Oat Grain Research Articles

ВКЛАД УЧЕНЫХ БАШКИРСКОГО СХИ В ОСВОЕНИЕ АШИНСКИХ ФОСФОРИТОВ В ХИМИЗАЦИИ ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЯ ЮЖНОГО УРАЛА

Among the elements of mineral nutrition, the leading place belongs to the macronutrient phosphorus. The first mineral phosphorus fertilizer was developed by Looz at the Rothamsted Experimental Station in the 1840s. Before the beginning of the twentieth century manure applied to the fallow field was the main source of increasing soil fertility and crop yields. Phosphorus, as an element, came in the composition of organic matter. In the 1930s, the search for natural sources of phosphorus fertilizers was widely launched in our country, among which the leading place belongs to phosphorites – ores of natural origin that do not require industrial processing. In various areas of the country, positive results were obtained with the use of phosphorous flour of natural origin. In the mass experiments of the Novozybkov experimental station for 1925–1929, the increase in oat grain from phosphorite was 2.3 c/ha. When applying 5 kg/ha of phosphorous flour, the increase in the yield of winter rye grain amounted to 2.8 kg/ha, the sources of phosphorus fertilizers were examined in the western part of the Southern Urals, which subsequently formed the Ural phosphorous-bearing basin, where the Ashinskoye field took the leading place. This deposit was first discovered by N.P. Varlamov and G.V. Yakovlev in 1953, and was developed under the leadership of A.M. Mulmenko. The study of Ashinsky phosphorites for suitability as a phosphorus fertilizer began with the participation of the staff of the Department of Agrochemistry under the leadership of Professor Yu.A. Usmanov. Laboratory, vegetation, field and production studies were carried out with various agricultural crops. The average composition of phosphorites of the deposit was determined by laboratory: phosphoric acid – 24.43 %; one and a half oxides (Fe2O3 + A2O3) – 7.9 %; calcium oxides (CaO) – 45 %; insoluble residue – 11.0 %. It has been established that Ashinsky phosphorite phosphates are insoluble in water, up to 20 % of them are presented in lemon-soluble form, i.e. available to plants in the first year of use. In field experiments, the increase in the yield of winter rye grain ranged from 33.6 % to 54.3 %. Cereal crops had a different reduction in the growing season by 4–65 days. With high rates of phosphorite application, the sparsity of winter rye crops decreased to 9.2 %. The proportion of phosphorus (P2O5) in the grain of cereals increased. The use of phosphorous flour was justified as a phosphorus fertilizer both agroeconomically and agrochemically. Currently, the return of mineral nutrition elements to the soil together with fertilizers is at the level of half of the removal with the harvest. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the supply of mineral fertilizers and the introduction of organic ones. As phosphorus fertilizers, it is necessary to resume the application of phosphorous flour from the Ashinsky deposit, as it is economically feasible to increase the productivity of field crops in the farms of the Republic of Bashkortostan as in previous years.

САПРОФИТИЧЕСКОЕ СУЩЕСТВОВАНИЕ ДРОЖЖЕПОДОБНЫХ ГРИБОВ CANDIDA ALBICANS (ЭЛЕКТРОННАЯ МИКРОСКОПИЯ)

The article presents the results of electron microscopic studies of the saprophytic phase of the development of yeast-like fungal populations Candida albicans. The morphology, ultrastructure and phases of development of the yeast-like fungal population were studied. The stages of adhesion and colonization of microorganisms during experimental contamination of stems of germinated oat grains, granulated feed and chicken egg shells were investigated. In addition to budding, there is a survival strategy in the form of blastospores, the structure of which is visible using a scanning electron microscope. The shape, size and localization of blastospores depended on the development cycle of the population. The morphology of pseudohyphae, which play an important role in the existence and survival of the fungal population, has been studied. The morphology of pseudohyphae, which play an important role in the existence and survival of the fungal population, has been studied. The formation of biofilms at a certain stage of population development was revealed. On ultrathin sections through the colony, the three-layer cell walls of vegetative cells had a thickness less than when cultivated on a nutrient substrate. The point of view already adopted by scientists in determining the «uncultivated phase» of the existence of a population of microorganisms has been scientifically substantiated and experimentally confirmed.

Determination of Total Antioxidant Capacity, Radical Scavenging Activity and Fatty Acid Composition of Ultrasonic Assisted Ethanolic Extraction of Oat (Avena sativa L.) Grains

Bu çalışmada yulaf tanelerinin ultrasonik destekli ekstraksiyonu ile elde edilen ekstraktların toplam antioksidan kapasitesi, serbest radikal süpürme aktivetisinin belirlenmesinin yanı sıra yulaf ekstraktının yağ asidi profili ve toplam tokoferol içeriğinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla, bakır iyonları (Cu2+) azaltıcı antioksidan güç testi (CUPRAC) metoduna göre yulaf taneleri ekstraktlarının toplam antioksidan kapasitesi belirlendi. Aynı zamanda, 1,1-difenil-2-pikril-hidrazil (DPPH•) yöntemine göre yulaf ekstraktlarının radikal süpürme kapasitesi araştırıldı. Yulaf ekstraktının yağ asidi komposizyonu GC-FID analizlerine göre belirlendi. Toplam tokoferol içeriği ise spektrofotometrik olarak belirlendi. Yulaf taneleri ekstraktının CUPRAC metoduna göre toplam antioksidan kapasitesi 1.5 ± 0.03 mmol TR /100g-yulaf taneleri ekstraktı olarak hesaplandı. Yulaf ekstraktının DPPH• radikali süpürme aktivitesi ise 2.02 ± 0.01 mmol TR /100 g – yulaf ekstraktı olarak hesaplandı. Yulaf özleri, güçlü antioksidan ve radikal süpürme yeteneği sergiledi. GC-FID sonuçları yulaf ekstraktının doymamış yağ asitlerince zengin olduğunu (Oleik asit, %43; Linoleik asit, %34) ortaya çıkardı. Yulaf taneleri ekstraktlarının toplam tokoferol içeriği ise 1376.3 ± 16 mg/kg-yulaf ekstrakt olarak bulundu.

Qualitative Assessment of MWCNT- Treated Grains of Some Food Cereals

Abstract: The advancement in nanotechnology and its utilisation in agriculture increases agricultural output. To protect crops from numerous plant diseases and pests, excessive chemical, pesticide, and fungicide use can be replaced with nanoparticles. The first step of plant growth, seed germination, is thought to be the most delicate time in a plant's life cycle. The effects of carbon nanotubes on seed quality and seed content both before and after treatment are discussed in this study. Rice, wheat, and oat grains were compared with the seeds harvested from MWCNT (multiwalled carbon nanotubes) treated plants at three different concentrations (70, 80, and 90μg/ml) and indicated no significant changes in various components such as carbohydrates, protein, crude fat, crude fibre, moisture and ash contents when compared to untreated grains. Grain primed with MWCNT before sowing resulted in no change in the above components, but an increase in mineral accumulation was found. Here, we noticed a significant increase in grain yield. The treatment of MWCNT enhanced the growth of grains count by two folds compared to the control plant. The wheat grain had a moisture content: 9.3-9.38%, ash content: 1.31-1.35%, crude fat: 0.9-0.93%, crude fibre: 1.1-1.13%, protein content: 9.2-9.38%, carbohydrate content: 77.96-78.04%. The rice grain had a moisture content: 9.98-10.25%, ash content: 0.42-0.45%, crude fat: 1.00-1.02%, crude fibre: 0.9-0.93%, protein content: 4.42-4.49%, carbohydrate content: 82.92-83.03%. The oat grain had a moisture content: 8.95-9.3%, ash content: 1.74-1.8%, crude fat: 2.1-2.3%, crude fibre: 5.1-5.27%, protein content: 9.5-9.59%, carbohydrate content: 71.78-72.23%. The study revealed that the examined MWCNT concentrations might efficiently enhance the grain yield without altering the grain quality.

Dynamics of the Properties of Oat and Buckwheat Grains in the Growth Technology

Сurrently , a large number of publications and studies are aimed at the development of functional , enriched and biologically active food products . Rational use of grain resources is the basis for the development of all branches of agriculture and many branches of the agro-industrial complex . The paper studies the technological properties of oat and buckwheat grains as raw materials for the production of biologically active products . Grain of oats and buckwheat has high values of seed properties – germination energy (80 ± 5) %, (70 ± 5) % and germination (86 ± 6) %, (64 ± 4) %, respectively , and can be used in the technology of obtaining biologically active plant raw materials . Analytical dependences of changes in the physico-chemical properties of oat and buckwheat grains during germination have been obtained , which make it possible to predict changes occurring with grain in the range from 1 h to 35 h of germination . The results obtained indicate the prospects of using oat and buckwheat grains for the production of biologically active raw materials , and commercialization of the results obtained on an industrial scale.

Research of Physical and Chemical Properties and Toxic Elements in Locally Bred Oats for the Production of Cereal Drinks

One of the most important factors that has a significant impact on the health of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a violation of the diet due to insufficient consumption of full–fledged proteins, vitamins, macro- and microelements and their irrational ratio. In Kazakhstan, grain crops are produced in large volumes, but there is no production of beverages based on vegetable raw materials, although the production of vegetable milk is already widespread throughout the world. The use of local vegetable raw materials from different regions of Kazakhstan in the production technology of grain milk drinks is an urgent and promising direction in the food industry. The article presents the results of a study of the quality of oats of breeding varieties "Duman", "Arman" and "Bityk". During the study, the physicochemical, technological properties and safety indicators of oat samples were evaluated. All the studied samples of oat grains in terms of safety meet the requirements of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On grain safety". The scientific data obtained during the implementation of the project will become the basis for the creation of new grain "milk" drinks enriched with Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The result of the implementation of this research will be the expansion of the range of beverages for healthy and safe nutrition of the population.

The impact of nitrogen on oat Avena sativa L. development and output under the effects of repeated cutting stress

A field experiment was carried out during season 2018-2019 at one of the Warka fields to study the effect of nitrogen levels and the number of cuts on the growth and yield of oat grains. The experiment was carried out according to the split-plot design using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replicates for each treatment. The nitrogen levels of agriculture (0, 60, 120 and 180) kg N. ha-1 were the main plots, as for the secondary properties, they were represented by the number of times of cutting (without a cut, one and two-time cutting). The results showed significant superiority in the level of fertilizer 180 kg ha-1, on the qualities of the plant height (100.98 cm), the number of the grains (49.55 grains. dahlias-1), dahlias number (424.7 clusters m-2), stem to leaf ratio (6.71), green fodder yields (25.08 tons ha-1) and the biological yield (3.667 tons of ha-1). The results of the cutting showed that it was superior to the treatment of the two-time cutting on green fodder yield (22.17 tons ha-1), treatment without cutting on grain yield (3.53 tons ha-1) , the combination (180 kg ha-1 × two-time cutting) showed significant superiority on plant height (107 cm), green fodder yield (25.27 kg ha-1) and the number of the grains in the dahlias (50.26 grain. dahlias-1), also (120 kg ha-1 × without cutting) outperformed on the dahlias number (392.9 m2). Keywords: Nitrogen; oats Avena sativa L.; repeated cutting stress

A Study of the Influence of γ-Irradiation on the Composition of Functional Groups on the Surfaces of Oat Grain Shell, Kernel, and Seed Powder

A Study of the Influence of γ-Irradiation on the Composition of Functional Groups on the Surfaces of Oat Grain Shell, Kernel, and Seed Powder

Ziarno owsa (Avena sativa l) i możliwości jego wykorzystania jako alternatywnego źródła energii

The use of renewable energy sources brings great benefits. Interest in biomass is growing -, because conventional energy significantly burdens the natural environment, and resources of fossil fuels are rapidly decreasing. Surplus cereal grains or grains that do not meet quality requirements can be used for energy production. For this reason, the aim of the work was to conduct research and evaluate the use of hulled and naked oat grains for energy purposes. The calorific value of grain and its ash content were analyzed. On the basis of the conducted research, it was shown that bare forms of oat, compared to hulled forms, are characterized by more favorable calorific properties. They have more fat and fewer ashes in the grain. Among the analyzed cultivars, Polar and Bingo (naked forms of oats) and Krezus (hulled forms) are suitable for energy purposes.

Розроблення рецептури антивікового крему для обличчя з β-глюканом

The article presents the results of the study of the cosmetic cream with anti-age direction with β-glucan. Cosmetics aimed at combating wrinkles, pigmentation and other skin problems is includedinto the anti-age segment. β-glucan affects the biosyn¬thesis of collagen and elastin, acts as a powerful moisturizer, and also regulates the structural and mechanical characteristics of the cosmetic system, affects thickening, stabilization, and jelly formation. β-glucan is not released for sale by direct passage thro¬ugh the cells of the epidermis and dermis, but adds to the epidermal barrier through the intercellular matrix. It indirectly promotes the stimulation of fibroblasts, which results in the accumulation of collagen in the dermis, increased skin elasticity, and reduced wrinkles. In addition, β-glucan forms a thin protective layer, which increases the hydration of the epidermis and prevents moisture loss. This ingredient is highly effective and inno¬vative as an anti-aging bioactive component of natural origin. The aim of the work was to develop a formulation of an anti-aging face cream of the "oil/water" type with β-glucan and to establish its optimal amount. The paper describes the main formulation components of an anti-aging face cream with β-glucan of the "oil/water" type. The application of each component of the formulation is substantiated. The dry powdered extract of β-glucan obtained from oat grains was used in the work. To select the emulsifier, the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the fat phase was calculated. The formulation of an anti-aging cream with β-glucan of the "oil/water" type was developed. It was found that the best in terms of organoleptic and physicochemical parameters is a sample of anti-aging cream with β-glucan content of 3.0%. The cream obtained according to the developed formulation is ho¬mogeneous, colloidal and thermostable, has a characteristic ap¬pearance, is well applied to the skin and meets all the require¬ments of DSTU 4765-2007 "Cosmetic creams". The resulting anti-aging cream is suitable for all skin types, it is recommended for daily use, it perfectly moisturizes and nourishes the skin, maintains hydrolipidic balance, protects skin against dryness and peeling, stimulates cell regeneration and provides a long-lasting rejuvenating effect. The use of β-glucan in the formulation of face cream allows to expand the range of anti-age cosmetic products.

Amino acid content in the grain of naked oats under various cultivation conditions

The results of studying the formation of yield and amino acid content in the grain of naked oats varieties of different ripeness groups under the influence of different sowing dates are presented. The research was carried out in 2018-2020 in field and laboratory experiments on the medium early Gavroche variety and the mid ripening Ofenya variety in Western Siberia. A significant advantage of early sowing dates of naked oats varieties has been revealed: the Gavroche variety has an average of 25.9-29.6%, the Ofenya variety has 16.2-21.6% relative to later dates. At the same time, a significantly higher yield was formed in the mid ripening variety Ofenya, by 0.1-0.4 t/ha. A greater number of essential amino acids in the Gavroche variety was noted at a late sowing period – 4.51% (at an early and average term of 4.39 and 4.45%, respectively), and interchangeable amino acids – at an early term – 8.83% (at an average and late – 7.80 and 8.46%, respectively). In the Ofenya variety, the content of essential amino acids was 4.82-6.49 g/kg, interchangeable 7.28-9.49%. At the same time, this variety has a tendency to increase the quantitative composition of amino acids in the grain from the early sowing period to the late one. Differences in the influence of moisture conditions on the accumulation of amino acids in the varieties of naked oats were revealed. The highest content of essential and interchangeable amino acids in the medium-ripened variety Ofenya is formed at elevated values of the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) in the period of seedling – tillering (r = 0.9467 ... 0.9999 at R = 0.6660), reduced values in the period of booting – flowering (r = -0.9338...-0.9987 at R = 0.6660), with an increase in HTC during the filling – ripening period (r = 0.4335... 0.7888 at R = 0.6660). In the early-maturing Gavroche variety, a higher content of essential amino acids was noted at an early sowing period under conditions of low values of HTC during the period of seedling – tillering, increased - during the period of booting-flowering and arid conditions of the period of filling–ripening - r = -0.8812, 0.8626, -0.6087 at R = 0.6660, respectively. The high content of interchangeable amino acids in the Gavroche variety was formed at late periods in the years with reduced values of HTC during the period of seedling – tillering, the presence of precipitation during flowering and their absence during the period of filling-ripening (r = -0.8287, 0.8068, -0.6860 at R = 0.6660, respectively).

Susceptibility of UK oat (Avena sativa) varieties to infection by Fusarium species and subsequent HT‐2 and T‐2 toxin contamination

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the susceptibility of oats to Fusarium langsethiae infection, as measured by combined HT‐2 and T‐2 mycotoxin concentration (HT2 + T2) in harvested oat grain samples. Over 10 years (2004–2013), samples from single replicates of each UK Recommended List oat trial were analyzed for HT‐2 and T‐2. For spring oats, there were small but statistically significant differences between varieties, whereas for winter oats, they had a broader range and higher mean of HT2 + T2 concentration compared with spring oats. For winter oats, the short‐strawed varieties had consistently high HT2 + T2 levels compared with other varieties, whereas naked varieties were at the lower end of the range, and short, naked varieties had intermediate levels. A separate set of harvested oat grain samples of eight common varieties from 17 field experiments were analyzed by modified joint regression analysis. Results showed that environment had the strongest impact on HT‐2 and T‐2 concentrations but that the varietal susceptibility to HT‐2 and T‐2 contamination was highly stable across environments. This methodology can be used to calculate a Fusarium (HT2 + T2) resistance score for oats to aid grower selection of suitable varieties, as is available for Fusarium (DON) resistance for wheat varieties in many countries.

Boosting vegetation, biochemical constituents, grain yield and anti-cancer performance of cultivated oat (Avena sativa L) in calcareous soil using oat extracts coated inside nanocarriers

Calcareous soil contains many problems such as the lack of sources of major and minor elements that are useful for plant growth and development. Plant extracts and nanoparticles are very popular as biostimulants in plant production. Here, the effect of aqueous, non-aqueous and alcoholic oat extracts on the growth, biochemical response of oats leaves and grains grown in experimental fields under new reclamation lands were studied. Moreover, different oat extracts were a pathway through the copper-dependent metal–organic framework (MOFs) to separate bioactive molecules from extracts such as salicylic acid, anthraquinone, and triacylglycerol. Additionally, the separated molecules incorporated in Cu-BTC MOFs and oats extracts missed active molecules were spray applied on oat plants. The results showed that the treated plants showed stimulatory responses in growth and physiology. The treatments improved plant growth and biomass, enhanced total protein, water-soluble carbohydrates, free phenolic compounds content in oat leaves, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll contents. The treatments also improved the level of vitamins E and K, phenolic compounds, and avenanthramides C in the oat grains. Moreover, the treatments showed an improvement in the yield of oats (grain and straw) using water and alcoholic oat extracts in which the active molecules were missed. Our findings demonstrate that Cu-BTC and oats extracts can act as a biostimulant to enhance the biological and chemical properties of oats and increase the yield in calcareous soils. The cytotoxicity study of oats (produced from AE, c@Cu-BTC, and AE-c treatments) was conducted using Vero Cell lines. The anticancer activities of different oat grains were carried out using MCF 7cell lines. The results show that the grains produced from the AE, c@Cu-BTC, and AE-c treatments possessed 94.3, 72.3, and 100% activity towards the cancer cell line. Removal of growth inhibitors from spray solutions increases grain yield and anticancer activity.

Effects of Strategic Supplementation with Lupinus angustifolius and Avena sativa Grains on Colostrum Quality and Passive Immunological Transfer to Newborn Lambs.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two types of nutritional supplementation during late gestation on the chemical composition, energy value, and IgG concentration in the colostrum and the IgG concentration in the blood serum of lambs. Pregnant Merino Precoz ewes (n = 36) carrying single fetuses were used. Animals were kept grazing on the Mediterranean annual grassland. From day ~90 of pregnancy, animals were allocated into three groups: daily supplementation with oat grain or lupine grain and a control group without supplementation. Immediately after parturition, colostrum was collected from each ewe, and a blood sample was taken from the lambs 24 h after birth. For the evaluation of the chemical composition of the colostrum, an EKOMILK® milk analyzer was used. The energy value of the colostrum was calorimetrically evaluated. IgG concentrations were measured by simple radial immunodiffusion. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Colostrum content of protein and non-fat solids was higher in the group supplemented with oat grain than in the lupine grain supplemented and control groups (p ≤ 0.05). In contrast, ewes supplemented with lupine grain had the highest concentration of fat in their colostrum (p ≤ 0.05). Oat grain supplementation resulted in higher concentrations of IgG, both in sheep colostrum and in the blood serum of their lambs (p ≤ 0.05), being higher than those observed in the lupine grain and control groups. Ewes that gave birth to male lambs had significantly higher concentrations of IgG in their colostrum compared to ewes that gave birth to females (p ≤ 0.05). The colostral IgG concentration positively correlated with the serum IgG concentration of the lambs (r = 0.32; p ≤ 0.05). The results indicate that the quality of colostrum and the immunological status of the newborn lambs can be improved by supplementation with oat grain.

The Effect of the Number of Watering and the Amount of Inorganic Fertilizers on the Structural Indicators of Winter Oats

The results of studies on the influence of the number of irrigation and mineral fertilizers on the structural indicators of winter oats in the Western part of Azerbaijan are presented. It was found that 2 irrigations contributed to an increase in the productivity of stems (39-100 pcs/ m2, the length of the ear is 1.7—6.0 cm, the number of grains in the ear is 4-10 pcs, the seed weight of the ear is 0.08-0.16 g, the thousand seed weight is 2.5—7.5 g compared with the control variant). Three — time watering — contributed to an even greater increase in oat indicators (43-102 pcs/m2, ear length — 2.2-6.3 cm, the number of grains in the ear — 6-12 pieces, the seed weight of the ear is 0.11-0.20 g, the thousand seed weight is 3.3-9.4 g compared to the non-maneuverable control variant). In order to obtain a high and high-quality harvest of oat grain and restore soil fertility on the gray-brown irrigated soils of the Ganja-Kazakh economic zone, it is recommended that farms use vegetation irrigation and mineral fertilizers in the norm N120P120K903 times annually.

Comparing vibrational spectroscopic method with wet chemistry to determine nutritional and chemical changes in solid state fermented oats grain (Avena sativa L.)

Comparing vibrational spectroscopic method with wet chemistry to determine nutritional and chemical changes in solid state fermented oats grain (Avena sativa L.)

Reduced Risk of Oat Grain Contamination with Fusarium langsethiae and HT-2 and T-2 Toxins with Increasing Tillage Intensity.

Frequent occurrences of high levels of Fusarium mycotoxins have been recorded in Norwegian oat grain. To elucidate the influence of tillage operations on the development of Fusarium and mycotoxins in oat grain, we conducted tillage trials with continuous oats at two locations in southeast Norway. We have previously presented the content of Fusarium DNA detected in straw residues and air samples from these fields. Grain harvested from ploughed plots had lower levels of Fusarium langsethiae DNA and HT-2 and T-2 toxins (HT2 + T2) compared to grain from harrowed plots. Our results indicate that the risk of F. langsethiae and HT2 + T2 contamination of oats is reduced with increasing tillage intensity. No distinct influence of tillage on the DNA concentration of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium avenaceum in the harvested grain was observed. In contrast to F. graminearum and F. avenaceum, only limited contents of F. langsethiae DNA were observed in straw residues and air samples. Still, considerable concentrations of F. langsethiae DNA and HT2 + T2 were recorded in oat grain harvested from these fields. We speculate that the life cycle of F. langsethiae differs from those of F. graminearum and F. avenaceum with regard to survival, inoculum production and dispersal.

Valorizing Canadian Oat Cultivars to Obtain Non‐Conventional Starch: Pasting, Physicochemical, and Morphological Properties

AbstractValorizing non‐conventional raw materials to obtain food products has become a crucial strategy of food processing industries for curbing the current depletion of natural resources worldwide. Thus, non‐conventional starches from protein extraction residues of Canadian oat cultivars are studied regarding their technological properties. Consequently, 29 variables are evaluated in starches originating from 18 oat grain samples harvested from nine locations in Canada. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to analyze the effects of location, cultivar, and their interaction on the properties. Data are also processed using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to reduce the dataset's dimensionality. ANOVA reveals that the starches technological features are greatly affected by harvesting location. PCA and HCA grouped samples into three clusters, explaining >70% of the data variability. Cluster 1 shows the lowest means for each response variable. Cluster 2 presents the highest trough viscosity values, while cluster 3 shows a low swelling factor. For proximate analysis, significantly different values are found for ash and amylose contents. Structural and morphological studies indicate starches with low crystallinity and small, polygonal, and irregular starch granules.

Justification of the selection of cereal crops for the production of new cereal beverages

One of the most important factors that has a negative impact on the health of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a violation of the diet, due to insufficient consumption of high-grade proteins, vitamins, macro- and microelements and their irrational ratio. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, cereals are produced in large volumes, but there is no production of beverages based on vegetable raw materials, although the production of plant-based milk is already widespread throughout the world. The use of local vegetable raw materials from different regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the production technology of cereal milk beverages is an actual and promising direction in the food industry. The results of a study of the quality of the following selection grain crops of the Republic of Kazakhstan are presented: rice "Syr Suluy", "Aykerim" and "Marzhan"; oats "Duman", "Bitik", "Arman"; buckwheat "Shortandin", "Batyr" and "Saulyk". The results of protein analysis in rice grains showed that the “Syr Suluy” variety has higher rates, which amounted to 7.96 %. In the studied samples of oat grains of the Duman variety, the mass fraction of carbohydrates is 2.8 %; 1.54 % higher than the varieties "Bitik" and "Arman". Protein analysis in buckwheat grains showed that the Shortandin variety (13.04 %) has higher rates. Studies have shown that the studied samples of grain crops in terms of safety comply with the requirements of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On safety of grain". The data obtained will be used to develop new technologies for cereal beverages

FORMATION OF ENTOMOACARAFAUNA STRUCTURE OF GRANARIES TAKING INTO ACCOUNT FOOD PREFERENCE

In the article a special attention is concentrated on the results of the research on the formation of entomoacarafauna of granaries of Belarus, taking into account the ecological (food) factor. For the first time, the species richness was analyzed, taking into account the ratio of the number of stock pest species and their number in warehouses where grain of wheat, barley, triticale, oats, and rye is stored. A comparison of species richness indices is shown: for wheat, the maximum value is set (1,53 points), for rye - the minimum one (0,93 points). For the first time, the density (abundance) of each pest species formed in technocenoses was calculated taking into account fodder preferences. The regularity of formation of the dominance structure of pests in granaries under the influence of their food preferences was observed. Acariformes were found regardless of the stored crop and were eudominant (58,3–100 %). The dominant species from Coleoptera were lesser grain borer (29,2 %) and grain beetle (16,7 %) for stored wheat, white marked spider beetle (19,0 %) for stored triticale, lesser grain borer (14,6 %) for stored barley and rice weevil (18,1 %) for stored oats. The Copeognata was characterized as subrecedent only for barley (0,7 %) and oats (1,0 %). The identified trends must be taken into account when taking protective actions in warehouses.