Geographical Indications Research Articles

Traditional and Geographical Indication Labelled Dry Beans Prices Received By Farmers: An Evaluation According to Product Quality and Spatial Properties

Son yıllarda, ürünlerin ait oldukları bölgeye has taşıdıkları özelliklerin Cİ tescili ile koruma altına alınarak ürünün pazar gücünün artırılması yaygın hale gelmiştir. Araştırmanın kapsamına alınan Gümüşhane ilinde Cİ tescilli pek çok gastronomik ürün bulunmaktadır ve bunlardan bir tanesi 2020 yılında Türk Patent Enstitüsü (TPE) tarafından tescillenen Kelkit Kuru Fasulyesidir. Yöre halkı arasında pembe göz olarak tabir edilen bu tohum, beyaz rengi ve üzerinde bulunan pembe lekeleri ile diğer kuru fasulye tohumlarına göre ayırt edici özellikleri ile tescillenmiştir. Son yıllarda, yöre çiftçisi pembe göz bir başka ifade ile ata tohumunu kullanmak yerine çevre bölgelerden elde ettikleri ve daha yüksek verim özelliklerine sahip saf olmayan kuru fasulye tohumu ile üretim yapmaktadır. Bu tohum ile üretilen kuru fasulye, yerel tohum ile üretilen kuru fasulyeden pembemsi renklenme ve elips tane özelliği ile farklılık göstermektedir. Tescilli tohum ile üretilen Kelkit Şeker Fasulyesinin ürün değerini avantaja çevirmek için çiftçi eline geçen fiyatları kalite özelliklerine göre incelemek ve mekânsal özelliklere göre karşılaştırmasını yapmak bu çalışmanın odak noktasını oluşturmuştur. Her iki üretici grubu için 2020 ve 2021 yılı üretim döneminde kaliteyi belirleyen faktör olan ürün derecesine göre kuru fasulye satış miktarı, fiyatları ve hasat sonrası ürünün satış noktasına olan uzaklıkları incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın bulgularına göre, araştırma kapsamına alınan Cİ tescilli tohum ile üretim yapan çiftçiler ile Cİ tescilli tohum kullanmayarak kuru fasulye üretimi yapan çiftçilerin eline geçen fiyatlar arasında beklenilen bir fark yoktur. Fakat çalışmada gerçekleştirilen analiz sonuçları, ürün kalitesi ile elde edilen ortalama satış fiyatı arasında pozitif yönde ve güçlü bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir.

Tinjauan Yuridis Sistem First To File Terhadap Pendaftaran Merek Citayam Fashion Week Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2016 Tentang Merek Dan Indikasi Geografis.

The registration of Citayam Fashion Week trademark rights in mid-2022 by famous artist Baim Wong triggered a public reaction that considered him as immoral, because it was considered that he was not the one who popularized the Citayam Fashion Week brand. The purpose of this article is to examine who is entitled to the Citayam Fashion Week trademark according to law number 20 of 2016 concerning trademarks and geographical indications,and whether the registration made by Baim Wong has been in accordance with the provisions of the first to file system stipulated in the Trademark Law. The results of the this article are based on the Trademark Act, the subject entitled to the trademark is the subject who first registered the trademark rights to the Ministry of law and human rights without violating the provisions of the trademark can not be registered and the trademark must be rejected. Baim Wong's actions in registering the Citayam Fashion Week trademark are in accordance with the provisions of the first registrant system or First to file, and do not violate the provisions of the trademark cannot be registered and rejected as stipulated in Law Number 20 of 2016 Trademarks and Geographical Indications, and therefore although Baim Wong is morally unfit but because the trademark law does not recognize the term moral, then Baim Wong is entitled to register the Citayam Fashion Week trademark.

PELATIHAN PRODUKSI “MULOHTEUPEH” PADA KELOMPOK USAHA KATERING PENAJOH ACEH DI DESA GLUMPANG BUNGKOK

This Article is carried out in the Gampong Glumpang Bungkok, Glumpang Baro District, Pidie Regency, Aceh. The location was chosen based on its uniqueness, including the special local knowledge, the level of fisheries resource production, and the significant impact of empowerment on the existence of the Peunajoh Aceh women's business group in Gampong Glumpang Bungkok. In order to improve the welfare of the members of the Peunajoh Aceh catering business group, the group should have a flagship product to compete in the culinary market. In reality, the group has not yet determined this flagship product, even though they have unique local knowledge about fish processing based on geographic indications. Therefore, a special treatment is needed in the form of revitalizing knowledge in the production of 'Muloh Teupeh' or boneless milkfish.

The Urgency of Regional Regulations Regarding Natural Habitat in Sustainable Protection of Geographical Indications

Objective: This study aims to analyze the importance of maintaining Geographical Indications to ensure protection for product consumers while preserving the reputation of Geographical Indications as a sustainable regional economic asset. Methods: This type of research is normative legal research. The study uses secondary data consisting of primary and secondary legal materials. The data analysis technique uses qualitative data analysis, and conclusions are drawn by deductive method. Result: Until now, many products in Indonesia have been registered and protected by Geographical Indications, but there is no guarantee that the sustainability of product quality will be maintained. This is because no legal provisions prohibit planting plants outside the GI area, so circulating products use the same characteristics as products protected by Geographical Indications but have different qualities. Conclusion: The research results show that local governments are obliged to maintain the quality of products that have been registered and protected by Geographical Indications by establishing blood regulations on the natural habitat of products registered in Geographical Indications to prevent the planting of products protected by Geographical Indications outside the area stated in the GI application. This becomes very urgent to ensure the quality of products received by consumers and maintain the reputation of assets protected by Geographical Indications as sustainable economic assets.

Juridical Analysis of MSME Trademark Holders Based on Law No. 20 of 2016 Concerning Brand Rights and Geographical Indications

The legal protection given to trademark certificate holders is that the trademark is valid for 10 years and the only registered trademark owner has the rights to the trademark and cannot be changed without the trademark owner's permission. Law enforcement provided by the Trademark and Geographical Indications Law is criminal and civil. There are other alternatives, namely through arbitration and alternative dispute resolution with the concept of a win-win solution.

Biochemical characterization of Euphorbia resinifera floral cyathia

Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg is a plant endemic to the Northern and Central regions of Morocco known since the ancient Roman and Greek times for secreting a poisonous latex containing resiniferatoxin. However, E. resinifera pseudo-inflorescences called cyathia are devoid of laticifers and, therefore, do not secrete latex. Instead, they exudate nectar that local honey bees collect and craft into honey. Honey and cyathium water extracts find a broad range of applications in the traditional medicine of Northern Africa as ointments and water decoctions. Moreover, E. resinifera monofloral honey has received the Protected Geographic Indication certification for its outstanding qualities. Given the relevance of E. resinifera cyathia for bee nutrition, honey production, and the health benefit of cyathium-derived products, this study aimed to screen metabolites synthesized and accumulated in its pseudo-inflorescences. Our analyses revealed that E. resinifera cyathia accumulate primary metabolites in considerable abundance, including hexoses, amino acids and vitamins that honey bees may collect from nectar and craft into honey. Cyathia also synthesize volatile organic compounds of the class of benzenoids and terpenes, which are emitted by flowers pollinated by honey bees and bumblebees. Many specialized metabolites, including carotenoids, flavonoids, and polyamines, were also detected, which, while protecting the reproductive organs against abiotic stresses, also confer antioxidant properties to water decoctions. In conclusion, our analyses revealed that E. resinifera cyathia are a great source of antioxidant molecules and a good food source for the local foraging honeybees, revealing the central role of the flowers from this species in mediating interactions with local pollinators and the conferral of medicinal properties to plant extracts.

Profile Assessment of Bioactive Peptides in the Greek Traditional Cheese “Tsalafouti”

In the Greek regions of Agrafa and Tzoumerka, Tsalafouti, a traditional spreadable cheese made from goat’s and sheep’s milk is produced. This product has emerged in recent years as a result of the campaign to acquire Geographical Indication. This study aimed to assess the biopeptide profile of Tsalafouti cheese in order to highlight its nutritional value. Using HPLC-MS, bioactive peptides in Tsalafouti cheese samples were identified and classified according to their bioactivity. The biopeptides detected are known to present antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, anti-thrombotic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities, while ACE enzyme and dipeptidyl-4 (DPP-IV) inhibitors were also identified. Based on these results, Tsalafouti cheese presents an interesting bioactive peptides profile that may act as special motivation for consumers to choose this specific cheese.

Is the local origin of a food product a nexus to better taste or is just an information bias

The origin of a product is an indication of its quality and can also be an indicator of taste. Geographical Indications (GIs), one of the most important food quality instruments of the European Union, are based on the impact of origin as an important information stimulus in consumer behaviour. This study examines the feasibility of establishing GIs in Kosovo, based on consumer preferences for five artisanal cheeses from the five regions of Kosovo known for cheese production. The method used to assess the impact of origin on product evaluation is the Disconfirmation of Expectations Theory. The results show a contrasting behaviour for the most preferred origin, revealing at the same time high expectations for the Sharri and Rugova origins. Nevertheless, the low weight of origin (the highest is 11%) in the overall evaluation of products is due to the perception of low safety of artisanal cheese products. In this respect, GIs are an opportunity to reinforce the good taste of artisanal products while protecting traditional recipes, which are often compromised by industrially produced foods.

Legislative Changes Related to Cannabis and Industrial Property Rights on Deforestation and Investments

This paper analyzes how deforestation and investments are influenced by the legalization of cannabis products for medical/industrial and recreational purposes, as well as their possible protection with Designation of Origin, and Geographical Indication. The long history of illegal cannabis-related activity and the consequences of such activity in the economy, society, and ecosystem during the last decades, the considerations of this paper are of high interest for new business opportunities, expanding or changing existing business objectives, and revitalizing affected forests. A questionnaire via electronic means was spread to gather the data while the logit model and its marginal effect were applied to obtain the results and analyze this influence. Investments in the field of cannabis for medical/industrial and/or recreational purposes appear to be more sensitive to this change, whether the preservation of the ecosystem seems not to be positively influenced. The actual legislative change and a potential future one do show significance, contrary to the industrial property rights, showing the need for further awareness of the benefits of these instruments for the economy. The findings interest economists, pharma and other relevant business fields, policymakers, and scientists in Albania, the region, and worldwide.

Determining consumers’ willingness to pay in view of extrinsic attributes of Erzurum Stuffed-Kadayif with Protected Geographical Indication

The aim of the study is to determine consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) in view of the brand types and food retailers simulations from the product profiles based on the intrinsic and extrinsic attributes of Erzurum Stuffed-kadayif profiles with Protected Geographical Indication, and then to create the marketing strategies for each consumer segment. In order to reach to these goals, the main material composed of the primary data obtained from consumers consuming Erzurum Stuffed-kadayif in Erzurum Province. Based on the data, k-means cluster analysis was firstly used to segment heterogeneous consumer masses according to their consumption frequencies, and choice-based CA model was secondly applied to calculate the total utilities for each consumer segment and then to measure consumers’ WTP for Erzurum Stuffed-kadayif profile simulations. The results of the study highlighted that the light and heavy users’ WTPs with higher premium prices for the local brands and manufacturer outlets calculated as 48.0% and 28.2%, and 40.8% and 26.5% respectively, but the medium users’ WTPs with high premium prices for each product attribute found as 14.5%. Focused on such consumer-oriented attitudes, the market actors should position Erzurum Stuffed-kadayif with local retailer brands sold from the higher premium prices at the manufacturer stores for the light and heavy users, but it should be implemented the product differentiation strategies under the intrinsic and extrinsic food attributes for the medium users.

Implementation and Governance of Geographical Indication in Brazil: A Review

En Brasil, se han estructurado redes de apoyo colaborativo para realizar el proceso de reconocimiento de la Indicación Geográfica (IG), junto con el Instituto Nacional de Propiedad Industrial. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue esbozar una revisión bibliográfica sobre el proceso de implementación y gobernanza de las IG en el país para una mejor comprensión de este escenario. La metodología se basó en investigaciones en las revistas de la Comisión de Mejoramiento del Personal de Educación Superior y en bases de datos gratuitas como Google Scholar, con criterios de inclusión y exclusión para la selección de publicaciones. De las 109 publicaciones encontradas, 22 fueron cuidadosamente seleccionadas para el análisis desde la perspectiva de la dinámica de los procesos de implementación y gobernanza de las IG en Brasil. Se observó que las redes colaborativas para conducir los procesos de implementación y gobernanza de la IG se estructuraron con dinámicas diferentes en cada territorio, resultado de esfuerzos y articulaciones realizadas por diferentes instituciones brasileñas.

Of Geographical Indications and Wars: What the Specifications Tell Us about the Impact of Military Conflicts on French Protected Designations of Origin

Abstract Historical developments such as wars significantly impact geographical indications (GIs) and their terroir. Wars can destroy vineyards, dismantle production tools or deprive agriculture of its workforce by mobilising civilians. However, academic literature often approaches the impact of wars on GIs as anecdotal evidence rather than an object of study. This article aims to fill this research gap by examining the impact of World War I (WW1) and World War II (WW2) on French protected designations of origin (PDOs). This is done by applying quantitative and qualitative research methods to the specifications of all French PDOs that were registered in the European Union as of 23 November 2022. A total of 43 PDOs affected either by WW1, by WW2, or by both were identified. While the research understandably identifies mostly negative impacts (e.g., manpower shortage or production decline), one unexpected finding is that wars also had a positive impact on some French PDOs, including an increase in consumption and a growth in reputation beyond the original region of production.

Rebranding and SWOT Analysis of Geographical Indication Agricultural Products in Jilin Province under Digital Transformation

Abstract This paper uses the DEA model and the Malmquist index model to look at how well building a geographical indication brand for an agricultural product works in prefecture-level cities in Jilin Province. It also looks at how the performance of building a geographical indication brand for an agricultural product changes over time in prefecture-level cities in Jilin Province. Then, a brand competitiveness evaluation system was made up of regional elements, brand elements, industrial elements, and support elements. The level of development of agricultural product brand competitiveness in Jilin Province was looked at using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and hierarchical analysis. The results of the evaluation were used to find the factors that affect the improvement of its brand competitiveness, which helped to map out the next steps for reshaping agricultural product brands in Jilin Province. The comprehensive evaluation of the brand competitiveness of agricultural products in Jilin Province has a specific score of 81.4, and the regional element, brand element, product element, and support element have specific scores of 82.01, 83.2, 81.66, and 80.7, respectively. This study provides references to promote the development of agricultural products’ geographical indications and to enhance the competitiveness of the corresponding brands, and it enriches and improves theoretical research on the competitiveness of the brands of agricultural products’ geographical indications.

"Conservation of Traditional Pottery Art as Geographical Indications (GIs): A Case Study of Bijaypur Pottery Village of Cumilla in Bangladesh"

Pottery communities devote their merits and efforts from one generation to the next generation to produce attractive and creative pottery that reflects their intellectual contributions and represents their community lifestyles. Present research focuses primarily on the prospects of establishing the pottery art of Bangladesh as a Geographical Indications (GI), as well as the conceptual structure of presenting it worldwide as a GI product. Earthenware can be safeguarded as GIs under international accords and local ordinances (enacted by 160 nations). Research shows that currently, this illustrious industry has several challenges, such as environmental hazards, outdated procedures, inadequate capital, inexperienced potters, lack of research initiatives, limited product diversification, inadequate marketing and promotion, responsible negligence, etc. This study uses a qualitative approach based on surveys, in-depth interviews (IDIs), and archival and documentary research strategies. Primary and secondary data were gathered using the research framework to understand the current situation. This study examines Bijaypur pottery village in Cumilla as a case study to examine the sociological, institutional, and potential issues of conserving the craft as GIs under international and national legal contexts.

Merancang Konsep Standar Pemeriksaan Substantif Merek: Belajar dari Kasus Merek M&G

Law number 20 of 2016 on Trademark and Geographical Indication provided for trademark examination, but in the M&G case, a difference in trademark examination resulted in the development of two identical trademarks. The study's questions are, firstly, how did the Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DGIP) conduct trademark examination in the case of M&G for the protection of trademark law, and secondly, how does the standard concept of trademark examination lead to the renewal of trademark law in Indonesia. The research is normative-juridical, with a case study approach, a statutory approach, and a conceptual approach. Techniques for collecting data for a document study and qualitative descriptive analysis. The results show that the Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DGIP) implemented trademark examination in accordance with Law number 20 of 2016 on Trademark and Geographical Indication, namely normatively through the stages of administrative/ formality checks and substantive examinations. In the case of M&G, two common trademarks have been granted, as a result of a substantiating standard examination in Indonesia. The standard approach to trademark examination considered the legal, sociological, and philosophical aspects. The existence of this standard may be used to force the renewal of law number 20 of 2016 on trademarks and geographical indications.

Legal Protection for Registered Trademark Holders Against Trademark Infringement

In the era of development aligned with international conventions, the role of brands has become crucial in maintaining business competition and must comply with existing trademark regulations. Legislation regarding trademarks in Indonesia has undergone numerous changes to adapt to the needs and developments of the times, starting with Law No. 14 of 1997 concerning Trademarks, amended by Law No. 15 of 2001 concerning Trademarks, and most recently, Law No. 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications. For consumers, a brand not only facilitates identification but also serves as a symbol of self-esteem. Individuals accustomed to choosing products from a particular brand tend to continue using that brand for various reasons, such as familiarity, trustworthiness, product quality, and more. Thus, the function of a brand as a guarantee of quality becomes increasingly evident, especially concerning reputable products. This research adopts a normative juridical research approach. The findings of this study indicate that legal protection for trademarks is granted, whether foreign or local, famous or not, only to registered trademarks. Therefore, every brand owner is encouraged to register their trademark with the Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights to obtain legal protection for their brand. Legal protection based on the first-to-file principle is provided to registered trademark holders with ‘good faith’ both in a preventive and repressive manner. Considerations by the judge in deciding trademark infringement cases, as in Decision Number: 1349 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2022, are as follows: The plaintiff alleges ownership of the ERG trademark (ERG logo) with Registration Number IDM000540156, dated March 8, 2014, in class 25 to protect footwear and apparel products. The naming of ERG is based on the plaintiff’s idea to design and develop ergonomic products. Therefore, the translation information in the intellectual property database for the ERG trademark is ergonomic fashion products. The plaintiff claims that the defendants have infringed the trademark by using the ERG mark, which is substantially or entirely identical to the plaintiff’s ERG mark, Registration Number IDM000540156 owned by Mr. Muhamad Adi Mulya Pranata without rights and unlawfully

Geographical indications as a brand strategy: A literal review

Geographical indications as a brand strategy: A literal review

Social Dynamics of Geographical Indications: Community Empowerment and Collective Identity

Geographically indicated products (GIs) are those that are specific to a given geographic environment and have a unique traditional knowledge that sets them apart from products that look similar. Both the producer and the consumer benefit from certification, as it increases the producer's ability to command a higher price for quality assurance.Because of its distinctiveness, GI promotes resource conservation in the affected community, which aids in the development of rural sustainable communities. From the perspective of the consumer, the protection of GIs gives assurance and specific information. GIs highlight significant features that may not be immediately apparent or evident from merely looking at the products. For instance, consumers may find it difficult to discern qualities that are merely visually appealing. This paper examines the relevance of geographical indications for the economy of a geographical area and then moves on to analyze the impact and correlation of GI and social identity and empowerment.

The reform of EU geographical indications: A look at the newly approved Regulation

<abstract> <p>The European Union's quality policy is an example of a public policy that attempts to deliver public benefits to the entire European society. It's a crucial pillar of the Farm to Fork strategy for the transition to a sustainable European food system. The European Commission presented on March 2022 a legislative proposal on EU geographical indications for wine, spirits, and agricultural products (including PDO, PGI and GI), as well as traditional specialities guaranteed and optional quality terms for agricultural products, amending Regulations (EU) No 1308/2013, 2017/1001, and 2019/787 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 and was approved in April 2024. It aims to increase the dissemination of geographical indications and traditional specialities guaranteed, reduce the time required for their registration and strengthen their protection.</p> </abstract>

Geographical Indications as a Cultural Safeguard Tool for Communities: Kutch Ajrakh's Path to Modern Markets <br>

Geographical Indications as a Cultural Safeguard Tool for Communities: Kutch Ajrakh's Path to Modern Markets <br>