Effect of 1800 MHz radiofrequency field exposure on cytokine and signal transduction protein expression in differentiated THP-1 cells

Abstract

Purpose To evaluate the effects of 1800 MHz continuous wave (CW) and global system for mobile communications (GSM) modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RFEMF) exposures on signal transduction (ST) protein and cytokine expression in differentiated human-derived monocytic THP-1 cells. Materials and methods THP-1 cells were differentiated into adherent macrophage-like cells using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Following differentiation, cells were exposed to 1800 MHz CW or GSM modulated RFEMF for 0.5, 4, or 24 h at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0 (sham) or 2.0 W/kg. Concurrent positive controls (lipopolysaccharide for cytokines; anisomycin for ST proteins) and negative controls were included in each experiment. The expression levels of cytokines (GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) from culture media and phosphorylated and total ST proteins (CREB, JNK, NF-κB, p38, ERK1/2, Akt, p70S6k, STAT3, STAT5) from cell lysates were assessed using Milliplex magnetic bead array panels. Results No consistent effect of RFEMF exposure was observed in differentiated THP-1 cells. A statistically significant effect of overall exposure condition was observed for IL-6 with GSM modulation (P = 0.042), but no difference between RFEMF and sham for any exposure condition remained following adjustment for multiple comparisons (P ≥ 0.128). No statistically significant effect of exposure condition was detected for any other cytokine evaluated with either of the RFEMF modulations (P ≥ 0.078). There were no statistically significant changes in expression levels for any of the ST proteins under any studied exposure condition (P ≥ 0.320). Conclusions In this study, no evidence of changes were observed in differentiated human derived THP-1 cells following exposure of up to 24 h to 1800 MHz RFEMF at SARs of 0 and 2.0 W/kg on the expression of ST proteins or cytokines.