was carried out by direct combining of experimental plots with subsequent weighing, and the obtained data was recalculated for standard grain moisture content. Processing statistical data - by analysis of variance (Excel, Statistica 6.0) according to V. A. Ushkarenko, R. A. Vozhehova, S. P. Golobo-rodko, S. V. Kokovikhin (2013), economic assessment – by the method of V. I. Boiko, E. M. Lebid, V. S. Rybka (2008). Results. The highest grain yield of maize hybrids (7.49 t/ha for early-ripening group and 7.62 t/ha for mid-early group) was obtained in 2019; in 2020, the grain yield was lowest – 7.07 and 7.22 t/ha, respectively. The highest yield of 7.68 t/ha was obtained for DN Meotyda hy-brid of the early ripening group, and 7.67 t/ha – for Orzhytsia 237 MV hybrid of the mid-early rip-ening group. Over the years of research, the variability of grain yield for the early ripening hybrids (FAO 100–199) ranged within 0.32–0.52 t/ha, for the mid-early ripening hybrids (FAO 200–299) – 0.22–0.35 t/ha. Pre-sowing seed treatment with chelated forms of microfertilizers was effective on gray forest surface-gley soils of the studied region with hard-to-reach forms of nutrients. Microferti-lizers used in pre-sowing seed treatment increased grain yield by 0.21–0.43 t/ha. Conclusions. The growth of economic indicators for farms of various forms of ownership in the Western Forest-Steppe zone is facilitated by the expansion of the range of simple linear maize hybrids of domestic selection. When growing ecologically plastic maize hybrids of different maturity groups (Pochaivskyi 190 MV, DN Meotyda, DN Khortytsia, Orzhytsia 237 MV), the profitability of grain production reached 107.2–132.1 %. Pre-sowing seed treatment with chelated microfertilizers: Ora-cle Seeds (1.0 l/t), Brexil Combi (0.5 kg/t) and Valagro EDTA Mix 5 (0.2 kg/t) increased the profit-ability by 2.7–9.2 %. When applying microfertilizer Oracle Multicomplex (1.5 l/ha) in the stage of ВВСН 16–18 (6–8 leaves) and ВВСН 59 (tasseling), the profitability indicator exceeded the control (without foliar feeding) by 37.1–38.2 %. When the rate of application of mineral fertilizers was in-creased to N150P90K90, it was obtained a higher profitability of grain production of early ripening maize hybrids (FAO 100–199) at plant density of 75 thousand pcs/ha) by 24.6–27.7 %, mid-early ripening (FAO 200–299 with plant density of 80 thousand pcs/ha) – by 17.4–20.7 % compared to N120P90K90. Key words: maize, yield, microfertilizers, mineral fertilizers, profitability.

Use of natural sorbents for accelerated bioremediation of grey forest soil contaminated with crude oil

Due to the extensive oil extraction and transportation that occurs in oil-producing countries, many lands remain contaminated because of accidental leakages. Despite its low cost and environmentally safe nature, bioremediation technology is not always successful, mainly because of the soil toxicity to the degrading microbial populations and plants. Here we report a three-year microfield experiment on the influence of natural sorbents of mineral (zeolite, kaolinite, vermiculite, diatomite), organic (peat), carbonaceous (biochar) origin, and a mixed sorbent ACD (composed of granular activated carbon and diatomite) on the bioremediation of grey forest soil contaminated with weathered crude oil (40.1 g total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) kg−1). Optimal doses of the sorbents significantly accelerated bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil through bioaugmentation followed by phytoremediation. The main reason for the influence of the sorbent amendments relied upon the creation of optimal conditions for the activation of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria and plant growth due to the reduction of soil toxicity, as well as maintaining an optimal pH and water-air regime in the soil. That happened because of reducing the soil hydrophobicity, increasing porosity and water holding capacity. The content of the TPH in the best samples (2% biochar or ACD) reduced to their local permissible concentration accepted for remediated soils in the Russian Federation (≤5 g kg−1) after two warm seasons compared to that after three warm seasons in the other samples. Although some sorbents decelerated biodegradation of highly condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, including benzo(a)pyrene) in the soil, the overall risk from the residual contaminants present in the remediated soil and plants was minimized. The final total content of the main PAHs in the sorbent-amended soils did not exceed the maximal permissible levels that are accepted in most EU countries (1000–40,000 μg kg−1), and they did not accumulate in the aboveground phytomass of grasses in dangerous concentrations.

УРОЖАЙ И КАЧЕСТВО ЗЕРНА ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ СРОКОВ ПОСЕВА, ГЛУБИНЫ ЗАДЕЛКИ СЕМЯН И ФОНА ПИТАНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ СЕВЕРНОЙ ЧАСТИ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

This article presents the results of studying the sowing dates in 2016-2020. Spring wheat was sown in three terms: the first – optimally early – after pre-sowing cultivation (control), the second – 6 days after the first and the third – 12 days after the first sowing period. Studies on the depth of seeding were conducted in 2018-2020. Field experiments provided for testing the depth of seeding at 4, 6 and 8 cm. The influence of the nutrition background on the yield and grain quality of spring wheat was studied in 2018-2020 with the introduction of fertilizers based on 3 tons of grain per hectare. The studies were conducted with the zoned variety Yoldyz. The experiments were laid in the agrobiotechnopark of the Kazan State Agrarian University on gray forest soil with a humus content of 3.1-3.4% (according to Tyurin), P2O5 – 240-260 mg and K2O – 132-180 mg per 1000 g of soil. The early sowing period in all the years of research provided a higher yield of spring wheat. With a 6-day delay in sowing, the yield decreased by an average of 0.32 tons per ha over 5 years. Planting seeds deeper than 4 cm did not provide an increase in yield, and in all years of research led to a decrease. The use of fertilizers on average for three years increased the yield of spring wheat by 0.8 t/ ha. The protein content in grain on a fertilized background was 2.6% higher, and the mass fraction of gluten was 4.1% higher.

Оценка эффективности применения Физиологически активных веществ и удобрений на озимой пшенице

The studies were carried out on winter wheat varieties Kazanskaya 560 for three years, of which two (2018, 2019) were characterized by periodically dry phenomena during the spring-summer growing season and one (2020) was with normal moisture. The aim of the work was to study the effectiveness of the use of the Melafen growth stimulator on winter wheat in the autumn period and double foliar feeding in the spring-summer period with the complex liquid fertilizer Metallocene Universal. The studies were carried out on gray forest soil using the recommended agricultural technology for the cultivation of winter wheat. In the course of the research, the influence of the studied preparations and their combinations on the biometric parameters of plants, the development of diseases, the productivity and quality characteristics of winter wheat seeds was studied. It was found that when using the autumn treatment of crops with the growth stimulator Melafen, there was an increase of 17.8% in plant density for harvesting, which is due to the positive effect of the stimulator on the overwintering of winter wheat. As a result, the yield in this variant increased by 0.48 t/ha. The use of only top dressing with Metallocene Universal led to an increase in the number of grains per spike and an increase in yield by 0.43 t/ha. The alternation of treatments (autumn spraying by Melafen; spring-summer spraying by Metalocene Universal) contributed to an increase in the number of grains per ear, an increase in the mass of 1000 seeds, which led to a significant (0.9 t/ha) increase in the yield of winter wheat. Double foliar feeding with Metallocene Universal contributes to some reduction in the infection of an ear of winter wheat with stagonospora blotch. In all experimental variants, there was no decrease in damage to the ear by "black head molds". The studied variants did not have a significant positive effect on the accumulation of protein in wheat grain.

УДОБРЕНИЕ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ СЕРЫХ ЛЕСНЫХ ПОЧВ ПРЕДКАМЬЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

This article presents research materials on the effect of mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of spring wheat grain. It was found that in the conditions of the Pre-Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan on gray–forest soils (on average for two years – 2019-2020), the dose of mineral fertilizers NPK is the most effective. Agrometeorological conditions during the years of research were favorable, GTK – 1,36 and 1,13. The object of research is spring soft wheat, Yoldyz variety.

Influence of innovative plant growth regulators on physiological and biochemical parameters and yield of Solanum tuberosum

Relevance. Solanum tuberosum L. – it is one of the main food crops, therefore, the study of the influence of innovative growth regulators on physiological and biochemical parameters and plant yield is very important for the agro-industrial complex.Material and methods. The research was carried out on the gray forest soil of the Orel region in the conditions of a vegetation house on the basis of the farm Stebakov V.I. in the period 2020-2021. Potato of the Nevsky variety was used as the object of the study. Treatment with growth regulators was carried out by soaking Solanum tuberosum tubers in aqueous solutions of melafene (10-6%), Energy-M (10-3%) for 8 hours. When laying the experiments, the optimal amount of nitrogen (2.3 g), phosphorus (0.7 g) and potassium (3.1 g) was introduced into the soil for potato. Was determined catalase, peroxidase activity. The amount of hydroperoxides, an intermediate product of POL, was estimated by reaction with ammonium rhodanide, the content of malonic dialdehyde by reaction with thiobarbituric acid. The experiment was carried out three times. Statistical processing of the results was carried out by the method of one-factor analysis of variance using the computer program "MS Exel".Results. Studies have shown that there is an increase in the activity of catalase and peroxidase in all variants of the experiment compared with the control in leaves, in tubers – the activity of enzymes decreases. There was a decrease in the content of malondialdehyde in all variants of the experiment compared with the control. The analysis of the final productivity revealed that the total number of tubers on one bush of the potato in the variants with growth regulators changes slightly, while the mass of tubers increases, so the variant with the growth regulator melafen increased this indicator by 37% compared to the control.

Продуктивность лиственницы различного происхождения в условиях Воронежской области

Experimental verification of the influence of Larix genus seeds origin on the properties of trees grown from them has been started in the last century, while attempts to introduce larch to forest-steppe were first undertaken in the 1880s. However, there is still no general interrelated pattern of the factors determining the success of larch growth in forest-steppe conditions. The research aims to reveal the effect of seed origin on the stability and productivity of larch plantations in the Central forest-steppe of the Voronezh region. The object is the Larix collection and geographical plantations planted in 1955 in the 7th quarter of the Zhivotinovskoe forestry of the Voronezh State Forestry University. Systematic observations of the study object showed that not all of the presented larch forms can be recommended for C2 conditions of the Central forest-steppe of the Voronezh region. We noted that Siberian larch and Sukachev larch, as well as European larch, grow well in the C2 conditions on gray forest sandy soils, namely, they are characterized by high preservation and productivity. Sukachev larch of Arkhangelsk origin and Siberian larch of Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk origins, as well as European larch from the Baltic states, have an increased resistance to natural and climatic factors in the Central forest-steppe of the Voronezh region. However, when introducing the above mentioned forms of larch into plantations, one should take into account the specificity of the climate of the Central foreststeppe of the Voronezh region, which is characterized by long periods of drought, leading to a moisture deficit for the entire plant community. In the C2 conditions, larch forms a surface root system, which in the dry period negatively affects the growth of stands and causes stress to trees, leading to weakening of the stand. This is especially significant for specimens aged 55–65 yrs. The weakened larch stand cannot resist phytophages, namely, the colonization of the black pine barbell (Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier)), which enhances the complete falling off of larch stand in the studied conditions. The research results give a related pattern of formation of larch plantations in the C2 conditions, allow us to select the forms of larch, the best for the creation of production plots of this species in the Voronezh region.

Monitoring research of the direction of mineralization processes under the influence of organo-mineral and organic fertilization systems

aim. To monitor changes in the microbial component of gray forest soil under the influence of traditional and modern types of fertilizers used in modern agriculture. Methods. Microbiological, laboratory-analytical, statistical. Results. It has been established that the use of the organo-mineral fertilization system allows to intensify the development of soil organic matter by 56.3%, the mineralization of nitrogen compounds by 14.7%, increases the oligotrophy coefficient by 22.5%, reduce the activity of humus mineralization by 68.7 % and increase the total biological activity by 5.65%. Doubling the dose of mineral fertilizers against the background of the organic fertilization system (the 4th year after the introduction of 60 t/ha of cattle litter manure) leads to an increase in the level of consumption of soil organic matter by 22.3%. It is consistent with the data of previous growing season: application of unbalanced doses of mineral fertilizers provokes the decomposition of soil organic matter. The value of the nitrogen mineralization coefficient and humus mineralization activity does not change as a result of applying a double dose of mineral fertilizers. But the total biological activity increases by 16.8%. Applying a double dose of mineral fertilizers reduces soil phytotoxicity by 17.6 %. Plowing of pea straw against the background of an organo-mineral fertilization system intensifies the development of organic matter of gray forest soil by 13.4%, reduces the intensity of mineralization of nitrogen compounds by 14.3%, reduces the activity of humus mineralization by 10.7%, does not affect the phytotoxicity of gray forest soil. The application of organic fertilizers leads to the intensification of mineralization processes (compared to the mineral fertilization system (N50Р30К50) soil organic matter by 23.7 %, nitrogen compounds by 18.2%; slowing down of humus mineralization processes by 31.3%, increasing the deficit of easily digestible nutrients by 22.5%, an increase of total biological activity by 8.24%, a decrease of phytotoxicity by 13.3%. Conclusions. The application of organic fertilizers in the form of cattle manure optimizes soil-forming processes, prevents the mineralization of humus, which is the main factor of potential soil fertility, and creates conditions for improving the mineral nutrition of plants, which is the basis of increasing the level of effective soil fertility.

Использование гербицидов в технологии производства семян горчицы белой

The article offers three-year results of experiments to determine the effect of herbicidal treatments in the agrocenoses of white mustard of the Rhapsody variety in the conditions of the Ryazan region. It was revealed that the average seed yield during sowing in the first decade of May was higher by 0.41 t/ha (Galleon 0.2 l/ha + Miura 0.8 l/ha), and higher by 0.23 t/ha (Crucifer, 0.3 l/ha + Ligate, 0.4 l/ha) than in the variant without processing; in the II decade – by +0.4 t/ha and +0.27 t/ha; in the III decade – by +0.43 and +0.29 t/ha, respectively. On average, the maximum increase in white mustard oil seeds from herbicidal treatment was detected during sowing in the second decade of May. Keywords: WHITE MUSTARD, GRAY FOREST SOIL, HERBICIDE, RYAZAN REGION, SEEDS, CONTAMINATION, YIELD

Changes in agrochemical indicators of light gray forest soil and productivity of meadow clover depending on the level of mineral nutrition against the background of the aftereffect of liming in the conditions of the South-East of the Volga-Vyatka region

The research was carried out in a long-term stationary experiment, launched in 1978 on light gray forest soil in the conditions of the Nizhny Novgorod region. In 2020-2021, the effectiveness of various doses of mineral fertilizers (N0P0K0, N15P40K60, N30P80K120, N45P120K180) was studied against the background of liming when laying the experiment (in doses 0; 0.5;1.0;1.5; 2.0; 2.5 of hydrolytic acidity) on the yield of meadow clover Martum of the 1st and 2nd years of use. It has been established that the studied lime doses introduced in 1978, by August 2021 had not affected the change in agrochemical parameters of light gray forest soil (acidity, content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, humus) and the yield of meadow clover of the 1st and 2nd year of use. A long-term use (1978-2021) of single and double doses of mineral fertilizers did not provide the accumulation of humus, mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium as compared to their initial content in arable layer of light gray forest soil. Increased content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium (Р2О5 per 34.1 mg/kg, К2О per 22.3 mg/kg) was observed by long-term application of three-fold doses of mineral fertilizers. Application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N45P120K180 enabled to obtain 36.5 and 37.9 t/ha of green mass during the 1st and the 2nd year of use and the highest total yield of 74.4 t/ha that is 12.0-22.2 t/ha higher than the control and all the rest variants of mineral fertilizers application.

Species and quantitative composition of the mycoflora of gray forest soil in intensive horticulture and crop production

The article examines the mycoflora of the soil in different areas of agricultural land use for intensive cultivation of crops. The aim of the article is too study the number of soil mycoflora in different areas of agricultural land use with intensive cultivation of crops (horticulture and feld crop rotations). In the conditions of Vinnytsia region the quantitative and species composition of fungal groups of gray forest soil under intensive horticulture and crop production was studied. Research on microbiological diversity of soils were carried out in the Tivriv district of Vinnytsia region on the example of agricultural land of the LLC «Agro-Etalon». Soil microorganisms are convenient object of observation. Based on the analysis of literature sources, the determining role of microorganisms in maintaining homeostasis, restoring soil fertility and crop formation has been established. The study of the qualitative and quantitative state of the soil microbiota allows to improve the conditions and methods of agriculture in order to improve the state of the soil microbiota, and hence soil fertility. As the result the most common types of soil micromycetes characteristic of both studied objects were identifed. Among them are Penicillium rubrum, P. variabile, P. canescens, Arthrinium phaeospermum, Mortierella alpina, Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and Fusarium graminear. The structure of the microbial coenosis and the ratio of the number of ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms differ depending on the direction of use of agricultural land. The soils of the apple orchard under intensive horticulture contained a smaller total number of thousands of colony-forming units per gram of soil, saprotrophic fungal species and are represented by a much smaller list of fungal genera compared to the soil under intensive vegetation. At the same time, it should be noted that soils under orchards were characterized by a higher share of pathogenic, potential toxin-forming fungi and antagonist fungi than the total number of isolated fungi compared to soils used under crops. Key words: soil, fungi, mycoflora, micromycetes, intensive gardening, intensive crop production.

Feather grass (Stipa pennata L., Poaceae Barnh.) on the northern border of its natural area in Nizhegorod region

The article touches the problem of borders of plant species natural areas. The purpose of article is analysis of spreading Stipa pennata L. ( Poaceae Barnh.) by means of comparison configuration the north border in Nizhegorod region with physical-geographic borders, soils, vegetations, climate and economical activity of population. Noted, that the configuration of the species north border (approximately 56° N.L.) in Nizhegorod region are defined by soil-edaphic conditions (chernozem, gray forest soil, moderate moisture and warm climate), vegetation of this and surrounding regions and areas after the deforestation . Forest degradation creates favorable phytocenosics conditions for Stipa. This configuration approximately coincidence with part of General Landscape Border of Russian plane on Nizhegorod region. It was ascertained, that this species location on the north slopes of bank of the Volga River might be explained by local micro-climate. In these places, spring is late and new sprouts of plants emerged later after spring frosts.