Generic Part Research Articles

On C1 classifications of hyperbolic vector fields

In this paper we study smooth classification of hyperbolic vector fields based on their linear approximations only and obtain the following. On Rn, n⩽5, with only two kinds of exceptions, any two hyperbolic vector fields with generic nonlinear parts ẋ=A1x+⋯ and ẏ=A1y+⋯, where Ai are n×n matrices, are C1 conjugate to each other if and only if A1 and A2 are strictly similar, and they are C1 orbitally equivalent if and only if A1 and A2 are similar.

Identifying The Best Compromises Between Multiple Performance Measures In Injection Molding (IM) Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)

Injection molding (IM) is considered to be one of the most important mass production processes for plastic products. A substantial amount of research has been directed towards finding settings for the IM process variables as well as the optimal location of the injection gates. These objectives have been mostly approached through the optimization of performance measures (PMs) as functions of the process' variables. Several times, however, these process design and part or tooling design objectives have been addressed independently, rather than in an integrated fashion. The use of computer-aided engineering (CAE) has played a pivotal role in trying to achieve these objectives. The aim of this work is to demonstrate a method based on CAE, statistical testing, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and data envelopment analysis (DEA) to find the optimal compromises between multiple PMs to prescribe the settings of IM process variables and the location of the injection gate. A case study involving the production of a generic part with cut-outs similar to window frames is presented for this purpose. The PMs in this case include the part flatness, the maximum injection pressure, and the time the molded part takes to solidify. Our results demonstrate why this optimization project could have not been properly carried out by taking each performance measure independently.

A next step in naming and classification of eye movement disorders and strabismus

A next step in naming and classification of eye movement disorders and strabismus

2.1.3 Functional Analysis for Existing Products: a Detailed Procedure

AbstractFunctional Analysis (FA) for regenerative systems is often executed as reverse engineering or design recovery. The initial product developer completed the Functional Analysis, and minimal updates were required or took place as the product evolved. The working definition of a function has often become ambiguous. When the goal is to reify what the product / system does, Functional Analysis is one method to be used in conjunction with the identification of the scenarios to support a system decomposition to discover underlying functions. The scenarios identify how the system / product is used by external systems (a human or other man‐made system) and FA helps to expose the system behaviors that are required to support that use, and the functions that are required to support that behavior. The value of functional analysis is the yield of the main and derived functions of the system / product, which are the solution independent functions. The separation of the domain functions from the subsequently developed implementation functions (those required to provide a design dependent capability) facilitates the insertion of technology and management of change.The transition of the modular product structure Adifon [ADI2001] from the Phase 1 team to the on‐going implementation required the clarification and documentation of a procedure for Functional Analysis. The generic part of that procedure is described here with templates and detailed ‘user’ instructions.

A Generic Part Orientation System Based on Volumetric Error in Rapid Prototyping

The paper presents the development of a generic part orientation system for rapid prototyping by considering the issue of volumetric error encountered in parts during the layer by layer building process in a rapid prototyping (RP) system. An algorithm is developed that slices the part with horizontal planes and computes the volumetric error in the part at different orientations by rotation about user-specified axes. The system recommends the best orientation based on the least amount of volumetric error in the part. The system has been tested using several examples of simple and complex parts. The generic part orientation system is believed to be first of its kind based on a volumetric error approach and will be useful for RP users in creating RP parts with a higher level of accuracy and surface finish, and also for intelligent process planning in rapid prototyping.

A reduced-basis element method

Reduced basis methods are particularly attractive to use in order to diminish the number of degrees-of-freedom associated with the approximation to a set of partial differential equations. The main idea is to construct ad hoc basis functions with a large information content. In this Note, we propose to develop and analyze reduced basis methods for simulating hierarchical flow systems, which is of relevance for studying flows in a network of pipes, an example being a set of arteries or veins. We propose to decompose the geometry into generic parts (e.g., pipes and bifurcations), and to construct a reduced basis for these generic parts by considering representative geometric snapshots. The global system is constructed by gluing the individual basis solutions together via Lagrange multipliers. To cite this article: Y. Maday, E.M. Rønquist, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 335 (2002) 195–200.

A Reduced-Basis Element Method

Reduced basis methods are particularly attractive to use in order to diminish the number of degrees of freedom associated with the approximation of a set of partial differential equations. The main idea is to construct ad hoc basis functions with a large information content. In this note, we propose to develop and analyze reduced basis methods for simulating hierarchical flow systems, which is of relevance for studying flows in a network of pipes, an example being a set of arteries or veins. We propose to decompose the geometry into generic parts (e.g., pipes and bifurcations), and to contruct a reduced basis for these generic parts by considering representative geometric snapshots. The global system is constructed by gluing the individual basis solutions together via Lagrange multipliers.

Calculation of chemical and phase equilibrium based on stability analysis by QBB algorithm: application to NRTL equation

The Gibbs tangent plane criterion is of crucial importance to confirm the reliability of the solution obtained for the chemical and phase equilibrium (CPE) problem, and it consequently facilitates the search for the true equilibrium state if a postulated solution is thermodynamically unstable. However, the nonconvex and nonlinear natures of the thermodynamic models, which are the necessary conditions in order to describe the chemical and phase equilibrium problems, make the application of the deterministic global optimization techniques to minimize the tangent plane distance function (TPDF) become very difficult. In this paper, a general quadratic underestimation function based branch and bound (QBB) algorithm is developed by the construction of a rigorous underestimator for TPDF, which is the sum of the original convex part in the TPDF and a quadratic underestimation function of the generic nonconvex part upon the basis of the maximal eigenvalue estimation of its interval Hessian matrix. The linear constraints, especially the simplex feasible region, provide the novel compact partition in the above framework and mathematically guarantee the ε-global convergence of this global optimization algorithm together with the rigorous underestimator obtained by interval analysis. The phase equilibrium compositions are then calculated by the Newton–Raphson method. The preliminary results for three ternary systems with up to two or three phases described by NRTL activity coefficient equation showed that the novel QBB algorithm could solve the global stability problem effectively.

Visitor combination and traversal control

The Visitor design pattern allows the encapsulation of polymorphic behavior outside the class hierarchy on which it operates. A common application of Visitor is the encapsulation of tree traversals. A clean separation can be made between the generic parts of the combinator set and the parts that are specific to a particular class hierarchy. The generic parts form a reusable framework. The generic parts form a reusable framework. The specific parts can be generated from a (tree) grammar. Due to this separation, programming with visitor combinators becomes a form of generic programming with significant reuse of (visitor) code.

Using clausal deductive databases for defining semantics in disjunctive deductive databases

This paper investigates the novel concept of i>clausal deductive databases (cd-databases), which are special normal deductive databases – i.e., deductive databases which may contain default negation in rule bodies – over a typed meta-language i>Lcd with a fixed set of predicate symbols, namely i>dis, i>con, and some i>built-in predicate symbols. The arguments of the literals in i>Lcd are given by disjunctive and conjunctive clauses of a basic first-order language l. i>Disjunctive deductive databases (dd-databases) generalize normal deductive databases by allowing for disjunctions of atoms or literals in rule heads. We present a i>transformation which maps a dd-database i>D into a cd-database i>Dcd that talks about the clauses of i>D. cd-databases provide a i>flexible framework for declaratively specifying the semantics of dd-databases: we can fix a standard i>control strategy, e.g., stable model or well-founded semantics, and vary the i>logical description i>Dcd for specifying different semantics. The i>transformed database i>Dcd usually consists of a part i>D⊗ which naturally expresses the rules of i>D, and two generic parts which are independent of i>D: i>Dlogic specifies i>logical inference rules like resolution and subsumption, and i>Dcwa specifies non-monotonic inference rules like i>closed-world-assumptions. Another i>program transformation, which uses the idea of bringing sets of clauses to the argument level is given for i>hypothetical logic programs: a hypothetical logic program i>D is mapped to a classical normal logic program i>Do, such that well-known semantics and inference methods for normal logic programs can be used for hypothetical reasoning as well.

Xilinx Improves Its Semiconductor Supply Chain Using Product and Process Postponement

The semiconductor firm Xilinx uses two different postponement strategies: product postponement and process postponement. In product postponement, the products are designed so that the product's specific functionality is not set until after the customer receives it. Xilinx designed its products to be programmable, allowing customers to fully configure the function of the integrated circuit using software. In process postponement, a generic part is created in the initial stages of the manufacturing process. In the later stages, this generic part is customized to create the finished product. Xilinx manufactures a small number of generic parts and holds them in inventory. The use of these generic parts allows Xilinx to hold less inventory in those finished products that it builds to stock. And for some finished products, Xilinx can perform the customization steps quickly enough to allow it to build to order.

Monoclonal Antibodies Against a Sulfathiazole Derivative for the Immunochemical Detection of Sulfonamides

To prepare monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the generic part of sulfonamides, a sulfathiazole derivative was chemically linked to carrier proteins in such a way that the aromatic amino group, common to all sulfonamides, was distal to the proteins. Four mice were immunized with the sulfathiazole-protein derivatives. The spleen cells of one of the mice were fused with myeloma cells to produce hybridomas of which the supernatants were screened in an indirect ELISA (iELISA) for the presence of sulfathiazole antibodies. After cloning, positive supernatants were tested in a competitive iELISA (ciELISA) for inhibition with 18 sulfonamides. This resulted in four different mAbs (all IgG1 kappa light chain) which recognized several sulfonamides. By use of the best monoclonal (27G3) and an optimized ciELISA protocol, eight structurally different sulfonamides showed 50% inhibition at concentrations less than 100 ngml− or 5 ng/well. However, other relevant sulfonamides (such as sulfadimidine, sulfatroxazole and sulfachloropyrazine) were detected at a high level only with this mAb. This means that the ciELISA (with the best Mab) showed a broad specificity for sulfonamides but the sensitivity towards the different sulfonamides varied too much to call it a generic sulfonamide ELISA.

(Coarse coding of shape fragments) + (retinotopy) approximately = representation of structure.

The ability to deal with object structure--to determine what is where in a given object, rather than merely to categorize or identify it--has been hitherto considered the prerogative of 'structural description' approaches, which represent shapes as categorical compositions of generic parts taken from a small alphabet. In this note, we propose a simple extension to a theoretically motivated and extensively tested appearance-based model of recognition and categorization, which should make it capable of representing object structure. We describe a pilot implementation of the extended model, survey independent evidence supporting its modus operandi, and outline a research program focused on achieving a range of object processing capabilities, including reasoning about structure, within a unified appearance-based framework.

Compact thermal models of packages used in conduction cooled applications

Results of an extensive study aimed at developing boundary condition independent compact steady-state thermal models of a variety of electronic packages used in conduction cooled applications are presented. Formal mathematical principles were used to establish a nonredundant set of thermal boundary conditions representing board edge and backside cooling with variable board and underfill conductivity. A Design of Experiments approach was employed to reduce the total number of boundary conditions to four, allowing the generation of boundary condition independent CTM's. Two general network topologies, incorporating both simple star-shaped and more complex, shunted networks were developed. To extract the CTM parameters, the thermal networks were optimized using a genetic algorithm-based approach allowing constrained nonlinear global optimization in a standard spreadsheet environment. Comparisons of the accuracy of models from simple to complex are presented for two types of generic parts. It was found that optimized star-shaped CTM's accurately predict junction temperatures, but usually give insufficient accuracy for the heat flows leaving via the package prime lumped surfaces. The inclusion of a floating node allows sufficient degree of freedom to correctly redistribute the heat flows between the "outlet" nodes of the networks. Using the optimization technique, CTM's were derived for thirty parts representing thirteen package families. For most of the packages only network topologies that included a floating node and surface-to-surface links provided satisfactory accuracy. With three different network configurations, for which examples are presented, it was possible to capture the thermal behavior of all the package families investigated.

Conformal Cooling Versus Conventional Cooling: An Injection Molding Case Study With P-20 and 3DP™-Processed Tooling

AbstractA series of designed experiments was performed in an attempt to evaluate and quantify the historically “anecdotal” benefits of conformal cooling for injection molding tooling. The study considered different generic part geometries, gating schemes, mold materials, plastic resins and cooling approaches. This paper provides an overview of the mold design approach, cooling simulation, tool fabrication via the 3DP™ process, as well as part molding and inspection results.

Trans-Atlantic Street Names

AbstractThe British and American national varieties of the English Language differ in a multitude of ways: orthographic, phonological, syntactic, lexical, and onomastic. One of the onomastic difference is in the street names, including both their generic and specific parts. British street-name generics include terms like crescent and mews, which are atypical of American use. American generics include terms like boulevard, atypical of British use. The specifics also differ, whether they are descriptive (British High Street versus American Main Street) or commemorative (British Great Queen Street versus American Madison Avenue). The street names of London and New York City, the largest and commercially most important cities of the two nations, are illustrative of onomastic and cultural differences between Britain and America.

Development of a system framework for the computer-integrated manufacturing execution system: A distributed object-oriented approach

Today, most of the Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) are monolithic, insufficiently configurable and difficult to modify. Using a distributed object-oriented technique, we will present a systematic approach, to develop a computer-integrated MES Framework which is open, modularized, distributed, configurable, interoperable, and maintainable. We start with the system analysis by collecting domain requirements and analysing domain knowledge. Our MES Framework is designed by the process of constructing an abstract object model based on domain knowledge, partitioning the application domain into components, identifying generic parts among components, defining framework messages, and developing design patterns for generic parts. After finishing the MES Framework design, we design a variety of functional components by inheriting appropriate design patterns of the Framework. An application can then be constructed by invoking corresponding methods of related components. The proposed MES Framework can be integrated and tested. The CORBA infrastructure is adopted to develop this integratable MES. We also use OLE Automation and COM objects to construct sample applications. An example is shown to demonstrate the fruit of this systematic approach.

Quality-of-life assessment in children and adolescents with asthma.

Health-related quality of life has become an essential part of health outcome measurement in chronic disorders. However, it is only recently that health professionals have focused on quality-of-life assessment in children and adolescents. Several generic, as well as the asthma-specific quality-of-life instruments specifically designed for use in children and adolescents are reviewed in this article with particular regard to the conceptual and methodological features of the measures and their applicability in clinical studies. The recently published Child Health Questionnaire is a useful generic instrument to comprehensively assess quality of life, in particular when comparing young people with different chronic disorders. The Pediatric Asthma Quality-of-life Questionnaire has shown responsiveness to change over time, but it lacks age-specificity with regard to psychosocial issues and comprehensiveness of quality-of-life assessment. In contrast, the Childhood Asthma Questionnaire provides three different versions for different target ages. However, its generic part is not reflective of the respondent's health status. The other asthma-specific instruments have major conceptual deficiencies when used as a single measure for quality-of-life assessment. In the absence of a single ideal instrument, the use of batteries of quality-of-life instruments is therefore recommended and further research is required to identify the impact that age and developmental status have on quality-of-life assessment.

READINGS IN PHENOMENOLOGY: EXPERIENCING THE WALKER HOUSE AT BILGOLA BY RICK LE PLASTRIER

This piece does not set out to describe all the built fabric of the Walker House. It is the conclusion of a one semester course in which we have spent much time reading about and discussing ways in which humans interact with the environment, and particularly die built environment. This is not just about visual experience. As architects, we are usually presented with buildings in the form of visual images with a supporting text or lecture. In this form, greatest importance is usually given to the ‘image’ of the building. As an experiment, no descriptive visual images will be used. Descriptions, drawings and photos of this building can be found in “Australian Architecture Since 1960” by Jennifer Taylor1 and an Advanced Study Report at Sydney University by Harold Straatveit on Rick Le Plastrier.2 Rory Spence at the University of Launceston is also writing a thesis on the work of Rick Le Plastrier under die supervision of Peter Kohane at the University of New South Wales. This piece is about my idea of an experience. As a result of consulting die above sources, visiting the Walker House and building a model of the house, I have made up die following narrative. Some parts are based on actual events, but most come from my idea of a generic part of a day in which die house acts as a backdrop.

Predictions and observations of SEU rates in space

This paper summarizes the available data on the observation and prediction of SEU rates in space. It considers three questions: 1. How good can a prediction be? 2. How bad can a prediction be? 3. How does the quality of the prediction depend on the type of orbit? The paper considers one hundred and twenty-six reports of predicted and observed rates. These include updated predictions for the CRRES devices. The analysis then excludes solar particle events, single event burnout, cases with poor statistics, and cases that are essentially duplicates; leaving 77 comparisons. The heavy ion predictions based on the CREME environments and the proton predictions based on the AP8 environments are both very successful for their basic environments, but are less accurate for low earth orbits (LEO). The quality of the results depends strongly on whether the predictions are based on tests with flight parts or with generic parts. The quality also depends on the use of the proper shielding around the part. The results appear consistent with suggested modifications in these environments based on recent space measurements. The methods that are used for upset rate predictions appear to be adequate for the current generation of devices.