Task Of Government Research Articles

Understanding Racial Disparities in Police Use of Lethal Force: Lessons from Fatal Police‐on‐Police Shootings

AbstractDuring a 29‐year period studied by a government task force, 10 off‐duty police officers were found to have been mistaken for civilians and fatally shot by another police officer. Eight of these officers were Black, one was Hispanic, and one was White. Given that at least 75% of U.S. police officers in this period were White, we estimate that there is a roughly one in one million chance that this disparity reflects a random deviation from a condition in which Black and White officers faced the same risk of being fatally shot by another officer while off duty. Estimates of the magnitude of this racial disparity must be interpreted cautiously, but the increased risk faced by Black officers while off duty compared to their White counterparts appears to be even larger than the racial disparity among civilians killed by police officers. The disparity is much less pronounced in mistaken‐identity fatal shootings of on‐duty officers, of which two were Black, one was Hispanic, and 12 were White. These incidents are rare, but they comprise an important subset of all police interactions because they are known errors that involve a misperception of threat, and because the differential patterns of racial disparities suggest that there are situational factors that vary systematically and contribute to the observed outcomes. We examine fatal, mistaken identity police‐on‐police shootings and explore potential explanations for the dramatic racial disparity among officers killed while off duty.

THE ROLE OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN PROTECTION FROM NATURAL DISASTERS AND OTHER FORMS OF HAZARDS IN SERBIA

The process of emergency management, starting from risk assessment of natural disasters and other hazards, through taking measures of prevention, protection and rescue, mitigation and restoration, should not be seen as burden on society, but rather as a factor of development. The dangers and accidents do not only take human lives, but inflict enormous, often irreparable damage that weakens the material power of the state and individuals, and can cause long-term problems to whole society. In that context, it is essential that the state influences the reduction of risks and dangers, increases the importance of participation and effectiveness of resources and capacities engaged in the process of emergency management, and thus, at the same time contributes to the security and development of whole society.The paper deals with the problems related to the development of vulnerability assessment from natural disasters as one of the tasks of the local government in the emergency management. After the risks at the local community have been assessed, it is possible to have an insight into the available technical and human capacity in the local community and, based on the given situation and in accordance with the law, make protection and rescue plans.

New Zealand Productivity Commission internship: social sector productivity

For my internship I prepared a short paper on social sector productivity for the Productivity Commission. The objective was to consider the implications of introducing productivity measurement in the social sector, given some of the complexities of observing outputs and outcomes for certain sector tasks. To do this I selected one typology, James Q. Wilson’s matrix of government tasks in Gregory (1995b), and attempted to apply this to a set of tasks within one organisation in the social sector, namely the Ministry of Social Development (MSD). The tasks were drawn from MSD’s annual report for 2015/16.

Unfreeze the pedagogies: introduction of a new innovative measure in Portugal

Calibrating the right developmental approach when introducing a new innovative intervention is a complex task for governments, and schools alike. The new Projeto-Piloto de Inovação Pedagógica offers six schools an opportunity to break most ofthe rules in order to unfreeze pedagogical and curricular traditions and open the “black box” classrooms. The paper examines what this intervention means for the Ministry and for the schools involved and reflects on its prospected outcomes.

Consolidated state political party control and the enactment of obesity-related policies in the United States

States play a key role in addressing obesity and its risk factors through policymaking, but there is variation in state activity nationally. The goal of this study was to examine whether the presence of a consolidated Democratic or Republican “trifecta” – when a state's governorship and both houses of the legislature are dominated by the same political party – or divided government (i.e., without a trifecta) is associated with obesity-related policy content and enactment. In 2016 and 2017, we gathered state bills and laws utilizing the CDC Chronic Disease State Policy Tracking System, and examined the association between state-level political party control and the enactment of state-level obesity-related policies in all states during 2009–2015. The three areas of interest included: policies specifically addressing obesity, nutrition, or physical activity in communities, schools, or workplaces using a public health framework; neutral policies, such as creating government task forces; and policies that employed a business-interest framework (e.g., Commonsense Consumption Acts that prohibit consumer lawsuits against restaurant establishments). Using divided governments as the reference group, we found that states with Democratic trifectas enacted significantly more laws, and more laws with a public health framework. Republican trifecta states enacted more laws related to physical activity, and in some states like Texas, Republican trifectas were exceptionally active in passing policies with a public health framework. States with Republican trifectas enacted a statistically similar amount of laws as states with divided governments. These findings suggest promise across states for obesity-related public health policymaking under a variety of political regimes.

ANALISIS FUNGSI SATUAN POLISI PAMONG PRAJA DALAM PENERTIBAN PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA (PKL) BERDASARKAN PERATURAN DAERAH KOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG NOMOR 08 TAHUN 2000 TENTANG PEMBINAAN UMUM, KETERTIBAN, KEAMANAN, KEBERSIHAN, KESEHATAN DAN KEAPIKAN DALAM WILAYAH KOTA B

Bandar Lampung Government Regulation Number 13 year 2013 about the Formation of Organization and Working Procedure of Government task force unit in Bandar Lampung regulates tasks and functions of Government task force unit in Bandar Lampung. Government task force unit has important roles in maintaining public security and orderliness and to enforce regional law products. According to that job descriptions, Government task force unitconducts disciplining actions upon any violation of public safety and orderliness as well as upon any regional law product.The research problem was the function of Government task force unit in disciplining small vendors and inhibiting factors for Government task force unit in disciplining small vendors.This research used normative and empirical jurisdiction and criminology approaches with primary and secondary data collected from literary study and from the field respectively. The researchersconcluded that the Bandar Lampung Regional Regulation was not yet optimal because Government task force unit had conducted its tasks to help the Major in safety and orderliness by enforcing the Regional Regulations but there were many stret vendors did not understand this Regional Regulation, yet they finally did this government policy with particular compensations.

Urban Green Space Development Strategy–Reconverting Gas Station To Public Parks In The City Of Surabaya, Indonesia

Urban Green Space Development has become a challenging task for city governments especially in Indonesia, due to high prices of land around urban centers. On the other hand, there are inconsistencies between land use and land allocation within the city planning. In Surabaya City, quite a lot of gas stations were built on areas which are originally intended for green open spaces. Surabaya City Municipality is strongly committed to reconvert Gas Station Areas to green open spaces as determined in the plan. Innovative strategies have enabled the city government to reconvert 13 gas stations to public parks. This paper analyzes the implementation process of the Urban Green Space Reconversion Policy, describing the historical details of the issues, the taking over of land from gas station owners, and the park development and campaigning. Discussion also includes the most influential factors in this success story.

Institutional Risk of Russian Public Sector Organizations Management

The Government of the Russian Federation has been overhauling a public sector of economy since 2010. One of the transformation’s goals is a gradual reduction of public spending on the public-sector organizations, and simultaneous increase in efficiency of their economic activity and in the quality of rendered public services. After the federal law on the legal status of public (municipal) institutions improvement came into force, the operating mechanisms and internal institutional links of public sector organizations have been changed, including full participation of public sector organizations in market relations. For instance, budgetary funds are allocated on contractual basis in form of government tasks. However, the significant improvements have not been achieved. Experts have a common ground in reasons of organizational fails. Among them are poor quality of planning, goal setting, and incorrect setting of development indicators' target values.

A water quality management strategy for regionally protected water through health risk assessment and spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution in 3 marine reserves

Severe water pollution and resource scarcity is a major problem in China, where it is necessary to establish water quality-oriented monitoring and intelligent watershed management. In this study, an effective watershed management method is explored, in which water quality is first assessed using the heavy metal pollution index and the human health risk index, and then by classifying the pollution and management grade based on cluster analysis and GIS visualization. Three marine reserves in Tianjin were selected and analyzed, namely the Tianjin Ancient Coastal Wetland National Nature Reserve (Qilihai Natural Reserve), the Tianjin DaShentang Oyster Reef National Marine Special Reserve (DaShentang Reserve), and the Tianjin Coastal Wetland National Marine Special Reserve (BinHai Wetland Reserve) which is under construction. The water quality and potential human health risks of 5 heavy metals (Pb, As, Cd, Hg, Cr) in the three reserves were assessed using the Nemerow index and USEPA methods. Moreover, ArcGIS10.2 software was used to visualize the heavy metal index and display their spatial distribution. Cluster analysis enabled classification of the heavy metals into 4 categories, which allowed for identification of the heavy metals whose pollution index and health risks were highest, and, thus, whose control in the reserve is a priority. Results indicate that heavy metal pollution exists in the Qilihai Natural Reserve and in the north and east of the DaShentang Reserve; furthermore, human health risks exist in the Qilihai Natural Reserve and in the BinHai Wetland Reserve. In each reserve, the main factor influencing the pollution and health risk were high concentrations of As and Pb that exceed the corresponding standards. Measures must be adopted to control and remediate the pollutants. Furthermore, to protect the marine reserves, management policies must be implemented to improve water quality, which is an urgent task for both local and national governments.

Economic development and environmental quality—A case study of china prefecture‐level cities

Understanding the relationship between per capita income and various environmental indicators is becoming increasingly important for sustainable development. There is a new trend of moving from a cross‐country or country‐level study to a regional level study. In this article, the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality in 56 prefecture‐level cities of China from 2011 to 2012 has been studied. Per capita GDP was used as a marker of economic development at the city level. Besides the commonly used SO2 emissions, per capita water consumption and COD emissions were also included as typical environmental indicators. While the per capita GDP in these cities increased remarkably, there was no significant change of per capita water consumption, but a significant decrease was achieved for SO2 and COD emissions. There is a strong correlation between per capita GDP and per capita water consumption, which fulfills the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. However, there was no significant relationship between per capita GDP neither SO2 emission nor COD emission. There was also no regional difference for per capita GDP and per capita water consumption, but SO2 emission and COD emission are division‐dependent. Generally speaking, the emissions reduction policy for SO2 and COD in these cities showed tangible results. The control of per capita water consumption remains a major task for local governments. Besides the strict control of pollution emission, a series of water‐saving measures should be included in the environmental protection policy to reduce the per capita water consumption. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1290–1295, 2017

Analysis on the Social Security Tasks of Local County Government and Policy Tasks: Focusing on Busan Metropolitan City

Analysis on the Social Security Tasks of Local County Government and Policy Tasks: Focusing on Busan Metropolitan City

Jason Sean Ridler. Maestro of Science: Omond McKillop Solandt and Government Science in War and Hostile Peace, 1939–1956. xv + 350 pp., figs., tables, bibl., index. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015. $55 (cloth).

Jason Sean Ridler. <i>Maestro of Science: Omond McKillop Solandt and Government Science in War and Hostile Peace, 1939–1956</i>. xv + 350 pp., figs., tables, bibl., index. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015. $55 (cloth).

The Procces and Pattern of Return Migration and Factors Affecting it ) Case Study: Hajilou Dehestan- Kabodarahang County)

The Procces and Pattern of Return Migration and Factors Affecting it ) Case Study: Hajilou Dehestan- Kabodarahang County)

Electronic government and online tasks: Towards the autonomy and empowerment of senior citizens

The use of the Internet by the senior citizens in order to manage operations with the government and companies requires further study. The objective of this work is to take a close look at the reasons why older people make limited use of e-administration and online procedures. Using a qualitative methodology, based on four focus groups, we analyze the motivations and problems they find when using such procedures. The results indicate acceptance of electronic resources for simple and routine tasks due to the speed and convenience they offer, which simultaneously promotes the independence and empowerment of older people. However, there is a series of factors which have a negative effect on their use, and these must be dealt with in order to favor greater digital inclusion of this age demographic.

Overlapping publics and the negotiation of legitimacy in South African and Namibian sexual politics

ABSTRACTThis article explores how and why social movement organizations negotiate their presence in, and demands on, multiple public spheres. We analyse the strategies of two social movement organizations, Free Gender in Cape Town, South Africa, and Sister Namibia in Windhoek, Namibia. Free Gender elected to withdraw participation from a governmental task team convened to address the issue of homophobic violence, despite the opportunity this offered the organization to participate in national politics. Sister Namibia, by contrast, decided to maintain its public presence despite experiencing political homophobia from the ruling party, the South West African People’s Organisation. We contribute to the literature on public spheres and social movements by demonstrating the need to consider the overlapping nature of public spheres in South Africa and Namibia at the local, national, and transnational levels to account for activists’ strategic decisions.

Understanding political responsibility in corporate citizenship: towards a shared responsibility for the common good

ABSTRACTIn this article, we explore the debate on corporate citizenship and the role of business in global governance. In the debate on political corporate social responsibility it is assumed that under globalization business is taking up a greater political role. Apart from economic responsibilities firms assume political responsibilities taking up traditional governmental tasks such as regulation of business and provision of public goods. We contrast this with a subsidiarity-based approach to governance, in which firms are seen as intermediate actors who have political co-responsibilities in society endowed upon them by (inter)national governmental institutions. We argue that both approaches face conceptual and empirical problems, and do not make clear the content and scope of political corporate responsibility. Based on Iris Marion Young’s account of political responsibility we argue that corporate actors and governmental actors have a shared responsibility to tackle societal problems. Taking political corporate responsibility not only entails engaging in private action or engaging in public–private partnerships, but it also includes aiding governmental actors to remedy injustice or even create public institutions where they do not yet exist. By adding this perspective we contribute to the debate on responsibility in corporate citizenship and clarify the political role business can play in global governance.

The preparation for being a researcher in Romania today

Higher technical education in Romania is organized in three cycles: Bachelor, Masters and PhD. Theoretically, the powers provided by the three levels of education should be in correspondence with the requirements of COR (ISCO-88-COM European Community and the UN: ISCO 88) for generic jobs, specified in previous herewith: production engineer, research engineer, and researcher. This paper explores the last two aspects in order to see to what extent the names of study disciplines and especially their content gives the graduate competences and skills of research. We are looking for causes for which young graduates of master and doctoral especially not find appropriate jobs in the labor market preparation. From the position of academics with experience in teaching the final year of Bachelor and Master levels, trying to answer to the questions: What should we teach, How should we teach? Who should we teach? We train for right people? The answers are tasks for interdisciplinary collective of teachers, researchers and employers. Therefore, without claiming an exhaustive treatment of the matter under discussion, the paper is intended as a call a call to quickly find viable solutions. Where answers are not appropriate, will have to find solutions but the decision in their choice and then their implementation in the short time it is a governmental task.

Healthcare as a task of local government in Poland

The subject of this article is benchmarking existing hospitals in order to cover the healthcare demand of Polish local communities. Duly performed ownership supervision should include an impartial evaluation of the head managers and their relevant motivation to improve quality while maintaining acceptable profitability. Lack of practical tools, such as best practice guidelines for local governments, and of tools which would help to implement them, prevents from keeping relevant supervision over dependent hospitals. The aim of this study was to introduce the concept of a practical benchmarking instrument relevant to actual issues that local government meets when supervising their hospitals. The concept of benchmarking is approached from various perspectives: a way of learning from the best, an instrument which contributes to the management efficiency improvement and a tool for monitoring results of the management of the hospital.

Zaopatrzenie w ciepło, energię elektryczną i paliwa gazowe jako zadanie gminy

This article presents the task of municipal government involving the provision of heat, electricity and gaseous fuels for the local inhabitants. First of all, the notion of municipal task is outlined. Then, the task of municipal supply is analysed in some detail, its various interpretations in doctrine and attempts at qualifying it. Further, the article discusses the various legal instruments municipal government uses to accomplish the said task. In this part, our attention is drawn mainly to the role of municipal government in the supply process as well as that of electrical companies which support the municipality in this task.

Nierówności dochodowe samorządów gminnych w Polsce

PolandSummaryCarrying out the tasks of communal governments hinges on provision of adequate financial resources. High level of own revenues per capita and their high share in total revenues indicate communes’ wider financial self-sufficiency and thereby facilitate better satisfaction of social needs and foster stable local development. Communes’ income potential depends on external conditions such as the country’s economic situation, but also on location, natural resources and conditions, and on internal social and economic circumstances. All these factors may broaden existing disparities in income potential of communes across provinces or administrative types. The study aimed to evaluate levels of income inequalities of Polish communes in 2005-2014. Own revenues and total revenues per capita of communes (excluding communes with county rights) were considered across administrative types and provinces. The research drew on data published by the Central Statistical Office and employed Theil index as inequality measure. For own revenues, the largest income inequalities, though decreasing over time, were observed within rural communes, which may be explained by marked disparity between their functional types. As for provinces, the highest level of inequality was noted in mazowieckie and the lowest in lubuskie. Between-administrative-types and between-provinces inequalities were small. Furthermore, income inequalities of total revenues for all communes of Poland were close to zero.