Geographical Indications Research Articles

Analyzing the impact of country-of-origin, geographical indication and wine world on low-involvement generation Z potential consumers’ attitudes toward wine ads

PurposeThis study aims to compare the influence of origin types (country-of-origin – COO versus geographic indication – GI) and wine worlds (new versus old wine country – represented by Brazil and Italia, respectively) on the attitude of low-involvement Generation Z potential consumers from Brazil toward wine ads.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a two (COO vs GI) by two (New vs Old World) within-subject experimental design with 98 Brazilians from Generation Z. Latin square was used to systematically counterbalances the sequence in which participants were exposed to ads.FindingsThe results reveal that potential consumers’ attitudes are more positive when a COO is used in wine advertisements than when a GI is used. Besides, the consumers’ conative response is more positive when an Old World country (Italy) is used in wine ads than when New World country (Brazil) is used.Research limitations/implicationsThis study expands existing literature by showing that, in wine ads, COO information elicits more positive responses than GI. It also suggests a preference among potential consumers for Old over New World wines in purchase, recommendation and consumption decisions.Practical implicationsThe wine advertisements for the market segment investigated should highlight the COO instead of geographical indication (GI). Besides, the authors point out the importance of promoting the concept of GI among low-involvement Generation Z potential consumers.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to assess potential consumers’ attitudes toward wine ads, comparing COO and GI and determining which geographical cue elicits more positive consumer attitudes: origin types (COO vs GI) or wine worlds (Old vs New).

Advancements in Analytical Strategies for Authentication and Quality Control of Grappa and Wine Brandy with Geographical Indications

In recent years, food authentication has acquired significant importance due to the increase in the incidence of fraud and counterfeiting. Alcoholic beverages are among the food products most susceptible to these kinds of illicit practices due to their high commercial value. In the EU alone, there are 47 categories of spirit drinks and approximately 250 geographical indications (GIs). The production and labeling of GIs are strictly regulated, and developing analytical procedures that can ensure compliance with the legislation is essential to guarantee the typicality of these products. The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant analytical techniques used for the authentication and quality control of two well-renowned GIs: “Grappa” and wine brandy. It considers the last decade of advancements for both conventional targeted chromatographic techniques and less common methods mainly based on spectrometry coupled with chemometrics for quick and non-destructive discrimination of samples. Novel approaches and future perspectives are also highlighted.

Tinjauan Yuridis Suara Sebagai Merek dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2016 tentang Merek dan Indikasi Geografis

Voice is one of the signs in a brand. Voice comes in in non-traditional brands. Sound marks are listed in Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Marks and Geographical Indications. In the arrangements, there is still confusion regarding this matter, so that very few votes are registered in its implementation. A small number of vote registrations really creates problems of confusion in registration. This research uses normative research through a statutory and regulatory approach and a comparative approach. The results obtained from the research are that there are obstacles in registering sound as a brand so that sound brands are refused registration. This problem concerns the bad faith carried out by the registrant. Comparison of the regulation of sound as a brand in Australia and Indonesia has similarities and differences in registration. Australia has regulated sounds that cannot be registered and regulates the duration of sounds that will be branded. while Indonesia has not yet regulated this.

UPLC-MS/MS and HS-SPME-GC–MS reveal the flavor profiles of two geographical indications woody vegetables: Staphylea bumalda and Staphylea holocarpa

Staphylea bumalda (SHC) and Staphylea holocarpa (PGG) were recognized as geographical indication agricultural products due to unique flavor. 1218 differential non-volatile compounds and 536 differential volatile compounds were detected and identified through UPLC-MS/MS and HS-SPME-GC–MS methods. In SHC samples, catechins, epicatechins, proanthocyanidins, quinic acid derivatives, and kaempferol glycoside derivatives were the main flavor compounds, with bitter and harsh taste. L-tartaric acid, citraconic acid and citric acid were contributed to increase acidity. 4-Hexen-1-ol acetate, butanoic acid butyl ester, 3-Hexen-1-ol acetate, (E)-, and 3-Hexen-1-ol acetate, (Z)- were identified as characteristic odor compounds with strong floral, fruity and sweet odor. In PGG samples, epicatechin gallate, quercetin glycoside derivatives, L-histidine, and L-tyrosine were the leading contributors to bitter and harsh taste. The spicy, herbal, and bad smell odor were mainly brought by 2-octanol, and 3-Octen-1-ol, (Z)-. Our results offered comprehensive insights into the flavor and quality characteristics differences between PGG and SHC.

The Disappearance of Traditions: The Use of Geographical Indications and Collective Marks to Prevent Loss of Culture in South America

The Disappearance of Traditions: The Use of Geographical Indications and Collective Marks to Prevent Loss of Culture in South America

A multiscale and multiperspective quantifying framework for spatial patterns and influencing mechanisms of geographical indications

Geographical indications (GIs) embody distinctive regional elements characterized by widespread spatial distribution, serving as vital agricultural intellectual properties and significant tourism assets. This case study introduces a multiscale and multi-perspective quantification framework for Shandong Province, focusing on spatial agglomeration, association, and heterogeneity. This approach quantitatively explores GIs’ spatial patterns and influencing mechanisms, analyzing both at the monomer and regional scales, considering static and dynamic perspectives. Leveraging methods such as kernel density analysis, Moran’s I index, Geary’s C index, Internet hot word analysis, and Geodetector, the coastal municipalities, prosperous urban areas, and zones with high-quality arable soils were identified as spatial agglomeration areas for GIs. The study revealed a strong correlation between the spatial distribution pattern of socioeconomic factors and GIs’ spatial density from a static perspective. However, diminished spatial autocorrelation was observed for GIs’ public perception from a dynamic standpoint, indicating a reduced influence of Internet connectivity. The spatial heterogeneity in GIs is determined by multiple interconnected factors, displaying an enhancement effect between any two influencing factors. Among the 15 influencing factors analyzed, urbanization rate; gross value of agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery production; and per capita gross domestic product significantly contribute to spatial heterogeneity effects at both urbanization rate, gross value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery production, and per capita gross domestic product significantly contributed to spatial heterogeneity effects at regional and monomer scales. The results suggest that GIs are likely to flourish with regional economic growth. The analytical framework and quantification methods support exploring and sustainably utilizing GIs, improving output quality, and modernizing GIs’ production, ultimately contributing to regional agriculture’s high-quality and sustainable development.

Juridical Analysis of the Element of Bad Faith in the Brand Rights Ownership Dispute Between Ruben Samuel Onsu and PT. Benny Sujono's Geprek Chicken Based on Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Brands and Geographical Indications (Study of Supreme Court Deci

<em><span>Merek berfungsi bukan hanya sebagai identitas tetapi merek juga secara ekonomi memiliki nilai, sehingga banyak dilakukan upaya pendaftaran merek dengan iktikad tidak baik. Salah satu sengketa hak merek dagang yang pernah terjadi di Indonesia adalah perebutan nama merek “Bensu” antara “Geprek Bensu” milik Ruben Samuel Onsu dengan “I Am Geprek Bensu” miliki PT. Ayam Geprek Benny Sujono. Penyelesaian sengketa terhadap hak merek dagang “Geprek Bensu” dengan “I Am Geprek Bensu” di Pengadilan Niaga Jakarta Pusat dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 57/Pdt.Sus-HKI/Merek/2019. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana pertanggungjawaban hukum dari pelanggaran unsur iktikad tidak baik berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2016 tentang Merek dan Indikasi Geografis, dan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pertimbangan hakim dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 57/Pdt.Sus-HKI/Merek/2019 atas pelanggaran unsur iktikad tidak baik pada permohonan merek “Geprek Bensu”. Metode penilitian yuridis normatif, dilakukan dengan melihat peraturan perundang-undangan diterapkan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa pertanggungjawaban hukum terhadap pelanggaran unsur iktikad tidak baik menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2016 tentang Merek dan Indikasi Geografis berpedoman kepada ketentuan Pasal 21 UU Merek dan Indikasi Geografis, yaitu dengan cara: (a) Penolakan merek sejak proses pendaftaran; (b) Penghapusan merek oleh pemilik merek, pemerintah (menteri) atau pihak ketiga; (c) Pembatalan merek dengan cara gugatan ke Pengadilan Niaga. Pertimbangan hakim Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 57/Pdt.Sus-HKI/Merek/2019 telah sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip perlindungan Hak Merek di Indonesia. Putusan pengadilan menganggap bahwa Ruben Samuel Onsu sebagai pendaftar hak cipta merek dagangnya memiliki iktikad yang kurang baik karena “Geprek Bensu” memiliki kesamaan mulai dari produk sajian yang dijual, warna logo, dan gambar ayam di logo dengan merek “I Am Geprek Bensu” milik PT. Ayam Geprek Benny Sujono.</span></em>

Strategies to Reduce Salt Content: PDO and PGI Meat Products Case.

The reduction of sodium chloride (NaCl) content, commonly known as salt, in processed meat products is one of the objectives of health organizations and government authorities to achieve healthier products. This reformulation of traditional meat products with protected designations poses more constraints, as they have a more consolidated quality image and less margin for change, since consumers appreciate the products for their unique sensory characteristics. The aim of this work is to present some of the strategies that have been explored to obtain meat products with low sodium content. Information related to the characteristics of traditional meat products with quality marks and geographical indications in different studies is discussed in opposition to the information recorded in their product specifications. It was found that the product specifications of meat products with Portuguese Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) show a wide variation in the NaCl content, much higher than the recommended values. Thus, one of the requirements to be implemented will be the parameterization of NaCl levels and their monitorization by control and certification organizations as a way to ensure product quality. It is also urgent to examine whether healthy innovation strategies may affect the quality of traditional PDO or PGI meat products and whether they can be included in the respective product specifications.

Comparison of appearance quality, cooking quality, and nutritional quality of geographical indication rice and their application in geographical indication discrimination

Authentication of geographical indication (GI) is important for the protection of GI rice due to its unique quality characteristics and high economic value in the market. This paper compared the appearance quality, cooking quality and nutritional quality of four types of GI rice products (Luoding rice, Zhefang Tribute rice, Xijiang rice and Wanbaozhen rice) in China. Luoding rice was found to have the highest nutritional value with respect to protein and amino acid profile. The vitamin content of Xijiang rice was significantly higher than that of other types of GI rice. Principal component analysis showed that Luoding rice had a quite different protein, aspect ratio and amino acid profile from other GI rice samples. Zhefang Tribute rice had quite different cooking quality, fatty acid and sugar profile from Xijiang rice and Wanbaozhen rice. Geographical origin was predicted by using a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network model with quality characteristics as the input variables. It was found that all the samples were accurately predicted in both training and test sets, indicating the potential of using quality characteristics to discriminate GI rice samples from different geographical origins.

Role of different oils and cooking materials on chemical compounds and antioxidant properties of garlic

This study determined the effects of cooking Taşköprü garlic, which is grown with a geographical indication in Turkiye, in three cooking materials (unbleached parchment paper (UP), bleached parchment paper (BP), and oven bag (OB)) and four vegetable oils (sunflower oil (SO), hazelnut oil (HO), corn oil (CO), and olive oil (OO)) on total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, phenolic compound profile, and chemical compound profile. The effects of cooking material (CM) and oil type (OT) on garlic samples’ TPC were found to be insignificant (p > 0.05). However, cooking material (CM) and oil type (OT) impacted antioxidant activity. According to cooking material, statistically, the highest antioxidant activity with the DPPH method was identified in garlic cooked using UP and BP, while the highest antioxidant activity with the ABTS method was found in garlic cooked with BP and OB. The garlic samples roasted with the mentioned oils and cooking materials were analyzed by LC-MS/MS in terms of thirty-five phenolic compounds. However, only five of these compounds (quinic acid, fumaric acid, hesperidin, ferulic acid, and rosmarinic acid) were detected in the samples. The chemical components of the cooked garlic samples primarily consist of terpenoids (β–sitosterol and squalene). The use of cooking material affected the amount of squalene compound in all garlic samples cooked with olive oil. Among these samples, the lowest squalene rate (52.11%) was found in only roasted garlic. In addition, according to GC-MS results, we can say that the use of hazelnut oil and unbleached parchment paper in the roasting process has a protective effect on the cis-vaccenic acid compound, which is known to show anticancer properties.Graphical

The Assessment of the Products with Geographical Indications of Konya in terms of Their Availability in Restaurants based on Multi-Moora Method

The Assessment of the Products with Geographical Indications of Konya in terms of Their Availability in Restaurants based on Multi-Moora Method

The combination of HSI and NMR techniques with deep learning for identification of geographical origin and GI markers of Lycium barbarum L.

Lycium barbarum L. (L. barbarum) is renowned worldwide for its nutritional and medicinal benefits. Rapid and accurate identification of L.barbarum's geographic origin is essential because its nutritional content, medicinal efficacy, and market price significantly vary by region. This study proposes an innovative method combining hyperspectral imaging (HSI), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and an improved ResNet-34 deep learning model to accurately identify the geographical origin and geographical indication (GI) markers of L.barbarum. The deep learning model achieved a 95.63% accuracy, surpassed traditional methods by 6.26% and reduced runtime by 29.9% through SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)-based feature selection. Pearson correlation analysis between GI markers and HSI characteristic wavelengths enhanced the interpretability of HSI data and further reduced runtime by 33.99%. This work lays the foundation for portable multispectral devices, offering a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective solution for quality assurance and market regulation of L.barbarum products.

Geographical indication agricultural products promote the development of local tourism economy

Geographical indication agricultural products promote the development of local tourism economy

An Overview of Afghanistan's Geographical Indications Protection System

Geographical indications are labels used to identify goods or products that originate from a specific place, possess distinctive qualities and have a reputation associated with those characteristics. Afghanistan possesses valuable products such as agricultural, industrial, and handicraft resources that require protection due to its distinctive geography. Therefore, Afghanistan needs to standardize its established legal framework that regulates the recognition and protection of products as geographical indications both domestically and internationally. Since 2015, Afghanistan has implemented a specialized model for geographical indications. A suitable system for the protection of geographical indications in Afghanistan can be beneficial for promoting exchanges and cooperation between Afghanistan and international markets. it can help Afghanistan’s economic growth, avoid misuse of the products, and conversely develop the quality of the products. This study adopts a comprehensive approach to evaluate Afghanistan's current geographical indication protection system. A thorough review of existing laws and related articles, as well as an examination of Afghanistan's legal documents on geographical indications, including the Geographical Indications Law and Regulation, Trademark Registration Law, etc. This involves analyzing the definition of geographical indication, application for registration, review procedures, objections, and cancellation criteria outlined in these documents.

The Legal Review of the Trademark Dispute Between GoTo and GOTO in Decision Number 71/PDT.SUS-HKI/MEREK/2021/PN NIAGA JKT.PST with the Principle of Good Faith in Trademark Registration

This study aims to examine the Legal Review of the Case Dispute filed by PT. Terbit Financial Technology against two large companies, namely PT. Tokopedia and PT. Aplikasi Karya Anak Bangsa or known as Gojek. Case with case number 71/Pdt.Sus- HKI/Merek/2021/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst. The research method used is Qualitative with a normative legal approach, literature and literature studies and a case law approach. The discussion that will be analyzed in this study is related to the regulations regarding the rejection of trademark registration in the Trademark and Geographical Indications Law Number 20 of 2016 which regulates the procedures, criteria, and reasons for rejection of trademark registration, including the considerations used by the Directorate General of Intellectual Property in rejecting a trademark. The researcher provides an explanation of the legal consequences arising from the rejection of the trademark, both for the rejected applicant and third parties who have an interest in the trademark. The legal consequences can be in the form of implications for the applicant in the form of legal efforts that can be taken, such as filing objections or lawsuits, as well as impacts on the rights to other brands related to the dispute. The results of this study indicate that the application of the principle of good faith means ensuring that the use of a name or term is carried out with full awareness of the context, respecting the intellectual property rights of others, and communicating openly with all relevant stakeholders. Thus, the company or parties involved can minimize the potential for conflict and build a strong reputation based on integrity and honesty.

Agroecosystem-based agricultural genetic resources for balanced and diversified food, nutrition, health, business, geographical indication and environment

ABSTRACT Nepal has 15 distinct agroecosystems spread across three major agroecozones: Tarai, Mid Hill, and High Hill. These regions support a rich variety of agrobiodiversity. This paper examines the significance of native agrobiodiversity within each of these agroecosystems for diversified food, nutrition, health, business and environment. The information presented is derived from various literature sources, discussions with key experts, and the authors’ own experiences. Each of these agroecosystems has cultivated and preserved numerous unique species, landraces, and genotypes of agrobiodiversity, including crops, forages, livestock, agro-insects, agro-microorganisms, and aquatic genetic resources. This agrobiodiversity is deeply connected with local cultures, traditional knowledge, and skills. The high diversity of agricultural genetic resources (AGRs) within Nepal’s relatively small area is a crucial factor for ensuring food security, nutrition, health, business opportunities, and environmental sustainability. Many niche products, prized for their purity, quality, taste, health benefits, and nutritional value, are sold at premium prices. However, the focus on production-centric agricultural programs over the years has led to the replacement of many niche-specific varieties by more uniform and limited ones. Introducing new genotypes into a particular agroecosystem may undermine the principles of ecological agriculture. Therefore, it is essential to enhance the competitiveness of native AGRs and associated indigenous technologies within each agroecosystem.

Awareness Level of Geographical Indication on Kanyakumari Matti Banana

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the Awareness level of Geographical indication (GI) got by Matti Banana in the district of Kanyakumari. It was discovered that the majority of respondents have less knowledge about the benefits of Geographical Indications. Farmers in the research region were said to be unaware of the true advantages of GI and its significance for the socioeconomic advancement of the local community. Respondents have medium awareness due to change in market price of GI Tagged Banana which would have caused not understanding the benefits and significance of Geographical indication.

Copyright Violation in Works of Art Using the Form of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) in the Era of Digitalization

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are exclusive rights granted by the state to individuals or groups to safeguard their intellectual works. Such works may include inventions, works of art, writings, designs, and trademarks, among others. In Indonesia, IPR is regulated by several laws, including the Patents Law (Law Number 13 of 2016), Copyright Law (Law Number 28 of 2014), and Marks and Geographical Indications Law (Law Number 20 of 2016), among others. These rights encompass copyrights, patents, trademarks, industrial designs, trade secrets, and other related rights. The purpose of IPR protection is to encourage innovation and creativity by providing legal protection for the fruits of intellectual labor, thereby enabling individuals and organizations to reap the benefits of their efforts. Businesses and individuals must understand IPR laws and regulations, as they affect the ownership, licensing, and transfer of intellectual property assets. Violation of two-dimensional works of art and NFTs is a form of crime in digital economic activities, in this case, the government must intervene to overcome this crime. The issue at hand is a direct result of insufficient legal regulations governing the digital realm. Cybercrime, which encompasses a multitude of illicit or perilous activities that take place in the virtual world or through the utilization of computer and internet technology, encompasses copyright infringement. This form of wrongdoing entails the contravention of intellectual property rights, such as the unlawful distribution of music or films, software piracy, or the unauthorized use of trademarks. Legal protection pertains to regulations that are concerned with digital works of art.

Rapid determination of geographical authenticity of Gastrodia elata f. glauca using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and deep learning

For quality evaluation of Gastrodia elata f. glauca (GEFG), it's crucial to develop an analytical method to determine the geographical origin. Herein, 371 GEFGs are collected from five provinces, focusing on analysis of dry matter content (DMC), origin identification, geographical indication (GI) production area discrimination by using a combination of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and deep learning, data driven version of soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA). A significant difference in DMC of GEFG between Yunnan and other origins, which may be related to precipitation, altitude, temperature, and soil. The residual neural network (ResNet) model based on synchronous two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) images has stable performances, its accuracy is 100%. The DD-SIMCA model can differentiate GI production areas of GEFG, while for non-GI areas, the model specificity is 71.38%. This study provides a promising approach for GEFG geographical traceability and GI production area differentiation.

Product differentiation, quality, and milk price stability: The case of the Swiss cheese market

AbstractWe investigate potential linkages between product and quality differentiation in the cheese markets and raw milk producer prices. We analyze the co‐movements of producer prices of milk delivered to cheese processing channels with different differentiation strategies, namely industrial, artisanal, and artisanal cheese with geographical indications (GI) in the Swiss dairy market. We find that overall, product and quality differentiation in cheese markets helps milk producers achieve higher and more stable prices. Additional GI protection does not guarantee further enhancement of producer prices. Rather, its effectiveness may depend largely on the strength of GI protection and the governance of producer organizations.