Goulart Government Research Articles

Editor's Note

Editor's Note

Workers before the Court: Conflicts and Labor Justice in the Context of the 1964 Coup d'Etat in Brazil

Workers before the Court: Conflicts and Labor Justice in the Context of the 1964 Coup d'Etat in Brazil

«Изменить все, чтобы ничего не менялось»: Правые режимы и дипломатия Бразилии в ХХ в.

In this article we will make a comparison between the political regimes and the diplomacy of Brazil in two periods of the 20th century: the final years of the period of the Liberal Republic, in the Goulart Government (1961-1964) and under the Military Dictatorship, with a special focus on the distension under the Geisel Government (1974-1979). We focus on the political organization of these periods, which can be considered crisis or transition periods, and in the same way, the continuities in their diplomatic contributions. Looking at the internal crises, it will discuss legal aspects of the two periods, such as the defective construction of parliamentarism and the Institutional Acts of the dictatorship. The comparison of internal and external politics will seek to demonstrate the similarities between the external objectives of the two governments despite their differences in regime and ideological orientation, addressing the Independent External Policy of parliamentarism under Goulart and Responsible and Ecumenical Pragmatism under Geisel dictatorial rule.

BRAZIL’S UNINTENDED GIFT TO THE WORLD: PAULO FREIRE’S PEDAGOGY OF THE OPPRESSED, FIFTY YEARS LATER

Revista Científica e-Curriculum do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação: Currículo da PUC-SP destinada à divulgação de estudos e pesquisas que pretendem promover e ampliar o debate com a comunidade científica e com a sociedade.

ANTICOMUNISMO, GOLPISMO E QUESTÃO AGRÁRIA: UMA ANÁLISE SOBRE O PROGRAMA AGRÁRIO DO IPÊS: 1963 - 1966

The article discusses the perception of the Institute of Research and Social Studies (Ipês) in relation to the agrarian issue, between the years 1963 and 1966, aiming at analyzing the worldview of anti-communist groups in the 1960s. As its primary sources, the article deploys publications from the Institute itself, such as Reforma Agrária, Bases e Soluções, Reformas de Base: a posição do Ipês, Ipês Monthly Bulletins, and major newspapers. Ipês was an anti-communist group, formed by civilians and military, founded in 1961, whose members engaged in the articulation of the 1964 military coup. Sectaries of this organization, such as Paulo Assis Ribeiro, were incorporated into the Castello Branco government, participating in the formulation of the Land Statute (ASSIS, 2001; DREIFUSS, 2008). Ipês defended a program of changes for Brazil in opposition to the Base Reforms advocated by the João Goulart government. Carrying on with our mas-ter’s degree dissertation, entitled O discurso anticomunista do Ipês entre 1963-1966 [The anti-communist discourse of Ipês between 1963 and 1966], the article also analyzes the relation between the agrarian reform model defended by Ipês and its perspectives on the rural worker, as well as the connection of these pro-posals with its anti-communist conceptions, its doctrinal principles in defense of the Alliance for Progress and the Mater et Magistra letter, and its connection with the principles of the Escola Superior de Guerra [War College].

A polêmica História Nova do Brasil: um projeto de vanguarda derrotado politicamente

<p>Este artigo investiga a coleção de livros didáticos destinados ao ensino secundário brasileiro <em>História Nova do Brasil –</em> publicada em março de 1964 pela Campanha de Assistência ao Estudante (Cases). A coleção foi concebida no seio acadêmico da Universidade Nacional de Filosofia do Brasil (FNFi), peculiarmente pelos alunos responsáveis pela edição do Boletim de História (BH) sob a orientação de Nelson Werneck Sodré, e envolveu diretamente as atividades do Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros (ISEB). A obra criticava a historiografia tradicional apresentada nos manuais escolares utilizados no Brasil e objetivava uma inovação no seu conteúdo. Exaltava a necessidade de reformas sociais<em> –</em> principalmente educacional<em> –</em> enquadrando-se no prospecto político que o País vivenciava durante o governo João Goulart; possuía uma dimensão política e foi objeto de luta. Com a instauração do regime militar, os volumes da <em>História Nova</em> foram queimados e proibidos e seus autores, alvos de perseguição. </p>

Public opinion and foreign policy in João Goulart's Brazil (1961-1964): Coherence between national and foreign policy perceptions?

Abstract This paper analyses public opinion during the João Goulart government in Brazil (1961-1964), focusing on public perceptions on domestic and foreign policies. We employ a recently declassified public opinion survey conducted on behalf of United States Information Agency (USIA) in urban areas. We found that the Brazilian public opinion was somewhat coherent, supporting redistributive reforms domestically and a neutralist approach in foreign affairs.

O Partido Comunista Brasileiro e o governo João Goulart

O artigo tem por objetivo conhecer as estratégias e a atuação do Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB) durante o governo Goulart. Os comunistas tiveram diferentes posturas nesse período: na fase parlamentarista de governo, o partido demonstrou distanciamento crítico em relação ao presidente da República. A seguir, durante todo o ano de 1963, o PCB foi opositor de Goulart, recusando a estratégia presidencial de aliar o PTB ao PSD para alcançar maioria no Congresso Nacional. Por fim, de fins de 1963 até o golpe militar no ano seguinte, os comunistas tornaram-se aliados do presidente. A mudança foi motivada pela decisão de Goulart de romper com o PSD e governar com o apoio político das esquerdas.

Contra as reformas e o comunismo: a atuação da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB) no governo Goulart

O presente artigo examina o combate travado pela OAB, por meio de sua instância diretiva máxima, o Conselho Federal, contra o governo Goulart. A atuação oposicionista da OAB deve ser compreendida no quadro da mobilização civil que colocou em marcha uma campanha de desestabilização do governo federal. Deposto Goulart, a OAB, como instituição, e os conselheiros federais, individualmente, colaboraram ativamente com a ditadura militar nos seus primeiros anos. Propõe-se que o oposicionismo da OAB ao governo Goulart derivasse de quatro fatores: os interesses socioeconômicos dos conselheiros federais; seus vínculos político-partidários; a cultura política dominante no Conselho Federal; questões corporativo-institucionais.

Os discursos de celebração da 'Revolução de 1964'

O artigo aborda aspectos relevantes dos discursos de celebração da 'Revolução de 64', construídos pelos militares entre os anos de 1964 e 1999, através dos quais buscaram explicitar as motivações quanto à articulação do Golpe de Estado, a estruturação do regime e o seu desfecho em 1985. As matrizes discursivas assumem contornos de radicalidade ao justificarem o 31 de março em oposição à 'Revolução Comunista' que estava em curso no governo João Goulart. O material pesquisado representa um significativo 'lugar de memória', permitindo aos militares a formulação de hipóteses que pretendem, ainda hoje, legitimar uma memória positiva dos feitos 'revolucionários'. O objetivo, portanto, é analisar as concepções de história, o sentido e o caráter das comemorações, estabelecendo regularidades que possam elucidar a estruturação do pensamento anticomunista e autoritário em disputa no campo da memória por uma determinada apropriação do passado.

O governo João Goulart: novos rumos da produção historiográfica

Este artigo propõe um balanço da produção acadêmica recente sobre o período presidencial de João Goulart, procurando apresentar as linhas gerais dessa produção, inserindo-a na trajetória mais longa de estudos sobre o governo Goulart e o Golpe de 1964.

A marcha, o terço e o livro: catolicismo conservador e ação política na conjuntura do golpe de 1964

Este ensaio discute a atuação política dos grupos conservadores que, em São Paulo e no Paraná, apoiaram a intervenção militar de 1964. Analisamos a "Marcha da Família com Deus pela Liberdade". Conclui-se que, em Curitiba, o evento (rebatizado para "Marcha a favor do Ensino Livre") priorizou a luta pelas "liberdades individuais", deixando em segundo plano os valores tradicionais cristãos, diferentemente do enredo seguido em outras cidades. O caso em questão ilustra a complexidade da conjuntura ideológica no pré-1964, a natureza crítica das iniciativas do governo Goulart para levar adiante sua agenda reformista e as diferentes motivações não somente sociais, mas também regionais no engajamento da "sociedade civil" na campanha golpista.

A estratégia do confronto: a frente de mobilização <A NAME="tx01"></A>popular

A bibliografia e a pesquisa universitária há muito tempo revelaram a participação de grupos conservadores e direitistas na conspiração e na execução do golpe militar de 1964. No entanto, tema ainda pouco freqüentado na bibliografia é o papel representado pelas esquerdas naquele processo. A imagem firmada é a de que a radicalização política, que culminou no golpe civil-militar, foi patrocinada tão-somente por elementos conservadores e reacionários, enquanto as esquerdas apenas defendiam as reformas e a democracia. Assim, ao longo da ditadura militar, surgiram diversas versões que se esforçaram para explicar os motivos do golpe, mas sem considerar a participação das esquerdas no processo de polarização política. O artigo recupera as estratégias de diversos grupos esquerdistas que atuaram no governo de João Goulart.

Theories of Mffitary Intervention in the Tird World: Lessons from the Philippines

This article reexamines military intervention in the overthrow of civilian governments in the Third World. First, it reconsiders three major theories developed to explain the military overthrow of the Goulart government in Brazil in 1964, each of which focuses on a different independent variable: institutional change, economic stress, and political polarization. Second, it applies and demonstrates the usefulness of these three theories to a recent case outside Latin America: the Philippines. Supporting evidence is found for each of the three theories in both the Brazilian and the Philippine cases. Third, it offers new evidence on the Philippine case, based on 33 interviews with military officers and other informants knowledgeable about the military's role in the overthrow of the Marcos regime in the Philippines in 1986. The interviews were conducted in the Philippines from May to July 1988. The informants consisted of 17 active military officers, 8 retired officers, and 8 outside observers. The article concludes by showing that each theory complements the others, since they focus on different aspects of the process, and it argues that a synthesis of these contending theories is possible.

Political Liberalization and Economic Crisis

ON 15 NOVEMBER 1982, BRAZIL HELD GENERAL ELECTIONS. Despite stiff electoral rules, they were the first conducted in a climate of freedom since 1964, when the military overthrew the civilian Goulart government, which had been struck by instability and paralysis. In December, the authorities requested several very large new loans and ‘roll-overs’ from the IMF and the private financial community, in an attempt to assure the continuing service of the country's massive foreign debt. The two events epitomize underlying processes that had been evolving for several years: political liberalization and adjustment to economic crisis.

Social Struggles in Brazil under Goulart

Moniz Bandeira's book is the first serious attempt at a comprehensive historical assessment of the Jodo Goulart government. It is based on a very rich documentation, including the personal files of Goulart himself and of many of his nearest collaborators as well as personal interviews with various actors of the 1961-1964 events. Notwithstanding his sympathy for Goulart and for the nationalist left that was defeated by the military in the March 1964 coup, Moniz Bandeira's book is not apologetical and contains many clearsighted views on their shortcomings. The role of the U.S. government and particularly of the U.S. Ambassador in Brazil (Lincoln Gordon) in the preparation and implementation of the military putsch against Goulart is well known and has been exposed already in various books (Sai Correa, 1977; Parker, 1977; etc.). Moniz Bandeira analyzes this role, but he shows also the active engagement of the Brazilian entrepreneurs through their corporative associations, like the Fede-aco as a sincere democrat, he was unwilling to su-

Furtado on Exchange Control and Economic Development: An Evaluation and Reinterpretation of the Brazilian Case

In recent years there has been a vigorous debate regarding the optimum commercial and exchange policies of the underdeveloped countries. One important question in this debate has been that of overvaluation and selective import controls versus devaluation as the proper means to correct an external disequilibrium. Powerful groups are arrayed on both sides of this question: professional economists of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America, such as Raul Prebisch and Celso Furtado, are generally in favor of means other than devaluation, while those of the International Monetary Fund, Haberler and others, are generally in favor of devaluation. 1 Although the purpose of the present article is not to examine this many-faceted debate, it does provide an evaluation of Furtado' s arguments for exchange control as opposed to devaluation in Brazil, and for underdeveloped countries in general, in his two recent books. 2 Formerly chief of the development division of ECLA, head of the program for development of the Northeast of Brazil (SUDENE), Minister of Planning for the Goulart government, and presently Visiting Professor of Economics at Yale University, Furtado has undoubtedly wielded a great deal of influence in Brazil and elsewhere in Latin America; a critical evaluation of the basis of his policy recommendations is therefore of some impor-

Some Permanent Political Characteristics of Contemporary Brazil

The positive and often decisive role of the military in the Brazilian political process has been demonstrated again by the overthrow of the João Goulart government on April 2, 1964. Chaos and confusion building up from the time President Goulart took power in August, 1961, finally culminated in his ouster by the Brazilian armed forces.The political history of modern Brazil centers on the military. The army toppled the monarchy in 1889 and in 1894 handed the administration of the country over to civilians who governed with minor challenges until 1930. The army managed the coup d'état of 1930 which brought Getúlio Vargas to power. It removed Vargas in 1945 and returned Brazil to a democratic political process. The army moved in November, 1955, to assure the assumption of office by President-elect Juscelino Kubitschek. The presidential elections of 1960 were guaranteed by the military even though a former Minister of War, General Enrique Lott, was decisively defeated by a civilian, Jánio Quadros.