Graphical Data Analysis Research Articles

Legalization of income in the informal economy of Russia: critical analysis and countermeasures

The study examines the functioning of the shadow economy of Russia in terms of the legalization of income obtained by illegal means. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that the scaling of shadow processes and the informal part of economic systems negatively affect the efficiency of the functioning of the national economy, which causes an objective need for critical analysis and the development of countermeasures. The object of the study is the national economy and national income. The subject of the study is the informal economy and part of the national income obtained illegally. The purpose of the study is to identify objects of economic and illegal activities in the national system of economic management and to develop measures to counteract the scaling of the legalization of illegally obtained income. Research objectives: 1. Theoretical analysis of the research results of domestic and foreign scientists; 2. Analysis and processing of statistically significant data; 3. Graphical analysis of data; 4. Development of measures to counter money laundering; 5. Formulation of conclusions. The research methodology is adopted as an economic and statistical approach, conditioned by heuristic methods of scientific cognition. Research results: 1. It was revealed that the main source of legalization of informal income according to the results of the study is digital currencies in terms of payment and exchange, individual entrepreneurs in terms of the legal form of the organization, construction in terms of the type of economic activity. 2. The risk groups of legalization of informal income are presented; 3. The typology of preventive measures for the legalization of informal income is presented.

Adaptive reuse approach towards visual character change in conservation buildings

Semarang Gallery resulted from a heritage building conservation project reused with a new function or known as adaptive reuse, which indicates that it can cause changes in its visual character. This study aims to find the level of change in the visual character of the exterior, interior, and at close range of Semarang Gallery due to the adaptive reuse approach. This research uses a qualitative method, with graphical and descriptive data analysis. The results of the analysis show that the adaptive reuse approach changes the existing building typology, which requires adapting to technical improvements in almost all aspects of the building; thus giving rise to changes in the visual character of the exterior, interior, and at close range with different levels of significance. Changes that are in line with conservation principles can increase its parameter function’s value, on the contrary; inconsistencies can remove the distinctiveness of the visual character.

ZnO nanowires based e-nose for the detection of H2S and NO2 toxic gases

In this work, a novel ZnO NWs based e-nose has been developed and demonstrated successfully for its ability to discriminate H2S and NO2 test gases. For this, a MS was fabricated by modifying the surface of the ZnO NWs with suitable sensitizers (∼<10 nm) namely Ni, Au, Cu, and MgO. A post deposition annealing in oxygen environment results in the formation of ZnO–CuO, ZnO–Au, ZnO–NiO and ZnO–MgO heterojunctions. The data repository was formed by measuring the response curves for different set of gas, concentration and operating temperature. The gas sensing results were subsequently interpreted employing both graphical analysis (3D bar chart) and multivariate data analysis (principal component analysis) techniques. For better understanding, the steps involved in the PCA have been explained and discussed elaborately. Our result indicate that the e-nose is capable for producing the qualitative as well as quantitative discrimination of two test gases namely H2S and NO2.

Foam Flow in Different Pore Systems—Part 2: The Roles of Pore Attributes on the Limiting Capillary Pressure, Trapping Coefficient, and Relative Permeability of Foamed Gas

Summary The limiting capillary pressure of foam (Pc*) and foam trapping in porous media are pore-scale foam properties that affect foam transport in porous media. They are strongly influenced by the characteristics of rock pores and throats. Because of experimental limitations, these foam properties are difficult to measure at core scale. As a result, our understanding of their relationship with different pore characteristics is limited. In this paper, novel coreflood and graphical analysis techniques were used to measure Pc* and the foam-trapping coefficient (FTC) at core scale. FTC is a new parameter synonymous to Land’s (1968) trapping coefficient, which describes foam-trapping behavior across an entire range of saturation as opposed to a single endpoint trapped saturation. The scalability of these two foam properties with permeability and other pore characteristics [average pore size (PS), average throat size (TS), average aspect ratio (AR), coordination number (CN), surface area/volume ratio, and reservoir-quality index (RQI)] were also investigated. Pore characteristics of 12 different rock samples were measured from 3D pore-network models generated from high-resolution X-ray computed-microtomography images. The heterogeneity of the rock samples were quantified by the Dykstra-Parsons index (Dysktra and Parsons 1950), while the RQI and J-function methods were used to classify them according to their storage and flow properties. Each of the measured pore characteristics and their combination [combined pore character (CPC)] were then correlated with Pc* and FTC to understand their respective roles. Furthermore, the data points obtained from the graphical analysis of the coreflood data provided the required input data for a mechanistic foam model for relative permeability of foamed gas (Kovscek and Radke 1994). The estimated relative permeability of foamed gas was then used to study foam mobility in the different pore geometries. The overall results showed the following: P c * has strong negative correlations with all pore characteristics except AR, which has a weak positive correlation. P c * has the strongest correlation with RQI, CPC, and permeability; a moderate correlation with CN and TS; and a very weak correlation with PS. Foam trapping has positive correlations with all pore characteristics except AR, which has a negative correlation. Low AR appears to be responsible for significant trapping of foam in high-permeability rocks. Low AR favors more foam trapping, while high AR favors trapping of oil and gas during water imbibition in water-wet rocks. Foam trapping appears to have the dominant control on foam mobility.

Foam Flow in Different Pore Systems—Part 1: The Roles of Pore Attributes and Their Variation on Trapping and Apparent Viscosity of Foam

Summary Lateral propagation of foam in heterogeneous reservoirs, where pore geometries vary laterally, depends on the roles of pore geometries on the foam properties. In this paper, the pore attributes of 12 different rock samples were characterized in terms of porosity, permeability, pore shape, pore size, throat size, aspect ratio, coordination number, and log mean of surface relaxation times (T2LM). These were measured from gas porosimeter and permeameter, X-ray microcomputed tomography (CT)-based pore-network models, thin-section photomicrographs, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) surface relaxometry. The samples have a wide range of porosity: 12 to 29%; permeability: 1 to 5,000 md; average pore size: 3.7 to 9 µm; average throat size: 2.4 to 8 µm; average aspect ratio: 1 to 1.7; average coordination number: 2.6 to 5.2; and T2LM: 9.4 to 740 ms. Nitrogen foam flow experiments (without oil) were then conducted on each rock sample using a specialized coreflood apparatus. A graphical analysis of the coreflood data was used to estimate the total saturation of trapped foam (10 to 66%), flowing foam (3 to 14%), and apparent viscosity of foam (3.2 to 73 cp). Trapped foam saturation and apparent viscosity values were then correlated with each of the measured pore attributes. The results revealed that all pore attributes, except aspect ratio, have positive correlations with foam trapping and apparent viscosity. The best correlation with trapped foam saturation was obtained when the most influential pore attributes (pore size, throat size, aspect ratio, and coordination number) were combined into a single mathematical function. Foam apparent viscosity also appears to be mostly influenced by trapped foam saturation, permeability, and coordination number of pore systems. Trapping is also likely enhanced by the presence of fenestral or channel pores. Furthermore, the shape and angularity of pores seem to facilitate snap-off and trapping of foam, because rock samples with angular pores trapped the highest foam saturation compared with other samples with rounded and subrounded pores. It was also shown that the correlation between trapped foam saturation (and foam apparent viscosity) and the absolute permeability of porous media may reverse at some high-permeability values (greater than several darcies), when one or both of the following conditions exist: (1) The aspect ratio of a lower-permeability porous medium is lower than that of a higher-permeability porous medium, and (2) the coordination number of a lower-permeability porous medium is higher than that of a higher-permeability porous medium. Finally, T2LM showed a good correlation with foam trapping, making NMR logging a prospective tool for pre-evaluating foam performance in targeted reservoir sections.

Consideration of Metabolite Efflux in Radiolabelled Choline Kinetics.

Hypoxia is a complex microenvironmental condition known to regulate choline kinase α (CHKA) activity and choline transport through transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and, therefore, may confound the uptake of choline radiotracer [18F]fluoromethyl-[1,2-2H4]-choline ([18F]-D4-FCH). The aim of this study was to investigate how hypoxia affects the choline radiotracer dynamics. Three underlying mechanisms by which hypoxia could potentially alter the uptake of the choline radiotracer, [18F]-D4-FCH, were investigated: 18F-D4-FCH import, CHKA phosphorylation activity, and the efflux of [18F]-D4-FCH and its phosphorylated product [18F]-D4-FCHP. The effects of hypoxia on [18F]-D4-FCH uptake were studied in CHKA-overexpressing cell lines of prostate cancer, PC-3, and breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. The mechanisms of radiotracer efflux were assessed by the cell uptake and immunofluorescence in vitro and examined in vivo (n = 24). The mathematical modelling methodology was further developed to verify the efflux hypothesis using [18F]-D4-FCH dynamic PET scans from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (n = 17). We report a novel finding involving the export of phosphorylated [18F]-D4-FCH and [18F]-D4-FCHP via HIF-1α-responsive efflux transporters, including ABCB4, when the HIF-1α level is augmented. This is supported by a graphical analysis of human data with a compartmental model (M2T6k + k5) that accounts for the efflux. Hypoxia/HIF-1α increases the efflux of phosphorylated radiolabelled choline species, thus supporting the consideration of efflux in the modelling of radiotracer dynamics.

Soil environmental quality in Nanling commodity grain base based on equal intercept transformation radar chart

This paper introduces for the first time the equal intercept transformation radar chart—an improved form—to the assessment of soil environmental quality of Nanling commodity grain base. The equal intercept transformation radar chart, a visual graphical data analysis method, translates data from a numerical to graphical format. This visualization enables data presentation, analysis process and results stick out a mile and is capable of fully retaining information contained in data and excavating it in depth from geometry. Moreover, it overcomes pertinently the main defect of the conventional radar chart that the evaluation result depends heavily on the order of arrangement of indicators. The results indicated that the soil environmental quality at depths of 0–60 cm in the low mountain area of the Nanling commodity grain base was the second grade, while that in the hilly and plain areas were both first grade. The indicators of poor soil environmental quality in the low mountain area were exogenous Cd and endogenous As; those in the hilly area were exogenous Cd and endogenous As and Hg; and that in the plain area was exogenous Cd. The results were in line with the actual situation of the study area.

Efficient Water Usage Prediction and Metering System Using IoT

Water is one of the most valuable natural commodities. Water is used for various aspects such as drinking, cooking, etc. At the same time, water is wasted and it is not efficiently consumed. Conserving water is becoming increasingly important in the world as it faces a widening gap between ever reducing water supplies due to poor water governance and increased demand from population growth. So water cost is increasing day by day. Therefore, there is a need to keep track of day-to-day water usage. Also, people living in the flat face the problem where the customer who is not using the water most of the time and the customer using the maximum amount of water have to pay the same amount for water consumption, this results in unfair billing. To overcome this problem, this proposed system calculates water bill based on the volume of water consumed, rather than a flat rate or a fee based on the size of the property serviced, and generates a fair bill accordingly. This system calculates the flow consumption of each and every inlet of the flat through the water flow sensor and also the system automatically generates the accurate water consumption bill for each flat along with the graphical analysis of water consumption data using a live web page. And also, it has a special advantage of leakage detection, open tap detection, and no flow detection alert SMS. The complete leakage of water will be avoided. The data will be updated to the web page frequently and data can be monitored wirelessly. When no bill is paid, the water connection can be automatically stopped. Thus, this project will help us to do effective water conservation.

Comprehensive evaluation of spring barley breeding lines in yield, stability and tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors under condition of the central part of the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe

Purpose. Identification of spring barley promising breeding lines with combination of adaptive traits under conditions of the central part of the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe. Methods. Field trial, laboratory-field analysis of drought tolerance, statistical and graphical analysis of experimental data. Results. The analysis of variance of the AMMI model showed that the largest contribution to the general variation (85.78%) had environmental conditions (years of research). The value of the genotype was 8.21%, and the genotype by environment interaction was 6.01%. The first and second principal components of both AMMI and GGE biplot explained more than 85% of the genotype-environment interaction. Spring barley breeding lines ‘Deficiens 5162’, ‘Nutans 5073’ and ‘Deficiens 5161’ had the superior combination of yield performance and relative stability through the years according to GGE biplot. With GYT biplot analysis it has been determined that the breeding lines ‘Deficiens 5162’ and ‘Nutans 5073’ also significantly predominated over the other genotypes in terms of combination of yield performance and a number of other traits – 1000 kernels weight, drought tolerance, resistance to pathogens. Breeding lines ‘Deficiens 5161’, ‘Nutans 4966’, ‘Nutans 4705’, ‘Nutans 4816’, ‘Nutans 5184’, ‘Nutans 5193’, which exceeded the mean value in the trial in terms of combination of yield performance and a number of adaptive traits may have practical significance in the breeding process for creation of new initial material. Conclusions. As a result of the complex evaluation when using AMMI, GGE biplot and GYT biplot graphical models the breeding lines ‘Deficiens 5162’ and ‘Nutans 5073’ with the optimal combination of yield, stability, thousand kernel weight and tolerance to abiotic and biotic environmental factors have been identified

A Quotient Space Formulation for Generative Statistical Analysis of Graphical Data

Complex analyses involving multiple, dependent random quantities often lead to graphical models—a set of nodes denoting variables of interest, and corresponding edges denoting statistical interactions between nodes. To develop statistical analyses for graphical data, especially towards generative modeling, one needs mathematical representations and metrics for matching and comparing graphs, and subsequent tools, such as geodesics, means, and covariances. This paper utilizes a quotient structure to develop efficient algorithms for computing these quantities, leading to useful statistical tools, including principal component analysis, statistical testing, and modeling. We demonstrate the efficacy of this framework using datasets taken from several problem areas, including letters, biochemical structures, and social networks.

Small business support in the territories in a decentralized environment

Purpose of the article: to substantiate differentiated mechanisms of support of small business entities within the newly formed communities under the conditions of decentralization in order to eliminate disparities in business development. Research methods: comparison, statistical-analytical method, tabular and graphical modeling, analysis and generalization of data have been used in the academic paper.

UBÓJ RELIGIJNY ZWIERZĄT RZEŹNYCH W POLSCE

The aim of this study is to show various aspects related to the slaughter of cattle and poultry in Poland for religious purposes and attempt to estimate the scale of this slaughter and possible economic losses for companies in the meat and poultry industry if a ban on religious slaughter was introduced. The slaughter of animals for slaughter in Poland for religious purposes is carried out on an industrial scale and mainly concerns two species of animals, i.e. cattle and poultry. Its size can be determined only on the basis of estimates, which in the case of cattle and poultry may be 20-40% and 35-55% of the export volume, which in absolute values would correspond to 75-150 thousand tons and 500-800 thousand tons (in hot carcass weight) of beef and poultry meat, respectively. Thus, these are not small amounts. The possible introduction of a ban on the slaughter of animals for slaughter for religious purposes in Poland (with the exception of religious communities) would mean measurable financial losses for the meat and poultry industries, as well as for slaughter cattle and poultry producers. Appropriate indicators were used to determine changes over time. Descriptive and graphical analysis of statistical data was performed and a simulation calculation was made.

82 Rb tissue kinetics in humans.

The study aim was to compare the kinetics of the potassium analogue, 82 Rb, between spleen, liver and kidney. Patients had myocardial stress/rest perfusion imaging using adenosine (n=45) or regadenoson (n=33) for stressing. Hepatic arterial (HAP), splenic (SP) and renal (RP) perfusions were measured from first-pass and blood 82 Rb clearances (Ki) from Gjedde-Patlak-Rutland graphical analysis of data between 1 and 2min postinjection, using regions of interest over left ventricular cavity or abdominal aorta to monitor arterial concentration. Tissue 82 Rb extraction efficiency (E) was calculated as [Ki/perfusion]*100. Tissue extracellular fluid volume (ECV) was derived from the GPR plot intercept. SP (24%) and RP (23%) increased after regadenoson but decreased (-41% and -19%) after adenosine. HAP increased after adenosine (91%) and regadenoson (68%). Resting E was high in kidney (69%) and low in spleen (26%). After adenosine, it increased to 91% in kidney and 49% in spleen. Assuming an arterial contribution of 25% to hepatic blood flow, resting E in liver was estimated as 23%. Relationships between Ki and perfusion in spleen and kidney were consistent with the Crone-Renkin equation (Ki = [1 - A.e-B/perfusion ]*perfusion), with respective values of A of 0.95 and 0.94 and B of 31 and 186ml/min/100ml. Splenic ECV decreased following adenosine from 62 to 39ml/100ml and showed a logarithmic correlation with SP. Kidney, spleen and liver display contrasting tissue kinetics. E is high in kidney and low in spleen and liver. Spleen is erectile, collapsing when perfusion decreases.

Psychological Symptom Cluster of the Whistleblower as a Personality

The phenomenon of whistleblowing has always attracted scientific attention and received quite a definitive interpretation. However, the popular evaluation of whistleblowing remains ambiguous: it ranges from extremely negative to demands to legalize it as a social institution, which makes related studies highly relevant. Law, phenomenology, sociology, and behavioral studies have their own definitions of this phenomenon. As a result, its overall understanding still remains multifaceted, as each science focuses on its own epidemiological and etiological factors and proceeds from its own methodology in assessing the consequences of whistleblowing as negative or positive. The authors analyzed numerous scientific sources and revealed a lack of empirical research about the whistleblower as a personality, e.g. personal dispositions, components, structure, motivations, social consequences, etc. The paper introduces some materials that partially fill this gap. The authors used a specialized projective diagnostic technique (BUK-MIF v.7.2) to study various manifestations of human personality. The first stage of the research involved a handwriting analysis of denunciation samples dated 1826–1988. After that, the results were compared with the data of similar psychographic diagnostics in control groups and groups of respondents with addictive behavior. The authors used data factorization, regression, variance, and graphical data analysis to identify the psychological symptom cluster of a whistleblower as a personality. After defining its stability and differentiating properties, the authors built an empirical model of motivation for the act of whistleblowing and described its intentional, regulatory, cognitive, dispositional, and beneficial components.

ПРОГНОЗНО-АНАЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ ЦИФРОВОЙ БИЗНЕС-МОДЕЛИ СЕЛЬХОЗОРГАНИЗАЦИИ РЕГИОНА

Profit is the key objective of the business enterprise, and its forecast plays a major role both in the initial business planning stage and in its ongoing work, since it allows the manager to make timely management decisions and adjust the vector of his development. The authors proposed an analytical model for forecasting the production and financial results of the functioning of economic entities of the Saratov region as one of the integral elements of digital business modeling of the activities of the agricultural organization of the region. The article considers the concepts of a modern business model of a commercial enterprise, presents a digital business model of an agricultural organization from the point of view of managing its main constituent elements (processes), shows key approaches to its construction, reveals the structure of its production unit. The proposed predictive and analytical component of the digital business model of the agricultural organization allows to investigate the production and financial results of activities of economic entities of the Saratov region in dynamics over 10 years by applying one of the methods of graphical analysis of data (superimposition of the moving average polynomial line of the second degree), as well as to find the corresponding equation for detecting the state of indicators in the near term. In order to improve the reliability of the predictive and analytical part of the digital business model, a correlation-regression analysis method was used, as a result of which coefficients were identified, reflecting the degree of interaction between individual elements of costs for agricultural production, on the one hand, and factors affecting profits, on the other. The main element of the novelty of this work is the combination of methods of graphical and correlation-regression analysis of data, as a result of which the authors proposed a formula for determining a number of forecast values of factors affecting the profits of agricultural producers, taking into account the coefficients of their relationship with individual cost elements.

Влияние центр-периферийных отношений на молодежную образовательную миграцию

Abstract Introduction: the article outlines the existing trends in interregional youth migration with the view of identifying the factors and long-term threats in the human capital outflow from the Russian regions. Objectives: analysis of center-peripheral relations on youth educational migration, both intraand interregional. Methods: comparative, statistical, graphical and cartographic analysis of statistical data on interregional migration flows and data of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. Results: the study has been completed in three aspects, namely: (1) analysis of interregional youth educational migration flows based on attractiveness of higher educational institutions in three groups of Russian regions (educational centers; regions with a million- population capital city; other regions); (2) analysis of intra-regional youth migration based on comparing relative total intra- and inter-regional migration of 15–19 age group in 62 municipal districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan located within a distance to republican capital city; (3) analysis of migration attractiveness factors for the regions accepting the migrants aged 14 and over from the Republic of Bashkortostan leaving for reasons related to education. Conclusions: center-peripheral relations as relations between economically and culturally developed center and peripheral districts that are much weaker in this sense, appear to be secondary factors for inter-regional educational migration, much moreimportant factors becoming the high quality of education as well as a subjective perception of socio-economic conditions in the region, where the young people would like to receive education. The educational centers of Russia are the most popular with applicants; while local schools and neighboring regions graduates are more attracted by large higher education institutions of regional capital cities (agglomeration center, million-population city), which focus on the local labour market in the agglomeration. At the same time, the center-peripheral relations have a larger impact on intraregional migration flows of young people, especially within a certain distance (150−180 km for the Republic of Bashkortostan); outside this distance the young people tend to gravitate to the neighboring regions where Russia’s largest cities (including educational centers and agglomerations) are located.

ЦИФРОВАЯ ПРОГНОЗНО-АНАЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ПРИБЫЛЬНОСТИ БИЗНЕСА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ

In the modern conditions of the spread of the Internet and information and communication technologies, as a result of the impact of the processes of general globalization, the traditional business models of the functioning of commercial organizations are gradually being replaced by new systems operating on the basis of digital platforms. Taking into account the fact that the digitalization of the functioning of domestic producers of agricultural raw materials and food is currently at the initial stage of development, the authors proposed to consider the digital business model of an agricultural organization from the point of view of managing its main constituent elements (business processes), which made it possible to display the main approaches to its formation. The main goal of any commercial organization is to make a profit, therefore, forecasting the main production and financial results of its activities, being an important component of the business planning process, is necessary to improve the efficiency of decisions made by management. Based on this, the authors proposed a predictive and analytical model for studying the key indicators of the functioning of a number of economic entities in the Saratov region, which can be considered as one of the integral elements of digital business modeling of the activities of agricultural organizations in the region. The predictive and analytical component of the digital business model proposed by the authors is aimed at studying the production and financial results of the functioning of agricultural enterprises in the Saratov region in dynamics over a certain period of time. Within the framework of the presented work, the method of graphical data analysis was applied, which made it possible to establish the state of the studied indicators in the near future. Revealing the coefficients of closeness of the relationship between individual elements of the costs of agricultural production and factors affecting profit using the method of correlation-regression analysis of indicators, increased the level of reliability of the developed model. To determine a number of predicted values of production and financial results of activities of economic entities of the region (factors), taking into account the coefficients of their relationship with individual cost elements, a formula has been proposed that allows combining the methods of graphical and correlation-regression analysis of data.

Evaluation of Gambling Sector Activity in Lithuania, Latvia, Slovak Republic and Czech Republic

Research background: Gambling is a specific activity that has an undoubtful impact on the national economies, however the evaluation of this sector still has been analysed very little by economists. This article comparatively analyses the peculiarities of the gambling sector activity in Lithuania, Latvia, Slovak Republic and Czech Republic in the period from 2015 to 2020. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to evaluate the activity of the gambling sector in Lithuania, Latvia, Slovak Republic and Czech Republic. Methods: The following methods are used in the article: comparative analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and legal acts, analysis of graphical and statistical data. Findings &amp; Value added: An analysis of scientific literature and legal acts revealed that definition of gambling is defined differently and in some countries certain types of gambling are not even considered as gambling or does not exist. The evaluation revealed that during 2015-2019 the highest AAGR of the gambling sector’s GGR was in Latvia (11.09%) and in 2019 Latvia also had the highest GGR per inhabitant 199 Eur. On the contrary, during 2017-2019 in the Czech Republic AAGR of the gambling sector’s GGR was -5.63% and in 2019 GGR per inhabitant (39.51 Eur) was the lowest. According to the mentioned statistical data, total GGR and the population size, Latvia has one of the largest gambling sector in the evaluated countries, so gambling sector in other countries still has great potential to growth. Although because of COVID-19 Latvia experienced huge losses of GGR, Slovak Republic online gambling sector showed a great potential to grow and it can be assumed that in Lithuania online gambling sector didn’t took over all of the potential revenue from land-based gambling sector.

Понятие, классификация и методология измерения социально-экономического неравенства: проблемы и решения

Relevance. The challenges standing against the world economy because of the COVID-19 pandemic have required regulators to use unconventional financial policies to stimulate economic growth. This has had a certain impact on the dynamics of poverty and economic inequality. From this perspective, the topic is particularly relevant today and requires a large number of new questions to be answered. Research on socio-economic inequality involves many different terms and indicators, which are sometimes used incorrectly, creating some terminological and methodological confusion in the scientific discussion. In this regard, it is important to study all these theoretical problems and clarify the concept, classification of socio-economic inequalities, as well as issues related to the quality of data and its methods of assessment. The purpose of the work is to solve a number of theoretical and methodological problems related to the essence, classification and methodology of assessing the socio-economic inequality of households. Objectives: define the socio-economic inequality of households; propose a classification of types of socio-economic household inequality; justify the problem of completeness, quality and comparability of data in analysis and international comparisons of the level and dynamics of socio-economic inequality of households and suggest ways to solve it. Methodology. The study used methods of analysis, and synthesis of scientific papers and graphical analysis of statistical data. Results. the definition and classification of types of socio-economic inequality have been clarified; the problem of data quality, which makes it difficult to form an objective assessment of socio-economic inequality was justified: the problem of the complexity of international comparisons, going from the usage of different methodologies for assessing the subject of the study in different countries, is also justified. Conclusions. It is proposed to continue developing and enhancing the system of statistics and analysis of socio-economic inequality of households on the base of international standards and in closer international cooperation between countries, as this will allow to get a deeper understanding of economic inequality problem and the wok out adequate policies of state financial regulation.

MARKETING ANALYSIS OF THE RANGE OF ANTIPARASITIC DRUGS REPRESENTED ON THE PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET OF UKRAINE

Today, the parasitic diseases are the most common in the world and occupy one of the first places in terms of prevalence and economic losses. The reasons for this situation, according to experts, are low-quality epidemiologically dangerous water and low compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards. The problem of prevention and treatment remains relevant for almost all countries, including Ukraine. Objective - to conduct a marketing analysis of the range of the domestic pharmaceutical market of antiparasitic drugs. Material and methods. A marketing analysis was conducted using structural, logical, graphical, systematic and content analysis of data from the State Register of Drugs. Results. The first stage of the research was to study the range of antiparasitic drugs represented on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine. It has been determined that in the pharmaceutical market, according to the State Register of Drugs of Ukraine, 22 names of anthelmintic drugs are registered. It has been established that the drugs, supplied to the domestic pharmaceutical market from every corner of the world, are 12 trade names, among which the leading positions in terms of supply are India and France (23% respectively). Antiparasitic drugs are presented in 3 dosage forms, among which the largest share are tablets - 65.2%, oral suspensions - 30.4%, the least in the pharmaceutical market are phytodrugs with antihelmintic activity (4.6%). The analysis of the registered antihelmintic drugs has shown that 95.6% of the study drugs are available by prescription. Conclusions. It has been found that the largest share of drugs are benzimidazole derivatives, which account for 47.8% of the total range of the studied drugs, the most common among anthelmintic drugs are dosage forms in tablets (65.2%).