Geographical Indications Research Articles

Characterization of the key volatile compounds in longjing tea (Camellia sinensis) with different aroma types at different steeping temperatures by GC‒MS and GC‒IMS

Longjing tea (Camellia sinensis), an iconic agricultural product distinguished by its geographical indication status, has gained much acceptance and consumption in China. The aroma types and steeping conditions of green tea are important factors influencing consumer acceptance. However, the effects of steeping conditions on tea samples with different aroma types are still unknown. Explanation of the above unknowns can provide new insights into the flavor variations of tea when consumed for optimal sensory enjoyment. Here, the aroma profiles of Longjing green teas with bean-like (DX) and fresh aroma (QX) types were analyzed using gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS), gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC‒IMS), and quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). Geraniol, (E, E)-2,4-heptadienal and other 11 compounds contributed to the bean-like aroma, while heptanal-d, hexanal-d and other 4 compounds contributed to the fresh aroma. Further, the release patterns of volatiles at different steeping temperatures were also revealed. 12 volatiles led to the differences between the two aroma types of Longjing teas at different steeping temperatures. Most volatiles exhibited their aroma characteristics when the steeping temperature exceeded 80 °C. These results enhance the comprehension of green tea's aroma profile, thereby enabling consumers to approach tea drinking from a more scientific perspective.

Enhancing legal protection for geographical indication products: Strengthening the traditional ikat weaving industry as a local commodity in Gelgel Village, Klungkung District, Klungkung Regency

This study delves into the geographical indication regulations for Klungkung Endek and Songket craft products to ensure legal protection for weaving craftsmen. It is a type of normative legal research employing statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data collection techniques include document study, observation, and interviews, and research analysis involves legal interpretation, which is then described qualitatively. The research findings indicate that Geographical Indication products can enhance regional economic capacity and, as such, must be safeguarded from irresponsible producers' claims practices. The challenges faced by craftsmen are primarily associated with the procedures for registering geographical indication products. Urgent efforts are underway to anticipate issues related to several claims concerning Endek and Songket motifs. The Regional Government of Klungkung Regency, through the Cooperatives and MSMEs Service, is actively providing education to Endek and Songket craftsmen regarding the significance of registering regional products as Geographical Indication Rights with the Director General of Intellectual Property Rights of the Republic of Indonesia. This education encompasses workshops, training sessions, and one-on-one consultations to assist craftsmen throughout the registration process.

Pendampingan Digitalisasi Produk Peternakan Ayam Petelur

In this era full of digitalization, there are still some business actors who still use traditional marketing techniques, where these techniques have a very tight level of competition with modern marketing techniques using digital media, so that if a business actor is unable or fails to compete with other business actors, it will cause them to be slowly eliminated from the market. This also happened to our partner, namely UD. Fajar Mulya. Although currently competition in the chicken egg market is not as fierce as in the vegetable market, it does not rule out the possibility that something similar will happen one day. The method used is the assistancing method, refer to approaches or strategies used to provide guidance, support, and assistance to UD. Fajar Mulya in achieving goals or overcoming problems in the form of digitizing laying chicken farming products. The results obtained after assistancing, currently UD. Fajar Mulya has a logo, print media (banners), social media, profile videos, and geographical indications. This assistance is carried out because, even though a business sector has great potential, if it cannot keep up with current developments, it is possible that it will lose out to other competitors.

Exploring the Socio-economic Realities of Shatranji Workers in Rangpur

The Shatranji industry in Rangpur, Bangladesh, is a vital traditional craft and a Geographical Indication (GI) product, supporting around 50,000 families. This study examines the socio-economic conditions of Shatranji workers based on a qualitative survey of 115 workers, all of whom are women. The findings reveal that most workers are 30–40 years old, have limited education, and belong to low-income families. They earn modest wages, with the majority earning less than 100 takas daily, and live in poor housing conditions. Financial insecurity is widespread, with 67% of workers lacking savings or loans. Despite these challenges, there is a strong emphasis on education for their children. Unemployment rates within families are high, yet workers generally perceive their workplaces as safe. However, improvements in living conditions have been minimal, and nutritional intake remains inadequate. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions, including wage increases, job security, improved healthcare, and financial literacy programs. These recommendations aim to enhance the socio-economic status of Shatranji workers and ensure the sustainability of this culturally significant industry.

Consumer Behaviour Regarding Certified Food

The consumer decision-making process for buying food products is based on various factors. One of these is the perceived value that the consumer acquires upon seeing a certification label, such as “Protected Designation of Origin” (PDO) and “Protected Geographical Indication” (PGI), which is an indicator of product quality and the degree of sustainability of the supply chain. The aim of the study is to identify the main factors influencing the behaviour and purchasing intentions of Italian consumers through the divulgation of a survey and the application of a statistical approach. The results were elaborated upon using a conceptual model, estimated following the partial least squares approach to structural equation modelling. As a result, the perception of quality influences purchasing decisions and food patterns, as labels play an increasing role in contemporary society, thus making quality standards relevant for the buying outcome. This research contributes to supporting studies on the importance of certifications of origin, as well as highlighting that food safety is a major determinant in the purchasing of certified food products.

The Element Of Bad Faith In The Cancellation Of The Mark "Pentakosta"(Study of Decision Number 1/Pdt.Sus.HKI/Merek/2021/ PN.Niaga.JktPst)

The application for trademark registration must be made by the applicant in good faith, which is regulated in Law Number 20 Year 2016 on Trademarks and Geographical Indications. This thesis research aims to find out and analyze the Court Decision related to the cancellation of the "PENTAKOSTA" trademark which has an element of bad faith and how the basis of the judge's consideration in deciding the case of cancellation of the "PENTAKOSTA" trademark. The type of research used in this study is normative legal research. By using the approach of legislation and case approach. From the results of this study it can be concluded that the relationship between the cancellation of registered trademarks with good faith is on the application for registration of the trademark and the Panel of Judges who decided to cancel the trademark after reviewing the bad faith. In the study of Decision Number 1/Pdt.Sus.HKI/ Merek/2021/PN.Niaga.JktPst is not appropriate in applying the law of evidence which is that there is no finding of bad faith in the registration of the trademark by the Defendant. In addition, the legal consequences of the cancellation of the trademark "PENTAKOSTA" is the end of legal protection provided by the state.

Sensory characteristics of dry cured ham Dalmatinski pršut

This study examines the longevity and sensory stability of Dalmatinski pršut, a Protected Geographical Indication dry-cured ham (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2016/189), under protracted refrigerated vacuum storage. The objective was to elucidate a more empirical basis for shelf-life determination, countering the prevalent practice of arbitrary expiration dating. Over a span of 210 days, at a controlled temperature of 4±2°C, we monitored the ham’s physicochemical properties (water activity water and salt content) and conducted comprehensive sensory evaluation. Findings show the excellent preservation of the ham’s sensory profile, with minimal deviations in flavour intensity and no significant alterations in textural parameters (hardness, solubility) or salinity levels. However, a key finding is the decade-long trend of reduced water content among producers, now ranging between 30–46%, which is below the specified range of 40–55%. Despite this discrepancy, the reduction in water content did not adversely affect the ham’s sensory attributes, indicating a robust resilience to changes in water content within the observed range. Our results challenge the current specifications for dry cured ham Dalmatinski pršut, suggesting a need for revision to reflect the empirical evidence of water content’s insignificant effect on sensory quality. This study highlights the importance of revisiting and potentially adjusting the regulatory standards for water content in dry cured ham Dalmatinski pršut, lowering the established lower limit to 30% and ensuring they are aligned with practical production realities and scientific findings, thereby enhancing the product’s shelf-life determination and maintaining its high-quality standards.

Evaluating the Impact of Agricultural Product Geographical Indication Program on Rural Income: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta Region in China

Evaluating the Impact of Agricultural Product Geographical Indication Program on Rural Income: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta Region in China

Analysis of Geographical Indications and Its Infringement and Remedies with Case Studies

In the field of Intellectual Property Rights, the Concept of Geographical indications (GIs) are a unique form of intellectual property that protects products originating in a specific geographical region. After the WTO TRIPS’s the concept of GI is mostly implemented in all countries with strict adherence to TRIP’s. This Paper makes an in-depth examination into geographical indications, throwing insight on the nature of infringement and applicable remedies. It is need of hour to check the importance of geographical indications (GIs), the issues associated with infringement, and the legal systems in place to protect the integrity of regional products. By investigating current instances and changes, this study intends to provide insights into the changing landscape of Geographical Indications and the means available to combat infringement. Refereed case studies helpful to find out the solutions on the infringement with the wide reasoning given by the Honorable Judges of the Supreme Court and High Court.

Deciphering microbial communities of three Savoyard raw milk cheeses along ripening and regarding the cheese process

Different Savoyard cheeses are granted with PDO (Protected Designation or Origin) and PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) which guarantees consumers compliance with strict specifications. The use of raw milk is known to be crucial for specific flavor development. To unravel the factors influencing microbial ecosystems across cheese making steps, according to the seasonality (winter and summer) and the mode of production (farmhouse and dairy factory ones), gene targeting on bacteria and fungus was used to have a full picture of 3 cheese making technologies, from the raw milk to the end of the ripening. Our results revealed that Savoyard raw milks are a plenteous source of biodiversity together with the brines used during the process, that may support the development of specific features for each cheese. It was shown that rinds and curds have very contrasted ecosystem diversity, composition, and evolution. Ripening stage was selective for some bacterial species, whereas fungus were mainly ubiquitous in dairy samples. All ripening stages are impacted by the type of cheese technologies, with a higher impact on bacterial communities, except for fungal rind communities, for which the technology is the more discriminant. The specific microorganism's abundance for each technology allow to see a real bar-code, with more or less differences regarding bacterial or fungal communities. Bacterial structuration is shaped mainly by matrices, differently regarding technologies while the influence of technology is higher for fungi. Production types showed 10 differential bacterial species, farmhouses showed more ripening taxa, while dairy factory products showing more lactic acid bacteria. Meanwhile, seasonality looks to be a minor element for the comprehension of both microbial ecosystems, but the uniqueness of each dairy plant is a key explicative feature, more for bacteria than for fungus communities.

Mutual recognition of geographical indications and China's agricultural exports—On the use of domestic and international markets

Mutual recognition of geographical indications and China's agricultural exports—On the use of domestic and international markets

Smoked meat and tradition: Popularity, notoriety, and quality perception

Debate about artisanal products has been on the rise, stemming from initiatives that seek to preserve local food traditions, while dealing with health concerns. In Brazil, smoked meat (Portuguese: carne de fumeiro) is a kind of smoked pork, typical in the town of Maragogipe, in the Northeastern state of Bahia, also popular in other regions. The objective of this study was to understand the popularity and notoriety of smoked meat, as well as the perception of sanitary quality, from the consumers’ perspective and practices. A descriptive study was carried out, which involved consumers residing in municipalities in Bahia, with data collection through an online questionnaire and data treatment by descriptive statistics and association tests. 378 consumers participated in the study, of which 48% purchased the product in supermarkets, highlighting flavor/aroma (25.7%) as the factor that most influenced the choice. As for consumption practices, participants reported consuming this meat at home or in bars and restaurants, the main ways of preparing it being fried (36.9%), roasted (22.5%) or as an ingredient in preparations (22.4%) such as farofa, feijoada and puree. Despite its popularity, 40.2% indicated that the product could pose some risk to health, with an association with the need for labeling (p < 0.027), as a way of guaranteeing the identification of origin, shelf life and inspection of the product. Participants also mentioned the possibility of risks present in meat, such as bacteria (30%) and chemical substances (20.1%). The findings show the popularity of smoked meat, expressing its potential as a geographical indication, while pointing out to the perception of sanitary risks, signaling the need for regulation and quality control, aiming to promote its notoriety and market expansion.

Geographical Indication of Goods and Impact on Agriculture

Geographical Indication of Goods and Impact on Agriculture

Salak from Indonesia: legal protection, potential geographical indications and development practices toward international markets

Salak from Indonesia: legal protection, potential geographical indications and development practices toward international markets

Adapting to climate change: what really drives the choices of the producers of Geographical Indications?

In an era of rapid climate change, there is an increasing call for the efforts directed at detecting best practices of climate change adaptation in agriculture and understanding the factors behind producers’ willingness to implement adaptation strategies. Many studies consider solely traditional agriculture and specific sectors (e.g., wine), while little attention has been paid to certified and high-quality products, as a whole. To fill this knowledge gap, in 2022 a questionnaire-based online survey was administered to 137 producers of agri-food Geographical Indications in the Veneto Region (north-eastern Italy). Using a multinomial logit model, this study highlights the factors explaining adaptation strategies distinguishing three cases: (i) farmers who have implemented adaptation strategies; (ii) farmers intending to implement them in the future; (iii) farmers neither having implemented nor willing to do so. Results suggest that socio-demographic characteristics, particularly education, matter, with producers holding a high school degree in agriculture showing a greater willingness to adapt. Also, being full-time farmer couples with higher probability of having already implemented adaptation strategies. Lastly, also a direct observation of climate change in the production area affects farmers’ adaptation decisions.

Unraveling the Impact of Geographical Indication on Consumer Preferences for Handloom Products

Handloom products represent an emotional significance in addition to their utilitarian function. It reminds us of the artistic skills and cultural uniqueness that exist in our nation. GI registrations have been granted to the handloom segment to protect the artists and maintain the authenticity of weaving. Due to a lack of knowledge about GI tag handloom products, consumers often face a dilemma when deciding whether or not to buy handloom products when other power-loomed fabrics are available. This study addresses the research gap by examining the factors contributing to consumers' willingness to buy Champa’s silk handloom products with GI tags. People generally associate the Champa region with the production of kosha silk. This study has brought in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a base to develop a theoretical model for determining the intention to buy handloom products with GI tags. Using a convenient sampling approach, the researchers targeted potential handloom consumers as a demographic concern. A total of 250 questionnaires were distributed; out of those, 197 were deemed suitable for further study. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) evaluates the behavioral characteristics of consumers while making purchases. The models were evaluated using the SmartPLS4 software. The findings showed that price veracity and consumer trust have a considerable positive impact on attitude. The handloom products with GI tags build potential trust among consumers on handloom products. Handloom store retailers should take the initiative to make consumers aware of the authenticity of their products, which prominently include GI certification labels on handloom items.

A Metabolomics Study by 1H HRMAS NMR: From Sheep Milk to a Pressed-Curd Cheese: A Proof of Concept

For the first time, High-Resolution Magic Angle Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR-HRMAS) was applied to directly identify specific metabolites from a Spanish raw ewe’s milk and enzymatic coagulation pressed-curd cheese (Protected Geographical Indication: Castellano) manufactured by two procedures (traditional/artisanal vs. industrial) and including the ewe’s raw milk. The NMR parameters were optimized to study the complex matrixes of this type of cheese. In addition, conventional overcrowded 1H-NMR-HRMAS spectra were selectively simplified by a Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) sequence or a stimulated echo pulse sequence by bipolar gradients (DIFF), thus modulating spin–spin relaxation times and diffusion of molecular components, respectively. 1H-NMR-HRMAS spectroscopy displayed important information about cheese metabolites, which can be associated with different manufacturing processes (industrial vs. traditional) and ripening times (from 2 to 90 days). These results support that this spectroscopy is a useful technique to monitor the ripening process, from raw milk to commercial ripened cheese, using a minimum intact sample, implying the absence of time-consuming sample pretreatments.

Differences in Soil Microflora between the Two Chinese Geographical Indication Products of “Tricholoma matsutake Shangri-la” and “T. matsutake Nanhua”

Tricholoma matsutake is a kind of ectomycorrhizal fungus. In addition to its vital influence on symbiotic plants, the impact of the soil microbial community on the growth and development of T. matsutake has been garnering attention. To clarify the differences in soil microflora between “T. matsutake Shangri-la” and “T. matsutake Nanhua”, and the effects of soil bacteria and fungi on the growth and development of T. matsutake, this study took the soil of “T. matsutake Shangri-la” and “T. matsutake Nanhua” at different developmental stages. A total of 7694 bacterial OTUs and 2170 fungal OTUs were obtained through microbial omics based on amplicon sequencing. The results indicate that the α diversity and composition of the soil microorganisms in the T. matsutake Shangri-la shiro were higher than those of the T. matsutake Nanhua. It is affected by species, geographical locations, and the growth period of matsutake. Matsutake mycelia also recruit certain types of bacteria and fungi in the stage of fruiting body development. Both bacteria and fungi positively and negatively regulate the fruiting body development of matsutake mushrooms. This study will provide a basis for the semi-artificial cultivation of matsutake.

Geographical indication, agricultural development and the alleviation of rural relative poverty

AbstractSustainable development is the power source to promote rural economic and social prosperity and the necessary guarantee for rural revitalization, while rural relative poverty alleviation is the inherent requirement for promoting sustainable development and realizing rural revitalization. The pro‐agricultural attribute of geographical indication determines that it can be an important tool to alleviate rural relative poverty. This study analyzes the relationship between geographical indication and rural relative poverty alleviation, as well as the mediating role of agricultural industry agglomeration and the moderating role of agricultural scale operation. We use global Moran's I and spatial Durbin models to achieve these objectives, using panel data from 218 cities in China spanning from 2008 to 2019. The results show that: (1) During the study period, relative poverty in China exhibits a distinct pattern of contiguous distribution, and there has been a significant reduction in the number of areas with high levels. Notable progress has been made in alleviating relative poverty in the central, northeastern, and southern regions of China. (2) Geographical indication can alleviate rural relative poverty not only within its region but also in neighboring regions. (3) Geographical indication can alleviate rural relative poverty through agricultural industry agglomeration, and agricultural scale operation can strengthen the relative poverty alleviation effect of geographical indication. This paper enriches the study of relative poverty alleviation mechanisms and reveals how geographical indications can help. The results can provide useful insights for poverty alleviation in poor areas through geographical indication and a new practice path for rural revitalization.

Three-Dimensional Functional Brand Protection in Indonesia After the Implementation of Law Number 6 of 2023 (Comparison of Regulations in the United States and Japan)

Since the entry into force of the Law No. 20 of 2016 on Trademarks and Geographical Indications, Indonesia has officially granted recognition to 3 (three) dimensional trademarks. Nevertheless, this Act only provides provisions concerning the formality requirements for filing applications for registration of 3 (three) dimensional trademarks. Substantially, the Act No. 6 of 2023 on the Establishment of Government Regulations replaced the Law No. 2 of 2022 on the Creation of Works into the Act adding a provision in article 20 of the Act no. 20 of 2016 that forms of a functional nature cannot be registered as trademarks. There is no explanation of the meaning of functional form in this Act. Based on this problem, the author tries to study the implications of the current Copyright Act using grammatical interpretation methods as well as using a comparative approach to the provisions in the United States and Japan. This article explains about the three-dimensional distinctive force, associated with the secondary meaning theory. Based on research in literature, it is known that there is a breakdown between trademarks and patents in the registration of forms of a functional nature. This article also reinforces the argument that a functional form cannot be protected as a trademark.