Global System For Mobile Communications Research Articles

Design and simulation of a smart master switch system based on multi-input XOR logic gate

AbstractMechanical switches have been the conventional way of controlling electrical energy in different electrical systems such as: lighting systems, socket systems, and circuit breakers, especially in domestic, hospital, and industrial applications. Mechanical switches often require physical access to control different electrical devices that are connected to the power sources. The work presented in this paper aimed at designing and simulating a multi-input based Exclusive-Or master switch system that remotely controls the lighting and socket systems using the wireless switching mechanisms of Global System for Mobile communication and Bluetooth. The system therefore limits physical interaction that require use of the single pole double throw and keypad mechanical switches that are however included to act as fall-back mechanism in control of electrical devices. Within the recommended electrical safety measures, the design can be streamlined and integrated to remotely control lighting systems and sockets alongside the conventional mechanical switches in the consumer control unit.

Call Blocking Estimation Using Adaptive Channel Reservation for Hand‐Off Calls in Wireless Cellular Network

ABSTRACTThe wireless cellular network (WCN) provides services to many users with limited radio resources. In WCN, resource allocation is important to provide the desired quality of service (QoS). Among the two possible types of calls in WCN, hand‐off calls (HCs) have higher priority than new calls (NCs). In this paper, we developed a mathematical model to estimate call blocking using an optimal number of guard channel (GC) for HCs by considering target hand‐off call dropping probability (HCDP). We named this model the optimal guard channel reservation (OCR) policy. This analytical model assumes the long‐term average of the traffic parameters and so is far from making any correlation with the operation of the existing system. In real, the traffic parameters are dynamic. Further, we proposed an optimal adaptive guard channel reservation (OACR) policy to obtain optimal performance. It adjusts the GCs dynamically w.r.t the traffic conditions to keep HCDP below the target. We have implemented the OACR scheme by using a test bed. Finally, we have applied both mathematical model (i.e., OCR policy) and OACR policy to a wireless cellular network, that is, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) 900 system.

Multifeatured Electronic Helmet to Enhance Road Safety and Rider’s Comfort

This paper presents a multi-featured electronic helmet designed to tackle critical road safety issues, including accidents, drunk driving, and over-speeding. The design incorporates a global system for mobile communications (GSM) and global positioning system (GPS) modules to accurately capture driver’s current location and send messages to predefined contacts. When encountering an accident, the helmet promptly notifies designated contacts and authorities, ensuring swift assistance. By integrating features for detecting over-speeding, accidents, and drunk driving, the helmet renders real-time alerts to both the driver’s family and traffic police, enhancing accountability and safety measures. Additionally, the helmet includes solar charging functionality for mobile devices receive 100% charged in 3.37 hours, thereby optimizing usability and emergency communication. A rain detection system protects mobile devices, while an internal warming mechanism caters to adverse weather conditions, and proffers enhanced comfort by maintaining internal form temperature between 26-27 ℃ and safety, especially in cold regions or for military personnel.

Innovative Management Strategies and Competitive Advantage of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Service Providers in Taraba State, Nigeria

This study investigates the effects of product, service, process, and technological innovations on the competitive advantage of GSM service providers in Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria. It aims to determine how these different types of innovations influence market positioning and operational efficiency within the regional telecommunications sector. The research is framed using Dynamic Capabilities Theory, which emphasizes the role of strategic adaptability and resource reconfiguration in achieving and sustaining competitive advantage in rapidly changing markets. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study integrates quantitative data from structured questionnaires distributed to 115 staff across major telecom providers and qualitative insights from industry reports. A total of 102 responses were analyzed using regression analysis in SPSS to evaluate the effect of innovation types on competitive advantage. The findings reveal that all types of innovation—product, service, process, and technological—significantly enhance the competitive advantage of GSM providers in Jalingo. Service innovation showed the strongest effect, followed by technological, product, and process innovations. The study underscores the critical importance of a holistic innovation strategy that includes diverse forms of innovation to improve competitive advantage. GSM providers in Jalingo who embrace comprehensive innovation strategies are more likely to secure greater market share and achieve long-term profitability. The study recommends that GSM service providers should prioritize developing new service offerings and enhancing existing services. This could include investing in customer relationship management systems to personalize services, implementing loyalty programs, or introducing flexible pricing models that cater to different customer segments.

Florida sandhill crane survival along a wildland‐to‐urban land use gradient

AbstractThe Florida sandhill crane (Antigone canadensis pratensis) is a state‐threatened non‐migratory subspecies. Our understanding of adult crane survival in Florida, USA, is unclear, as it relies on decades‐old unpublished data of birds residing in natural areas. Since that time, the loss of natural habitat precipitated cranes using urbanized areas such as suburban lawns and roadside verges for foraging and loafing. Contemporary studies are needed to properly guide crane management and conservation efforts. We addressed this knowledge gap by estimating the annual survival rate for sandhill cranes in 12 central Florida counties. We used a live‐dead capture‐recapture multistate model, monitoring 118 adult cranes from June 2017 to May 2023; 76 were color‐banded and 42 were tagged with Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) transmitters. Fifteen cranes died during the study, with vehicle strikes (n = 9) being the most prevalent identified source of mortality. Overall, the annual survival probability was estimated at 0.79 (95% credibility interval = 0.75–0.84). Using the subset of GSM‐tagged cranes, we observed no influence of urbanization on annual survival rate (βurbanization gradient = 0.007, 95% credibility interval = −0.008, 0.022). The adult survival rates we observed are lower than reported for other populations of sandhill cranes in North America that are considered stable or growing.

Enabling Technologies and Techniques for Floor Identification

Location information has initiated a multitude of applications such as location-based services, health care, emergency response and rescue operations, and assets tracking. A plethora of techniques and technologies have been presented to ensure enhanced location accuracy, both horizontal and vertical. Despite many surveys covering horizontal localization technologies, the literature lacks a comprehensive survey incorporating up-to-date vertical localization approaches. This article provides a detailed survey of different vertical localization techniques such as path loss models, time of arrival, received signal strength, reference signal received power, fingerprinting utilized by WiFi, radio-frequency identification (RFID), global system for mobile communications (GSM), long-term evolution (LTE), barometer, inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors, and geomagnetic field. The article primarily aims at human localization in indoor environments using smartphones in essence. Besides the localization accuracy, the presented approaches are evaluated in terms of cost, infrastructure dependence, deployment complexity, and sensitivity. We highlight the pros and cons of these approaches and outline future research directions to enhance the accuracy to meet the future needs of floor identification standards set by the Federal Communications Commission.

Development of Pre-paid Energy Meter using Internet of Things

This paper presents an implementation of IoT to develop a pre-paid energy meter system using an IoT prototype for monitoring and controlling energy and power consumption. This system is used for the remote or on-site management of energy and power consumption. The system provides a user interface using Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) so the user can pay the required price for the desired unit. The system provides a web user interface to monitor energy and power consumption, including the number of units and price. The ultimate goal is to promote a sense of optimization of power usage by letting the user pay before they have access to electricity. The system consists of an energy meter box that is connected to individual load connections. This energy meter box consists of a microcontroller on Arduino, a GSM module, a voltage sensor, and current sensor, and an LCD. The LCDs are the energy and power consumed, the price remaining, and the number of units consumed.

Soil Nutrient Analysis and Automatic Monitoring in Precision Agriculture

ABSTRACT The higher productivity from soil can be achieved through Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) technology; for this reason, the implementation of WSNs in precision agriculture is increasing day by day. Among the different technologies for crop monitoring, WSNs are recognized as a powerful option for collecting and processing data in the agricultural domain, with low cost and low energy consumption. The ultimate aim of this paper is to predict the precise values of soil nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) using a machine learning (ML)-based mathematical model formulation. The proposed system will use Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology to automatically monitor soil parameters. It transfers soil data over the mobile network using a GSM modem. In the hardware part, sensor node units were developed to fetch and load data through the energy-efficient GSM, utilizing a bi-directional multi-level text messaging option to improve the alarm system’s efficiency. The system contains sensors such as potential of hydrogen and humidity (PH), which are used to monitor soil data collected from the sensors by the microcontroller. Additionally, as a novel contribution, machine learning based on regression models is applied to the NPK data. A novel data interpolation approach is proposed for data oversampling. The R2 values are compared, achieving nearly 99.5% accuracy in all cases. This paper focuses on various challenges and scalability issues encountered in research and discusses different results obtained by monitoring various soil parameters in a real-time agricultural environment.

Gas leakage detection system for domestic and industrial applications

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a highly inflammable gas used as sources of energy in automobiles, industries and for domestic cooking. Disaster occurs when LPG leaks and is in contact with the source of fire which may claim lives and destroy properties. Hence, its early detection is essential for preventing disaster. This paper presented smart detection of LPG leakage in domestic homes and industries. The system consisted of MQ-2 gas sensor which sensed the presence of the gas in the air and sent signal to the Arduino micro controller. The micro-controller informed the embedded Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) module to send message in form of Short Message Service (SMS) to the users to swing into action in a bid to prevent outbreak of fire. Performance tests carried out to evaluate the system showed the capability of the system to concurrently send SMS to different subscribers and produce audible alarm. It was also observed that SMS was sent to users in a timely and efficient manner. The system could be useful in residential homes and industrial premises for preventing fire hazards.

Postbreeding ecology of wood ducks in the Illinois River Valley

AbstractThe wood duck (Aix sponsa) consistently ranks within the top 5 harvested duck species for both Illinois and the Mississippi Flyway. While substantial research has been done on wood ducks, especially their breeding ecology, few studies have investigated the postbreeding ecology of the species. We captured and marked wood ducks with either a very high frequency (VHF) radio transmitter or a solar‐charged global system of mobile communication (GSM) transmitter during the postbreeding period from August through September 2018–2020. Capture locations were within the La Grange Pool of the Illinois River extending from near Pekin, Illinois to the La Grange Lock and Dam near Meredosia, Illinois, USA. We used conventional radio‐telemetry techniques to track wood ducks to determine cover type use, home range size, daily movement patterns, survival, and migration chronology. Home range size (95% minimum convex polygon) for wood ducks averaged 6,820 ± 572 ha (SE) and we did not find evidence for a difference by age, sex, or transmitter type. Daily movement distance in August (2,031 ± 51 m) was similar to daily movement distance in September (1,922 ± 44 m), but daily movement distances for August and September were less than daily movement distance for October (3,509 ± 53 m) and November (3,347 ± 106 m). Wood ducks primarily used wetlands with woody (45.0%) and emergent vegetation (40.4%), and the most commonly used wetland types by wood ducks were impounded wetlands (53.8%), lakes (17.6%), and ponds (10.7%). Model‐derived survival during the postbreeding period was 0.79 (95% CI = 0.74–0.84). Daily survival was positively related to increased river level and had a mean increase of 4.06 ± 0.67% for every 0.3‐m increase in the Illinois River level at low river levels (1.5–3.0 m) and a mean increase of 1.38 ± 0.32% for every 0.3‐m increase in the Illinois River level at high river levels (4.0–5.5 m). Average departure date of wood ducks leaving the Illinois River Valley was 27 October (range =13 August–15 December), and adult male wood ducks left the study area 11–16 days earlier than the other age and sex cohorts (H2 = 11.6, P = 0.01). Providing additional waterfowl sanctuaries that contain wooded wetlands, especially in years of low river levels, may increase survival for wood ducks during the postbreeding period.

Investigating the relative accuracy of GPS, GSM and CDR data for inferring spatiotemporal travel trajectories

AbstractThe potential of passively generated big data sources in transport modelling is well‐recognised. However, assessing their accuracy and suitability for policymaking remains challenging due to the lack of ground‐truth (GT) data for validation. This study evaluates the accuracy of inferring human mobility patterns from global positioning system (GPS), call detail records (CDR), and global system for mobile communication (GSM) data. Using outputs from an agent‐based simulation platform (MATSim) as ‘synthetic GT’ (SGT), synthetic GPS, CDR, and GSM data were generated, considering their positional disturbances and conventional spatiotemporal resolutions. Mobility information, including activity location, departure time, and trajectory distance, derived from the synthetic data, was compared with SGT to evaluate the accuracy of passive trajectory data at both disaggregate and aggregate levels. The results indicated a higher accuracy of GPS data in identifying stay locations at high resolution. But, GSM data at a lower resolution effectively accounted for over 80% of the variability in stay locations. Comparisons of departure time distribution and travel distance revealed higher measurement errors in GSM and CDR data than in GPS data. The proposed simulation‐based accuracy assessment framework will aid transport planners select the most suitable data for specific analyses and understand the potential margin of error involved.

Effect of 1800 MHz radiofrequency field exposure on cytokine and signal transduction protein expression in differentiated THP-1 cells

Purpose To evaluate the effects of 1800 MHz continuous wave (CW) and global system for mobile communications (GSM) modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RFEMF) exposures on signal transduction (ST) protein and cytokine expression in differentiated human-derived monocytic THP-1 cells. Materials and methods THP-1 cells were differentiated into adherent macrophage-like cells using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Following differentiation, cells were exposed to 1800 MHz CW or GSM modulated RFEMF for 0.5, 4, or 24 h at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0 (sham) or 2.0 W/kg. Concurrent positive controls (lipopolysaccharide for cytokines; anisomycin for ST proteins) and negative controls were included in each experiment. The expression levels of cytokines (GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) from culture media and phosphorylated and total ST proteins (CREB, JNK, NF-κB, p38, ERK1/2, Akt, p70S6k, STAT3, STAT5) from cell lysates were assessed using Milliplex magnetic bead array panels. Results No consistent effect of RFEMF exposure was observed in differentiated THP-1 cells. A statistically significant effect of overall exposure condition was observed for IL-6 with GSM modulation (P = 0.042), but no difference between RFEMF and sham for any exposure condition remained following adjustment for multiple comparisons (P ≥ 0.128). No statistically significant effect of exposure condition was detected for any other cytokine evaluated with either of the RFEMF modulations (P ≥ 0.078). There were no statistically significant changes in expression levels for any of the ST proteins under any studied exposure condition (P ≥ 0.320). Conclusions In this study, no evidence of changes were observed in differentiated human derived THP-1 cells following exposure of up to 24 h to 1800 MHz RFEMF at SARs of 0 and 2.0 W/kg on the expression of ST proteins or cytokines.

Early-Stage Prototype Assessment of Cost-Effective Non-Intrusive Wearable Device for Instant Home Fetal Movement and Distress Detection: A Pilot Study.

Clinical fetal monitoring devices can only be operated by medical professionals and are overly costly, prone to detrimental false positives, and emit radiation. Thus, highly accurate, easily accessible, simplified, and cost-effective fetal monitoring devices have gained an enormous interest in obstetrics. In this study, a cost-effective and user-friendly wearable home fetal movement and distress detection device is developed and assessed for early-stage design progression by facilitating continuous, comfortable, and non-invasive monitoring of the fetus during the final trimester. The functionality of the developed prototype is mainly based on a microcontroller, a single accelerometer, and a specialized fetal phonocardiography (fPCG) acquisition board with a low-cost microphone. The developed system is capable of identifying fetal movement and monitors fetal heart rhythm owing to its considerable sensitivity. Further, the device includes a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)-based alert system for instant distress notifications to the mother, proxy, and emergency services. By incorporating digital signal processing, the system achieves zero false negatives in detecting fetal movements, which was validated against an open-source database. The acquired results clearly substantiated the efficacy of the fPCG acquisition board and alarm system, ensuring the prompt identification of fetal distress.

A Wireless Network for Monitoring Pesticides in Groundwater: An Inclusive Approach for a Vulnerable Kenyan Population.

Safe drinking water is essential to a healthy lifestyle and has been recognised as a human right by numerous countries. However, the realisation of this right remains largely aspirational, particularly in impoverished nations that lack adequate resources for water quality testing. Kenya, a Sub-Saharan country, bears the brunt of this challenge. Pesticide imports in Kenya increased by 144% from 2015 to 2018, with sales data indicating that 76% of these pesticides are classified as highly hazardous. This trend continues to rise. Over 70% of Kenya's population resides in rural areas, with 75% of the rural population engaged in agriculture and using pesticides. Agriculture is the country's main economic activity, contributing over 30% of its gross domestic product (GDP). The situation is further exacerbated by the lack of monitoring for pesticide residues in surface water and groundwater, coupled with the absence of piped water infrastructure in rural areas. Consequently, contamination levels are high, as agricultural runoff is a major contaminant of surface water and groundwater. The increased use of pesticides to enhance agricultural productivity exacerbates environmental degradation and harms water ecosystems, adversely affecting public health. This study proposes the development of a wireless sensor system that utilizes radio-frequency identification (RFID), Long-range (LoRa) protocol and a global system for mobile communications (GSM) for monitoring pesticide prevalence in groundwater sources. From the system design, individuals with limited literacy skills, advanced age, or non-expert users can utilize it with ease. The reliability of the LoRa protocol in transmitting data packets is thoroughly investigated to ensure effective communication. The system features a user-friendly interface for straightforward data input and facilitates broader access to information by employing various remote wireless sensing methods.

Adaptive Radio Access Technology Selection Algorithm for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

In Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HWNs), Radio Access Technologies (RAT) can only consider the situation of one particular Radio Resource Management (RRM) which is unsuitable for managing multiple RATs. This study deployed an adaptive RAT selection scheme model to allocate users to the best RAT with the use of the cost function variable. The adopted model uses different input criteria like signal strength, network loads, service type and QoS requirement for the best access network selections. The adaptive RAT selection algorithm was executed in different service mixes (voice and data service) to access model suitability for users in Global System for Mobile Communications with Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution Radio Access Network (GERAN) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Radio Access Network (UTRAN). The proposed algorithm resulted in the call blocking probability reduction by 0.03 for GERAN and 0.14 for UTRAN as validated with the existing algorithm based on load balancing, service-based and priority-based. The drop implied an increased probability of ensuring session stability and high quality of the active service, leading to a high load distribution.

RFID-GSM Automatic Gate Control for Highly Secure Organizations

Abstract: In the current dynamic global landscape, security is paramount for organizations, particularly those entrusted with safeguarding sensitive data and valuable assets. Automatic gate control systems are pivotal in fortifying security and optimizing the operational efficiency of access points for highly secure organizations. By integrating Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technologies, these systems provide sophisticated features that bolster security measures while enabling seamless access for authorized personnel. These automatic gate control systems provide a multi-layered approach to security, addressing various vulnerabilities and potential threats highly secure organizations face. By leveraging RFID technology, these systems enable efficient and reliable authentication of authorized personnel, minimizing the risk of unauthorized access or breaches. Additionally, the integration of GSM technology enhances the system's responsiveness and remote management capabilities, allowing administrators to monitor gate activities in real time and respond promptly to any security incidents or anomalies.

GSM-Enabled Home Automation and Security System: A Comprehensive Investigation and Implementation

This research project focused on integrating home control and security through advanced Home Automation Systems. A thorough analysis and practical implementation of home automation technology were conducted, utilizing Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) modems to manage various home appliances, including fans, air conditioning systems, and security systems. The system relied on Short Message Service (SMS) text messages for control and monitoring. Key features included an entrance security mechanism to promptly notify homeowners of unauthorized access, bolstering overall security. Additionally, an anti-theft reporting system employed alarms and SMS notifications to inform owners of security breaches. The system also integrated safety protocols for fire or gas leakage, dispatching SMS notifications and activating alarms to alert homeowners. The use of GSM technology provided wireless access to control connected devices, enhancing system efficiency and convenience. This research contributed to the smart home technologies field by presenting an advanced system that harmonized automation, security, and safety, with potential applications across diverse residential settings. While numerous home automation systems were available in the market, the significance of the proposed home automation system lay in its advanced features and comprehensive approach to integrating control and security functions. Unlike many existing systems, which may have offered basic automation capabilities, the proposed system went beyond simple automation by seamlessly integrating security measures using GSM technology. This allowed homeowners to effectively manage a wide range of home appliances, including fans, air conditioning systems, and security systems, all through the convenience of SMS text messages. Key features of the proposed system, such as the entrance security mechanism and anti-theft reporting system, addressed critical security concerns and provided homeowners with real-time notifications of unauthorized access or security breaches. Additionally, the integration of safety protocols for fire or gas leakage further enhanced the system's utility and value by prioritizing homeowner safety. Moreover, the utilization of GSM technology offered wireless access to control connected devices, significantly enhancing system efficiency and convenience compared to traditional wired systems. This wireless connectivity ensured that homeowners could remotely monitor and control their home environment from anywhere, at any time, providing them with peace of mind and control over their living space. Overall, the proposed home automation system represented a significant advancement in the field of smart home technologies by offering a comprehensive solution that harmonized automation, security, and safety. Its potential applications across diverse residential settings underscored its importance and relevance in meeting the evolving needs of modern homeowners. Index Terms: Short Message Service (SMS), GSM modems, Safety protocols, Gas leakage detection.

An IOT Based Vehicle Theft Detection and Remote Engine Locking System

Abstract: An IoT based vehicle theft detection and remote engine locking system is GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) technology that helps the users to identify the vehicle in the theft mode and allow you to use the controlling mechanism technique. These days, there are a ton of cars being stolen. It's a big problem because crime rates are going up, and it's making it harder to keep vehicles safe. Criminals are becoming smarter and have reached the stage of applications present against the vehicles safety system. Vehicle theft has become a considerable issue which should be traced and prevented. The new system solves many problems and is affordable. Also the proposed system reducing complications by making use of some high priced products like ignition key, microcontroller. In the proposed method, we include an additional feature where controlling mechanisms remotely lock the vehicle engine and prevent theft. In proposed technique, user can start/stop the vehicle either by using the ignition key, which tracks exact location of the vehicle using the application. This paper talks about a great anti-theft system for vehicles. It uses Global Positioning System(GPS),Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM),and Biometrics technologies(i.e fingerprint ) to find the vehicle and confirm the owner's identity. Fingerprint device captures the fingerprints and matches the distinctiveness of every print scan by the device and compares it to the one keeps in its module or native system database.

Nominal GSM-R Radio Network Design for Signalling and Train Control Systems: Case Study Dar-Moro Electrified SGR Line in Tanzania

The recent development of High-Speed Trains (HST) operations requires real-time information transfer, high network capacity, and reliable communication for train signalling and control purposes. Rail operators face challenges as the high-speed railroad traffic grows. In a high-speed driving profile, the communication must be able to overcome fast handover, large Doppler shift, high penetration losses, limited visibility in tunnels, and the harsh electromagnetic environment. Global System for Mobile Communications for Railway (GSM-R) is still a standard-bearer for railway signalling communications. The link capacity and coverage prediction of the predefined Base Transceiver Station (BTS) locations are simulated using the Radio Planner RF planning tool and Matlab®. The terrain map and the signal levels along the railway corridor are observed. The analysis of the GSM-R for a fast-moving train is performed. Signal level coverage prediction, Doppler-shift effect and the received carrier frequencies due to Doppler shift along Dar–Pugu stations have been presented. The critical sites (locations) with weak signals of the first three BTSs have been identified. It is also observed that the Doppler effect may limit the proposed speed.

A modified cost-231-hata path loss model for typical semi-urban environments in Nigeria

Outdoor path loss propagation modeling is critical in the planning and design of the coverage area by the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). For the best prediction of GSM signal at any location within its coverage region, an accurate forecast based on critical characteristics and a mathematical model is necessary. Multiple studies on path loss propagation model prediction for GSM networks conducted at various semi-urban environments in Nigeria proclaimed that propagation path loss models may provide different results when utilized in environments other than those in which they were initially designed, that car drive-test methodology was used during the data collection, and that COST-231-Hata model provides closet prediction to the practical measure values. This paper created an appropriate path loss model based on the COST-23-Hata model and outdoor measurement at 1800 MHz frequency range for the semi-urban area of Kwara State, Nigeria. The created model was used and validated with the measured data and COST-231-Hata model at other different semi-urban environments in Nigeria. The results analysis shows that the created model performed satisfactorily given the closet path loss prediction to the practical measure path loss values at all the study locations. It also gives the lowest Square Root Means Error (SRME) and Standard Deviation (SD) in all the base stations that were tested in semi-urban environments. The newly created model would therefore be more appropriate for GSM 1800 network design and installation in semi-urban environments in Kwara State, Nigeria, as well as any other semi-urban locations in Nigeria.