Task Of Government Research Articles

The Access to the ICT Network as a Public Task of Local Government

The purpose of this paper is to describe the duties of local government units under the legal conditions related to access to the ICT network in Poland. Establishing public-private partnerships in the telecommunications sector, which is a field closely tied with cybersecurity, seems inevitable and necessary. The need to cooperate is the consequence of the development of information and communication technologies, which leads to their increasingly wide application in all aspects of social life. The tasks of local government involving network access have become key to the process of broadband network development. That is why public funding becomes particularly important in its absence, justified by the need to provide conditions for internet access as a human right. This has become especially topical as we face the challenges of COVID-19.

Passenger satisfaction evaluation of public transport using alternative queuing method under hesitant linguistic environment

Nowadays, public transport is considered as an alternative to private vehicles to reduce environmental and social problems in developing countries. Hence, assuring a high passenger satisfaction level in the public transport system is an important task for municipalities and governments. However, passenger satisfaction evaluation of public transport is difficult as the opinions of passengers are vague and uncertain, and the number of involved passengers is large. In this article, we present a new method based on double hierarchy hesitant linguistic term sets (DHHLTSs) and alternative queuing method (AQM) for the passenger satisfaction evaluation of rail transit network under large group environment. First, the DHHLTSs are utilized to depict the uncertain satisfaction evaluation information given by passengers. Next, the k-means++ algorithm is modified to cluster the large group of passengers for satisfaction evaluation information aggregation. Then, the AQM is extended and used to acquire the passenger satisfaction ranking of rail transit lines. The practicability and rationality of the proposed passenger satisfaction evaluation method are illustrated via an application to the Shanghai rail transit network in China. The result shows that the new method provides more reliable and realistic results and introduces directions for further service quality improvement of public transport.

Strategic analysis of single-use plastic ban policy for environmental sustainability: the case of Pakistan

One of the challenging tasks for governments is to curtail the production and consumption of single-use plastic bags. Despite multiple advantages of plastic and its ubiquity, the environmental damage of single-use plastic bags is irreversible. However, policy intervention by the governments is also a need of the time to reduce its production and consumption. This study provides a strategic analysis of government policy options regarding the ban on single-use plastic production in Pakistan. A game-theoretic model is developed to examine the behavior of plastic bag producers vis-a-vis the government’s climate change policy. The study concludes that game theory is very effective in analyzing the efficient promulgation and productive implementation of environmental management policy regarding banning single-use plastic in Pakistan.

MANAJEMEN PUBLIK KANTOR DESA PAMARUNAN DALAM MEMBERIKAN PELAYANAN SATU ATAP KEPADA MASYARAKAT (Studi di Kantor Desa Pamarunan, Kecamatan Kahayan Tengah, Kabupaten Pulang Pisau)

The Village Office is one of the places where government tasks take place from the village head and all staff in carrying out administrative activities or activities, namely in the form of work units consisting of complete infrastructure, rooms and jobs to provide services to the community. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method that seeks to describe a social phenomenon naturally which aims to describe the nature of something that is going on in solving problems and data collection techniques by means of observation, interviews and documentation so that the data obtained is arranged systematically. The data analysis technique in this study uses data analysis according to Miles and Huberman. The results showed that public management in the provision of services at the Pamarunan Village Office was still not optimal. This is because the office has been damaged so it needs the construction of a new office, facilities for office infrastructure are still very minimal, service time is only open until 12 o'clock and also human resources still need to increase capacity. From this, the Pamarunan Village Office is expected to continue to make improvements, both in improving facilities and infrastructure as well as evaluating human resources to continue to improve good services and work in accordance with the established standard of service operations. So that people who receive services can feel satisfied with the service provided by their village equipment. Especially for people who need a one-stop service in this village office to be more optimal to help meet the needs of the village community. Factors supporting public management at the Pamarunan Village Office in providing one-stop services are cooperation between village officials as service providers to provide maximum service, responsiveness from each village apparatus to respond to all community needs and complaints and community awareness especially communities in Pamarunan Village to follow procedures predetermined service. The inhibiting factor of public management at the Pamarunan Village Office was the lack of facilities and infrastructure because only facilities such as one-unit laptops, one-unit computers and printer were printed. This resulted in services being constrained by the incomplete facilities owned by the village office, lack of ability village officials, service time is only open until 12 noon and lacks human resources. 
 Keywords: Public Management, One-Stop Services, Village Communities

Strategic Priorities of Municipal Development Based on Identifying the Interests of Stakeholders: Methodological Approaches and Practical Implementation

The formation of documents for strategic planning of socio-economic development is the most important task of regional and municipal governments. It can be stated that strategic planning processes have been launched throughout the country and the process of forming these documents is active at both the regional and municipal levels. However, the issues of determining, studying, and taking into account the views of interested parties when forming the goals and priorities of socio-economic development of administrative-territorial entities require methodological support and recommendations for practical implementation. In this article, an attempt is made to reveal methodological approaches and solve issues of practical implementation of identifying the interests of stakeholders on the example of a specific municipality.The proposed material is an example of determining and scientifically substantiating the strategic priorities of a municipality on identifying the interests of stakeholders.The study of the processes of formation and determination of strategic priorities for the development of a municipality based on the identification of the interests of all interested parties should become the task of further research.

Public Green Space Policy Implementation: A Case Study of Krakow, Poland

Green space is essential for the implementation of the idea of sustainable urban development. This paper contains original research on the implementation of local government tasks in the development of public green space. The aim of this research was to analyse the actions taken by the municipal authorities regarding the development of public green space, including the acquisition of real properties, the regulation of their legal status, as well as the adoption of planning and programme documents. The Polish Central Statistical Office data on the public green space of the largest cities in Poland were analysed in order to determine the dynamics of changes. Then, the focus was placed on Krakow, where the authors analysed in detail the distribution and type of urban green space as well as the actions taken by the Municipality to both extend it and to protect it against building development. The criterion of green space accessibility to city residents was indicated as a necessary aspect to be considered in the overall assessment of the existing greenery. The conclusions include the assessment of the actions of the Krakow authorities and the observed trends in the development of public green space.

Ways to achieve peace in Afghanistan

One of the first tasks of governments is to provide security for citizens and establish peace in the country. Without peace, no country can achieve social welfare, economic prosperity, and political growth. Therefore, governments are always trying to prevent war and provide lasting peace in their country, but the conflicting interests of some countries cause these countries to go to war. Afghanistan is a country that has been in a constant state of war for the past four decades, and its citizens have been deprived of the blessings of peace and well-being. Although optimism about peace in Afghanistan emerged after the fall of the Taliban regime in late 2001, Pakistan's continued support for the Taliban has turned it into frustration. The Afghan government's efforts over the past few years have failed to bring the Taliban to the table and bring peace to Afghanistan for a variety of reasons. This article examines how the Afghan government can use this to achieve peace in the country

«НАША АРХИТЕКТУРА ДАВНО УЖЕ ПРИОБРЕЛА ЗНАЧЕНИЕ МИРОВОЙ»: МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ КОММУНИКАЦИИ СОЮЗА СОВЕТСКИХ АРХИТЕКТОРОВ В 1930-Е ГОДЫ

The article is focused on the international contacts of the Soviet architecture in the 1930s. The direct object of the research is the cross-border communications of the Union of Soviet Architects: the tasks and forms of contacts of Soviet architects with foreign colleagues and institutions, as well as the role of the Union of Architects in this process; mechanisms of interaction with the authorities and tactics of the professional community in the context of regulation and control of international relations; conflicting nodes of state and professional interests. It is shown that in its international contacts, the Union of Architects did not appear as an independent actor, as it did not have institutional independence in international communications, autonomy in decision-making and its own resources for the implementation of projects. The institutional nature of the interaction prevailed; personal contacts were minimized and included into collective strategies. The international activity of the Union of Architects was part of the state policy of “cultural diplomacy” and had not only a professional, but also a propaganda-ideological component. The authorities ignored the professional motives of the architectural community if they did not coincide with governmental tasks. However, it is shown that the Union of Architects had its own tactics and realized its professional interests, using the interest of the state in a particular project. As a result, the thesis is presented that state regulation and total control sharply narrowed the possibilities of cross-border communications of the architectural community, distorted their forms and contents, but did not destroy them. The discovery and study of new documents shows that the myth of the cultural autarchy of the Stalinist USSR is not confirmed by the example of an architectural field.

Нормативно-правове та організаційне врегулювання переселення до Амурської та Приморської областей Східного Сибіру у другій половині ХІХ ст.

Introduction. The article examines the resettlement policy of the Russian government in the second half of the XIX century, due to the need to settle and develop the newly annexed territories of the Amur and Primorye regions of Eastern Siberia. The normative-legal base and organizational measures are analyzed for the implementation of the Russian resettlement policy of the second half of the XIX century.  Methods. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity of systematization and scientificity using general scientific (analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction) and special-historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic) methods.  Results. It is established that the Russian authorities in the second half of the XIX century developed effective legal and economic mechanisms for the colonization of sparsely populated and newly annexed territories of Eastern Siberia. The main tools for stimulating the resettlement movement were: organization of communication and free transportation of the first migrants; establishment of sea and later railway connections; granting land plots to private ownership on preferential terms; introduction of various types of tax benefits; providing long-term loans; financial and material assistance for local development; exemption from military service, etc. The implementation of the measures resulted in mass migration of the population from the agrarian overpopulated Ukrainian provinces, which contributed to the military, political and economic integration of these territories into the Russian Empire. Purpose. To analyze the legal framework and organizational measures of the Russian authorities for the colonization of the Amur and Primorye regions of Eastern Siberia in the second half of the XIX century. Originality. It’s fulfilled a comprehensive analysis of regulations of the Russian government and provincial administrations on the promotion and regulation of the resettlement movement. Mechanisms and tools are traced for regulating the directions, dynamics, geography of settlement, social and national composition of migrants. A number of normative legal acts published in the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire and in the Collection of Legislation and Ordinances on Resettlement have been introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusion. One of the strategic tasks of the Russian government was the settlement of the newly annexed territories in the south of the Far East in the second half of the XIX century. The establishment of land and sea communications served to intensify the migration movement. Significant scale of resettlement to the newly formed Amur and Primorsky regions of Eastern Siberia reached in the second half of the 1890s and is associated with the establishment of railway connections.Initially, in addition to the Cossacks and the military, the government tried to attract wealthy migrants to settle in the Amur and Primorsky regions, who could settle on uninhabited lands on their own. The need to settle new territories as soon as possible led to the establishment of a wide range of benefits provided to both Russian and foreign citizens. In 1881, the permission to settle foreigners was revoked due to fears of a large influx of Chinese.It was served by the introduction of various restrictions and permitting system for resettlement, which affected the dynamics of the resettlement movement, its geography, social and ethnic composition in order to control the resettlement process.The study of this problem significantly expands the understanding of the reasons for the mass migration of the Ukrainian population to the east of the Russian Empire and gives grounds to claim that Ukrainians played a key role in the colonization of the Far East.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ПІДХОДИ Й ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ СТРАТЕГІЇ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ КРАЇНИ ЧЕРЕЗ ПРИЗМУ РЕГІОНАЛІЗАЦІЇ ТА ГЛОКАЛІЗАЦІЇ

The article substantiates the relevance of the chosen subject matter, which consists in the necessity of developing definite approaches to the forming of an efficient strategy of the national, regional or a separate area growth with a focus on the priority directions that regulate the social-economic development in the economic policy. Indeed, when the Euro-international course was chosen, the given vector of the national economic development goes sometimes at faster tempo of the social-economic reforms by the EU standards, sometimes slows down due to the political battles and economic hardships. With all chances of becoming a successful state, Ukraine is unable to timely mobilize and efficiently apply all necessary resources at the required moment. Acquiring skills of the correct management of the available recourses, including human resources, is a crucial task of any national government. That is why there is a need of developing the strategy of the national economic growth through the prism of regionalization considering the social needs. Proving its implementation, it is possible to bring the country to the high global ratings by the economic and social criteria. The article sets forth the objective of the research, which consists in determining the conceptual approaches and formation peculiarities, directions in regulating the social-economic development of the country and its regions. The research studies the economic category “strategy of the social-economic development” on the national and regional levels. It also reveals the relationship between its social and economic components. The article analyzed the objectives and stages of the regional development reforming so that to increase the competitive status of the area. It also defined the limits and negative factors affecting the realization of the region’s potential. After studying the problems of strategic planning of the nation’s and regional social-economic development, the priority directions of regulating the social-economic development in the Ukraine’s economic policy were determined.

Współdziałanie jako forma realizacji zadań w sferze planowania i zagospodarowania przestrzennego

Spatial planning is one of the most important tasks of the public administration, including local government administration. Both the government and local government administrations are obliged to shape the spatial policy. Here, it is the municipalities that occupy a special place, as they are the only bodies that may draw up and adopt fundamental acts implementing the spatial policy, i.e. local zoning plans. Implementing the spatial policy is a basic task of the public administration, aimed at satisfying the needs of the citizens. In this context, cooperation between public administration bodies of various levels, as well as between public administration bodies and residents, becomes crucial. Spatial planning is a multifaceted area, which overlaps with the tasks of the aforementioned government and local government administrations, not only at the local level, which in fact involves the need to establish common positions in order to optimize the directions of spatial development. In this context, cooperation seems to be the most optimal and necessary form due to the essence and nature of planning issues. The purpose of this article is to analyse the instruments of cooperation between public administration bodies, with particular emphasis on the relationship between the government and local government administrations, as well as between the bodies of this administration and citizens in the planning and spatial development. The article will also examine the instruments not regulated by law. The conclusion will present the directions of changes in the above-mentioned instruments of cooperation.

Srpska knjiga i nacionalna samosvest

This paper presents changes in the meaning of the term "Serbian book" in the national bibliography and literary history, from the beginning of the 19th century to the present day. It points out the consequences which political needs and tasks of Yugoslavian government had on the Serbian Bibliography: Books 1868-1944. Here, new conceptualisations of Serbian literature in regional and transnational literary histories have also been presented, of which the first one is in English (History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries, eds. M. Cornis-Popeand J. Neubauer) and the second one is in Russian language (Leksikon ûžnoslavânskihliteratur, red. G. Â. Il'ina). The possible consequences of uncritical application of language codes in the bibliographic descriptions of literary works of Serbian authors have also been shown.

Routing in waste collection: A simulated annealing algorithm for an Argentinean case study.

The management of the collection of Municipal Solid Waste is a complex task for local governments since it consumes a large portion of their budgets. Thus, the use of computer-aided tools to support decision-making can contribute to improve the efficiency of the system and reduce the associated costs, especially in developing countries, which usually suffer from a shortage of resources. In the present work, a simulated annealing algorithm is proposed to address the problem of designing the routes of waste collection vehicles. The proposed algorithm is compared to a commercial solver based on a mixed-integer programming formulation and two other metaheuristic algorithms, i.e., a state-of-the-art large neighborhood search and a genetic algorithm. The evaluation is carried out on both a well-known benchmark from the literature and real instances of the Argentinean city of BahȪa Blanca. The proposed algorithm was able to solve all the instances, having a performance similar to the large neighborhood procedure, while the genetic algorithm showed the worst results. The simulated annealing algorithm was also able to improve the solutions of the solver in many instances of the real dataset.

PUBLIC TRUST IN THE BRAND OF THE TERRITORY: GENDER, AGE AND EDUCATIONAL DETERMINANTS

The key to ensuring sustainable economic development of the regions is the functioning of enterprises and organizations physically or legally located in its territory and the effective use and identification of hidden business and tourist opportunities of the parts. Unlocking such community potential is one of the key tasks of local governments, whose responsibility for their well-being has increased significantly with the start of the decentralization process. Financial decentralization and redistribution of tax revenues inevitably led to the growth of local budgets, which in turn formed the need for proper redistribution of expenditures, including the development of attractiveness of the territory for its own population, to reduce the outflow of able-bodied people and attract stakeholders. To this end, most cities and regions of Ukraine have begun to create their own brands. Today, Kyiv, Lviv, Vinnytsia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Sumy, and others have their own brands in Ukraine. However, the level of public confidence in economic efficiency and the need for such an approach is quite low because among the successful cases of brand implementation in the country can be clearly called only - Lviv. While the brand of the city of Sumy created in 2019 was perceived quite ambiguously by both the community and the media community. Therefore, the question arises of identifying determinants that directly impact the formation of perception and trust in the brand. Thus, a number of existing methods of assessing the effectiveness of the brand contain elements in the structure related to its perception. But for the most part, the ratings of local and national brands focus on the perception of external stakeholders, while the issue of taking into account internal satisfaction is almost unexplored. Thus, the article attempts to analyze the correlations between perception, trust in the local brand and subjective assessment based on gender, age and educational distribution of internal stakeholders in the community. The analysis was based on the dynamics of the cities of London and Paris in the Anholt-Ipsos Brand Index in 2017-2020.

An ensemble approach for multi-stage transfer learning models for COVID-19 detection from chest CT scans

The novel coronavirus outbreak of 2019 reached pandemic status in March 2020. Since then, many countries have joined efforts to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. A central task for governments is the rapid and effective identification of COVID-19 positive patients. While many molecular tests currently exist, not all hospitals have immediate access to these. However, CT scans, which are readily available at most hospitals, offer an additional method to diagnose COVID-19. As a result, hospitals lacking molecular tests can benefit from it as a way of mitigating said shortage. Furthermore, radiologists have come to achieve accuracy levels over 80% on identifying COVID-19 cases by CT scan image analysis. This paper adds to the existing literature a model based on ensemble methods and 2-stage transfer learning to detect COVID-19 cases based on CT scan images, relying on a simple architecture, yet complex enough model definition, to attain a competitive performance. The proposed model achieved an accuracy of 86.70%, an F1 score of 85.86% and an AUC of 90.82%, proving capable of assisting radiologists with COVID-19 diagnosis. Code developed for this research can be found in the following repository: https://github.com/josehernandezsc/COVID19Net.

Setting ambitious goals for agriculture to meet environmental targets

Setting ambitious goals for agriculture to meet environmental targets

Information retrieval from multi-domain specific research proposal using hierarchical-based neural network clustering algorithm

Research project selection is an essential task for government and private agencies. When a huge number of research proposals are received, it is common to group them along with their similarities in research discipline areas. In this paper, a new framework is proposed to assign the proposal to reviewer and identify the proposal theme automatically. First, a list of multi word terms are extracted automatically from the domain specific corpus of text documents into a hierarchy based on their semantic similarity. Second, the proximity of two vectors can be calculated using measures such as probabilistic correlation. The conditional probability is used to model the probability that a term appear together in a record. Third, a hierarchical-based neural network clustering algorithm is used to get an information retrieval from multi-domain specific research proposal.

INFORMATION RETRIEVAL FROM MULTI DOMAIN SPECIFIC RESEARCH PROPOSAL USING HIERARCHICAL BASED NEURAL NETWORK CLUSTERING ALGORITHM

Research project selection is an essential task for government and private agencies. When a huge number of research proposals are received, it is common to group them along with their similarities in research discipline areas. In this paper, a new framework is proposed to assign the proposal to reviewer and identify the proposal theme automatically. First, a list of multi word terms are extracted automatically from the domain specific corpus of text documents into a hierarchy based on their semantic similarity. Second, the proximity of two vectors can be calculated using measures such as probabilistic correlation. The conditional probability is used to model the probability that a term appear together in a record. Third, a hierarchical-based neural network clustering algorithm is used to get an information retrieval from multi-domain specific research proposal.

Switzerland – 2020 Review of Constitutional Law: Constitutional and Administrative Law amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

When the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reached Switzerland in February 2020, the Federal Act of 28 September 2012 on Combating Communicable Human Diseases (Epidemics Act, EpA)’ had been in place for more than four years. The EpA was subject to a referendum in 2013. 60% of the voters approved the bill. The EpA set a three-tier approach in place: An aggravation of the epidemiological circumstances leads, based on a respective decision by the executive branch of the federal government (Federal Council), to a transfer of governmental tasks and responsibilities from the cantons (constituent states) to the Federation (federal government) on the one hand and from Federal Parliament (legislative branch) to the Federal Council (executive branch) on the other hand. The more the epidemiological situation escalates, the more power is thus being concentrated in the Federal Council. In the ‘first wave’ of the pandemic, emergency loans to small and mid-size businesses were swiftly administered by Swiss banks, underwritten with a full credit guarantee on the amount by the federal government, based on a unique and effective public-private partnership. Despite severe restrictions of fundamental rights, courts have played a mere subordinate role during the pandemic. The ‘second wave’ of the pandemic, peaking in November 2020, led some of the shortcomings of Switzerland’s political system bare. Its alignment towards consensus and integration of linguistic, confessional, and socio-economic minorities within the country, as underpinned by the Federal Constitution and as a salient advantage of the Swiss political system, comes at the price of the diffusion of political accountability. Direct democracy, federalism, the separation of powers between Federal Parliament and the Federal Council as well as the collegial decision making and interaction within the executive branches at both federal levels (Federation, cantons) all provide politicians not only with loopholes to evade political accountability, but also rhetorical munition to shift blame onto other actors within the political realm.

How Earmarking Government Revenue Affects Efficiency of Road Construction and Maintenance

It is common practice to assign revenue to accomplish specific governmental tasks in general and to provide transport infrastructure in particular. However, neither the literature in public administration nor in public choice has reached a consensus about the effects that earmarking has on efficiency. Building on earlier public choice models, we argue that this mechanism prevents budget debates from occurring and reduces the incentives for ministers to monitor the colleagues whose budgets are financed by earmarked revenues. These latter tend to overuse public resources, thus increasing inefficiency. A stochastic frontier model fed with data from Swiss cantonal ministries of transport from 2000 to 2016 tests this hypothesis. The results reveal a negative effect of earmarking on efficiency. For every 1,000 additional Swiss francs per capita financed out of an earmarked fund, the input requirement increases by 5.4 percent on average.