Global System For Mobile Communications Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Vehicle Tracking System with GPS

Abstract: An efficient vehicle tracking system is designed and implemented for tracking the movement of any equipped vehicle from any location at any time. The proposed system made good use of a popular technology that combines a Smartphone application with a microcontroller. This will be easy to make and inexpensive compared to others. The designed in-vehicle device works using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global system for mobile communication / General Packet Radio Service (GSM/GPRS) technology that is one of the most common ways for vehicle tracking. The device is embedded inside a vehicle whose position is to be determined and tracked in real-time. A microcontroller is used to control the GPS and GSM/GPRS modules. The vehicle tracking system uses the GPS module to get geographic coordinates at regular time intervals. The GSM/GPRS module is used to transmit and update the vehicle location to a database. A Smartphone application is also developed for continuously monitoring the vehicle location. The Google Maps API is used to display the vehicle on the map in the Smartphone application. Thus, users will be able to continuously monitor a moving vehicle on demand using the Smartphone application and determine the estimated distance and time for the vehicle to arrive at a given destination

A Review on Intruder Alarm System

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive description, from a security and accessibility perspective, of various security systems and technologies. For everyone who owns or rents a home, home security should be a top concern. Every individual needs a safe and secure residential space. Most of the market’s security systems; however, are either costly or unsafe. Many times there are a number of loopholes present in the security systems and security devices which can be breached easily. The various security automation technologies considered in this review paper include Fiber sensor, Accelerometer, Global Mobile Communication System, Mobile Home Automation Systems, Internet Home Automation Systems. There is a decrease in the price of sensors as we see progress in the technology market, which makes vibration signature identification systems a cheap and effective alternative to the expensive security systems on the market

Real-time power theft monitoring and detection system with double connected data capture system

Power utilities worldwide are facing enormous challenges when it comes to the distribution of electricity. With these challenges, electricity theft is regarded as the most common challenge in the electrical distribution system. Electricity theft can be meter tampering done in consumer houses and illegal connections done using hook-ups from the distribution pole grids. These electricity theft challenges have caused power utilities to reconsider customer engagements focusing on feedback, putting loss detection systems in their distribution system networks, using artificial intelligence to schedule maintenance and other asset management activities, etc. The main focus of this paper is to design a real-time power theft monitoring and detection system that is able to detect power theft in distribution systems. This proposed system utilizes smart meters consisting of an Arduino ATMega328P microcontrollers with GSM modules (Global System for Mobile Communication) used for system communication. Cloud storage is created to store the smart meter data. Simulations of the proposed system were done using Proteus Design Suite v.8.10 SP3 software. The proposed system is practically constructed for prototype measurement results. Should power imbalances be measured by the system, the authority office will receive an SMS notification as an alert for power theft detected by a specific smart metering system. The authority office will analyse the power measurements sent to the cloud storage (MATLAB Online, ThingSpeak IoT channels display), and further action will be taken.

Intelligent Life Saver System with Gas Leakage

Home fires have been occurring regularly, posing an increasing hazard to human lives and property in recent years. Due to its significant flammability, LPG can burn even some distance from the leak. Most fire incidents are brought on by a poor-quality rubber tube or when the regulator is left on. Even after the regulator is turned off, gas continues to flow from the regulator to the burner. Gas leaks happen if the knob is accidentally turned on. This article discusses the detection, monitoring, and control system for LPG leakage. A relay DC motor automatically controls the stove knob. The GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) module in this system also warns the owner through SMS.

Space Based Assessment of Base Transceiver Stations in Kwamba, Niger State, Nigeria

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) started operations in Nigeria on the 16th of May, 2001. An important feature of the communication system is the Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). However, their installations have brought about public concerns and fears, specifically to issues relating to environmental risk, public health and sometimes construction problems that might result to mast collapse. This study is aimed at identifying the spatial distribution of BTS in Kwamba, analysing the terrain of the study area and examining their level of compliance to NESREA standards for siting a BTS. The data for the Kwamba study was collected from two sources; Primary and Secondary sources. The primary data include the use of GPS to obtain coordinates of the GSM base stations and their respective elevations. The Secondary and geographic data includes Google Earth imagery obtained from Google Earth, Landsat images, SRTM data from USGS Earth Explorer and shape files (roads etc) from OSM data. ArcMap was used to plot a map showing the distribution and slope extraction of the study area to provide information on the terrain. Also, using NESREA stated standard, 10metre buffer test on all existing BTS in Kwamba was carried out using ArcMap. Findings from the research revealed that there are 24 BTS distributed randomly in Kwamba. 7 out of the 24 failed the 10metre buffer test, meaning they were not in compliance with 10m setback distance as stated by NESREA for locating a BTS close to residential homes. The study recommends that stakeholder(s) imbibe the use of GIS techniques in the siting of BTS as it will assist in monitoring of non-compliance to the regulated standard of NESREA by the service providers. The adaptation of use of GIS techniques will also assist the regulatory bodies in effectively carrying out constant supervision of the service providers.

Traffic Light System With Embedded GPS (Global Positioning System) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) Shield

Artificial intelligence traffic controllers are being designed with the primary goal of enabling them to adapt to the most recent sensor data in order to perform ongoing optimizations on the signal timing plan for intersections in a network in order to reduce traffic congestions, the most pressing issue in traffic flow control at present. The authors are employing an intelligent traffic redirection technology to reduce traffic and road congestion. This would operate utilizing sensors to determine weight, with the result communicated to a traffic light PLC to control the detour. The result of experiments reduced the number of automobiles in a given time interval by 51%. There is improvement as well as on the average speed of automobiles that increase within the system by 49%. The authors also found a reduction of the average time a vehicle must wait in a system by 58%. Moreover, the implementation shows that the average wait times at junctions have been reduced by 34%.

An Overview on Detection of Temporary Fault and Permanent Fault for 3 Phase Load

Abstract: To Maintain reliability in Power System it is important to protect the 3 phase devices like inductive, resistive, etc against various faults occurring in it. This fault should be identified and analysed quickly for their remedies. The Project Aim is to develops an Automatic Tripping mechanism for the three-phase system. In the case of a temporary fault, the output of the project resets automatically within second. While in event of Permanent fault condition the permanent Trip. Due to these faults, the power system may suffer from considerable damage. This can lead to disturbance in power supply and may cause a standstill to various industries linked to the system. In a three phase power system, these faults are classified as LG (Line to Ground), LL (Line to Line), 3L (Three lines). This system can overcome such problem which by sensing the fault automatically and disconnects the system from the supply so that large scale damage to the system equipment can be avoided. The system automatically differentiates between a temporary disturbance and a permanent fault and appropriately cuts the supply for a short duration or long respectively. The purpose of this project is also to send the information to the mobile by using Global system for Mobile Communication (GSM) technology.

Animal Detector System for Forest Monitoring using OpenCV and Raspberry-pi

Abstract: The presented prototype system offers a solution for tracking animals, assets, or people using only Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) services. The development and application of living terrain by humans have led to harm to wild creatures, making it crucial to explore animal monitoring system technology. This project utilizes a GSM modem to send SMS notifications to the designated person, allowing for real-time tracking of the target. Such a system could have great significance in protecting and preserving wildlife in the face of rapid population and financial growth

Bee colony remote monitoring based on IoT using ESP-NOW protocol.

Information and communication technologies, specifically the Internet of Things (IoT), have been widely used in many agricultural practices, including beekeeping, where the adoption of advanced technologies has an increasing trend. Implementation of precision apiculture methods into beekeeping practice depends on availability and cost-effectiveness of honey bee colony monitoring systems. This study presents a developed bee colony monitoring system based on the IoT concept and using ESP8266 and ESP32 microchips. The monitoring system uses the ESP-NOW protocol for data exchange within the apiary and a GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)/GPRS (General packet radio service) external interface for packet-based communication with a remote server on the Internet. The local sensor network was constructed in a star type logical topology with one central node. The use of ESP-NOW protocol as a communication technology added an advantage of longer communication distance between measurement nodes in comparison to a previously used Wi-Fi based approach and faster data exchange. Within the study, five monitoring devices were used for real-time bee colony monitoring in Latvia. The bee colony monitoring took place from 01.06.2022 till 31.08.2022. Within this study, the distance between ESP-NOW enabled devices and power consumption of the monitoring and main nodes were evaluated as well. As a result, it was concluded that the ESP-NOW protocol is well suited for the IoT solution development for honeybee colony monitoring. It reduces the time needed to transmit data between nodes (over a large enough distance), therefore ensuring that the measurement nodes operate in an even lower power consumption mode.

Effects of Periodic Location Update Polling Interval on the Reconstructed Origin–Destination Matrix: A Dutch Case Study Using a Data-Driven Method

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) data provides valuable insights into travel demand patterns by capturing people's consecutive locations. A major challenge, however, is how the polling interval (PI; the time between consecutive location updates) affects the accuracy in reconstructing the spatio-temporal travel patterns. Longer PIs will lead to lower accuracy and may even miss shorter activities or trips when not properly accounted for. In this paper, we analyze the effects of the PI on the ability to reconstruct an origin–destination (OD) matrix. We also propose and validate a new data-driven method that improves accuracy in case of longer PIs. The new method first learns temporal patterns in activities and trips, based on travel diaries, that are then used to infer activity-travel patterns from the (sparse) GSM traces. Both steps are data-driven thus avoiding any a priori (behavioral, temporal) assumptions. To validate the method we use synthetic data generated from a calibrated agent-based transport model. This gives us ground-truth OD patterns and full experimental control. The analysis results show that with our method it is possible to reliably reconstruct OD matrices even from very small data samples (i.e., travel diaries from a small segment of the population) that contain as little as 1% of the population’s movements. This is promising for real-life applications where the amount of empirical data is also limited.

AJ-Olu-1: An Innovative Path Loss Model for Typical Nigerian Urban Environments

The modeling of outdoor path loss propagation is critical in the planning and construction of the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) coverage area. For GSM signal prediction at any location inside its service region, a precise forecast based on critical characteristics and a mathematical model is required. Numerous research findings on path loss propagation model forecast for GSM mobile networks conducted in various cities in Nigeria revealed that the COST231-Hata model gives closer prediction to most of the practical measure path loss values. Based on the existing COST-23-Hata path loss model and outdoor measurements at 1800 MHz frequency range within Ilorin metropolis, this paper proposed a suitable path loss model. The developed model was used and validated in various locations throughout Ilorin city with the measured and COST-231 Hata models. The analysis of the results revealed that the developed model performed satisfactorily in terms of the closest path loss prediction to the practical measure path loss values at all study locations. It also has the lowest Square Root Means Error and Standard Deviation (SD) of any Base Station (BTS) tested in Ilorin, Nigeria. As a result, it is concluded that the newly developed AJ-Olu-1 model is more suitable for GSM 1800 network design and installation in Ilorin City, Nigeria, as well as other cities in Nigeria and other cities outside Nigeria with similar environments.

Polarization-Insensitive Triband FSS for RF Shielding at Normal and Higher Temperatures by Retrofitting on Ordinary Glass Windows

A comprehensive novel framework for retrofitting frequency-selective surface (FSS) shields to any glass surface using low-cost copper foils has been proposed in this work. The realization technique is demonstrated through a novel triband FSS shield. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)-1800, Wi-Fi 2.5 GHz, and wireless local area network (WLAN) 5.6 GHz spectrum, with–10 dB bandwidth of 680, 190, and 1300 MHz, respectively, are suppressed by the shield. The unit cell is made up of a combination of square and circular concentric loops with some alterations. The design is entirely polarization-insensitive and has a steady frequency response for oblique angles up to 60°. The unit element is highly miniaturized for triband operation measuring <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> /9 at 1.8 GHz frequency. An equivalent circuit model (ECM) is also derived to better elaborate the working mechanism of the shield. The pattern is chemically etched on low-cost copper adhesive foil and affixed to ordinary glass as a sticker. The design retains the visual transparency of 72% allowing enough light to enter through windows while rejecting the intended frequencies by at least 28 dB or more in all three bands. The design exhibits a very high shielding efficiency of above 98% for all three bands. Experimental demonstration for single-layer glass, sandwiched glass, as well as air-filled double-glazed glass is carried out. The thermal stability of the proposed design is measured and found intact up to the ambient temperature of 50 °C.

Next-Generation Connectivity in A Heterogenous Railway World

Global System for Mobile communication - Railway (GSM-R) is widely used for operational communications between train and signaler. However, there is a need to define a successor that addresses: obsolescence, radio spectrum demand and the enabling of a range of emerging digital applications such as radio-based signaling and Automatic Train Control (ATC). Therefore, the International Union of Railways (UIC) started the initiative to develop the Future Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS). This article describes an Adaptable Communication System (ACS) that is being developed jointly by industry and railway operators as a possible successor covering all types of railways and all aspects of the FRMCS. A pragmatic approach is suggested that considers diverse railway settings and makes use of various radio access technologies. Countries, geographical regions and infrastructure managers differ concerning available radio technologies, but use of a suitable ACS could pave the way towards innovation in the railway sector. For this adaptive concept we discuss several network models and enhancements including satellite communications (SatCom), Software-Defined Networking (SDN) integration and antenna systems that support multiple bearers in one. For SatCom a software defined radio (SDR) prototype using random access is presented that is able to fulfill the requirements of ETCS. We found that SDN can be used for dynamically changing the access technology for critical and non-critical railway use cases. Furthermore, we present an antenna prototype that can be used for 5G, GSM, WLAN and LTE in parallel which saves limited mounting surface on the train.

Simulation of Mathematical Model of Network Interference on Global System for Mobile Communication

Network interference is the incorporation of undesirable signals to desirable ones in an interconnected system. In this paper, the simulation of mathematical model of network interference with respect to global system of mobile communication is presented. The model was formulated and analyzed mathematically. Numerical simulation was carried out using real life data from Communication Towers Nigeria Limited, Northwest regional office Kaduna, Nigeria. The results obtained were very close to that of laboratory investigation.&#x0D; Keywords: Mathematical Model, Network, Interference, Congestion, Mobile communication, Stability

A smart solution for preventing environmental pollution caused by overflowing onsite sewage septic tank

An innovative remote sensing device for the detection and monitoring of sewage levels in underground onsite septic tank is developed. The overflow of underground onsite sewage septic tanks located around buildings for the collection and disposal of wastewater is hazardous to the environment releasing infectious pollutants and obnoxious contaminants. The inability to accurately determine the level of the sewage in the underground septic tank most times causes overflow of sewage into the environment without the knowledge of the users of the facility. A smart onsite sewage septic tank level monitoring device is developed enabling the users of the facility to promptly detect when it malfunctions to plan ahead for the evacuation in order to prevent the overflow. The device implements ultrasonic sensor to detect and monitor level of the wastewater in the septic tank and a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) module to send short message service (SMS) to the enrolled users’ mobile phone numbers and the sewage evacuation agents. A test run conducted showed response time within 30 s. The developed device is suitable for low income countries of Africa.

The IoT Based Health Monitoring with Alcohol Detection And Control System

Accidents caused due to drunken drive are increasing tremendously in this modern world. To prevent these kinds of accidents, we propose an IoT based health monitoring system with alcohol detection and control. The proposed project is designed to reduce accidents caused due to drunken driving. Globally the cases of accidents are increasing due to this aspect. In order to prevent these accident cases, in this project an IoT based method has been designed. In that Arduino, Alcohol Sensor, Heart beat rate sensor, Global System for Mobile communication, Wi-Fi modem, are utilized. Once the alcohol rate and heart beat rate are exceeding the specified limit, the command will be given to the ignition system of the vehicle to stop the operation of the vehicle.

Battery-Powered RSU Running Time Monitoring and Prediction Using ML Model Based on Received Signal Strength and Data Transmission Frequency in V2I Applications

The application of the Internet of Things (IoT), vehicles to infrastructure (V2I) communication and intelligent roadside units (RSU) are promising paradigms to improve road traffic safety. However, for the RSUs to communicate with the vehicles and transmit the data to the remote location, RSUs require enough power and good network quality. Recent advances in technology have improved lithium-ion battery capabilities. However, other complementary methodologies including battery management systems (BMS) have to be developed to provide an early warning sign of the battery's state of health. In this paper, we have evaluated the impact of the received signal strength indication (RSSI) and the current consumption at different transmission frequencies on a static battery-based RSU that depends on the global system for mobile communications (GSM)/general packet radio services (GPRS). Machine learning (ML) models, for instance, Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were employed and tested on the collected data and later compared using the coefficient of determination (R2). The models were used to predict the battery current consumption based on the RSSI of the location where the RSUs were imposed and the frequency at which the RSU transmits the data to the remote database. The RF was preferable to SVM for predicting current consumption with an R2 of 98% and 94%, respectively. It is essential to accurately forecast the battery health of RSUs to assess their dependability and running time. The primary duty of the BMS is to estimate the status of the battery and its dynamic operating limits. However, achieving an accurate and robust battery state of charge remains a significant challenge. Referring to that can help road managers make alternative decisions, such as replacing the battery before the RSU power source gets drained. The proposed method can be deployed in other remote WSN and IoT-based applications.

A robust resource allocation model for optimizing data skew and consumption rate in cloud-based IoT environments

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of connected objects designed to collect and exchange data using smart equipment and technologies. A significant challenge in guaranteeing a high level of end-user experience is the administration of IoT services. IoT networks are constructed using a variety of smart technologies such as detectors, controllers, Radio-frequency identification (RFID), Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS), Third Generation Cellular Networks (3G), and Global Systems for Mobile communications (GSM). Cloud technology significantly impacts how these networks grow by providing processing capabilities, network bandwidth, virtualized systems, and system software in an integrated environment. Capacity management, which assures effective resource use and load-balancing, avoids service level agreement (SLA) infractions, and enhances machine efficiency by minimizing operational expenses and power utilization, represents one of the fundamental problems in cloud-based ecosystems. To address these concerns, IoT-based robust decision-making resource management is often used. In this study, we investigate resource provisioning methods and identify the factors that must be considered for better utilization of resources in distributed systems. Specifically, we aim to improve the minimization rate, data skew rate, and approximate amount rate. We also highlight the challenges and complexities of hybrid optimization for efficient cloud-based capital allocation in the IoT.

Theta band brainwaves in human resting EEG modulated by mobile phone radiofrequency

Purpose Wireless communication has become an integral part of our lives. The growing number of antennas in our environment and the expanding use of mobile phones (MPs) are increasing the population’s exposure to electromagnetic fields. The present study aimed to examine the potential impact of MPs radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure on the brainwaves of the resting electroencephalogram (EEG) in humans. Materials and Methods Twenty-one healthy volunteers were exposed to Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) signal at 900 MHz MP RF-EMF. The maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) of the MP averaged on 10 g tissue and 1 g tissue were measured at 0.49 W/kg, 0.70 W/kg, respectively. Results Results showed that while delta and beta rhythms of resting EEG were not affected, theta brainwaves were significantly modulated during exposure to RF-EMF related to MPs. For the first time, it was shown that this modulation is dependent on the eye condition, i.e. closed or open. Conclusions This study strongly suggests that acute exposure to RF-EMF alters the EEG theta rhythm at rest. Long-term exposure studies are required to explore the effect of this disruption in high-risk or sensitive populations.

Smart Cane for Visually Impaired People Using Arduino

In this high-tech period, technology has made it possible for everyone to live a comfortable life. But physically challenged people to need to depend on others in their daily lives, which eventually makes them less confident in strange terrain. But presently, the explosion of innovative technology provides numerous openings for them to live joyfully without feeling like a burden. So, in this proposed system, a hyperintelligent device is represented for visually challenged people to safely guide them to their destination without facing any difficulties. It is composed of an Arduino, a global positioning system (GPS), ultrasonic and other probative detectors, and a GSM. KEYWORDS Visually impaired, Global Positioning System, Global System for Mobile Communication, Arduino, Ultrasonic sensors, Innovative technology.