General Method For Preparation Research Articles

Direct Preparation of Ultrathin Polymer Membranes on Porous Substrates for the Separation of Helium From Methane.

Ultrathin polymer membranes on porous substrates exhibit excellent gas and ion permeability and have important applications in many fields, such as membrane separation and batteries. However, there is still a lack of facile and general methods for the direct preparation of ultrathin polymer membranes on porous substrates, especially from polymer solutions. Within this work, a new strategy to fabricate centimeter-size ultrathin polymer membranes (thickness down to 16nm) is presented directly on porous supports by using the liquid-liquid interfacial spin-coating technique. The method allows the preparation of ultrathin polymer membranes with a wide range of polymers, and the membranes are smooth and intact without cracks. The helium/methane separation performance is evaluated. As the membrane thickness increased from 40 to 180nm, the He/CH4 selectivity increased and then decreased. The ultrathin membrane provides a good He/CH4 selectivity of 8.8 and He permeance of 1 × 105 GPU, which is the highest value reported so far and more than 150 times higher than that of membranes with He/CH4 selectivity above eight in the literature. This new approach provides the possibility to explore the great potential of ultrathin membranes for separation.

Assessing the matrix effects on MALDI-MS in the positive and negative ion mode detection for protein-protected metal nanoclusters

Protein-protected metal nanoclusters (MNCs) represent a new class of highly photoluminescent nanomaterials that have wide applications. Suitable reaction conditions combining protein and metal precursors can produce a vast range of different NC sizes (i.e. different number of metal atoms). The average number of metal atoms per protein can be determined by mass spectrometry (MS). MS coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) presents a number of advantages such as detection with high sensitivity of nanoclusters with high molecular weights. Although many protein-protected MNCs have been characterized by MALDI-MS, a large dispersion in the number of metal atoms has been reported mainly due to sample preparation. In this work, we optimized the protocols for negative and positive ion detection mode as a general MALDI-MS sample preparation method for protein-protected MNCs (bovine serum albumin and lysozyme and with gold and silver). Negative and positive ion mode detection was compared, showing that negative ion mode detection in MALDI-MS can also be used with acidic matrices. Obvious matrix effects on ion signals and peak positions by MALDI-MS were observed. The average metal numbers of MNCs embedded in proteins are different depending on the MALDI matrix. The matrix effects give a warning for more serious consideration on MALDI-MS measurement and spectra analysis of MNCs.

Study on uniformity of multi‐needle electrostatic spinning by auxiliary flow field

AbstractMulti‐needle electrospinning is a simple and general method for mass preparation of nanofiber membrane, which has great industrial potential. However, the bending instability produced in the electrospinning process makes that the deposition uniformity of the nanofiber is still a big concern, resulting in non‐uniform nanofiber membrane, which seriously affects the application of electrospun membrane in environmental filtration, new energy and medical fields. In order to improve the uniformity of nanofiber deposition in multi‐needle electrospinning, an auxiliary flow field system (AFF) is proposed, which can effectively improve the uniformity of nanofiber deposition. After image processing, the uniformity of nanofiber deposition is quantified with the index of grey distribution, and the effectiveness of this method is verified. Combined with the multi‐physical field analysis, the influence mechanism of cross‐wind field on the uniformity of fibre deposition was revealed. By optimizing the experimental parameters, the non‐uniformity of nanofiber deposition was reduced by 49.19%. Based on multi‐needle electrospinning technology, a reliable idea (AFF) and experimental basis are provided for the uniform preparation of nanofiber membrane.

Transforming clay minerals into solvent-free nanofluids via an interfacial interaction: An experimental and simulation study

The emergence of solvent-free nanofluids (SFNs) has solved the problem of aggregation of conventional nanoparticles, resulting in better compatibility and dispersion of nanoparticles, and has led to the rapid development of their applications in various fields. However, at present, clay mineral-based SFNs (Clay-F) are rarely reported, and the general preparation method of clay mineral-based SFNs has not been investigated. Therefore, we report a general strategy for the construction of Clay-F. Clay-F have good flow properties at room temperature, and have higher dispersion stability under the steric hindrance effect of the long chain of the corona-canopy species. We demonstrated the universality of this method by grafting a corona-canopy species onto various clay minerals (montmorillonite, kaolinite, and attapulgite). At the same time, based on the lack of current research on the synthesis mechanism of Clay-F by simulation, the interaction mechanism between montmorillonite and corona-canopy species was finally confirmed and verified at the molecular level by quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics simulation, and the formation mechanism of Clay-F was further determined. Finally, to verify the concept, the adsorption performance of Clay-F for CO2 was investigated. This work expands the family of solvent-free nanofluids and provides new ideas for the application of clay minerals.

Pharmaceutico-analytical Study on Nisha Manasila Taila

Nisha Manasila Taila is a unique formulation described in Chakradatta Kushta-Chikitsaadhyaya. It is a herbo-mineral preparation containing Manasila (realgar), with Kandu (itching) and Pama (scabies) as its primary indication. Itching is the most common symptom seen in the majority of microbial infections of the skin. In Ayurveda, skin diseases fall under the broad category of Kushta (skin disorders). The preparation of Nisha Manasila Taila follows the Samanya Tailapakavidhi (general method of preparation of oil-based formulations). This process involves combining three main components in specific ratios: Kalkadravya (paste of drugs-1 part), Snehadravya (lipid media-4 parts), and Dravadravya (liquid media-16 parts). The ratio may vary depending on the specific Kalka and Dravadravya used. Nisha Manasila Taila contains Haridra (Curcuma longa) and Shodhita Manasila (purified realgar) as Kalka (paste), Arkapatrarasa (juice of Calotropis gigantea) as Dravadravya (liquid media) and Sarshapatail a (mustard oil) as Snehadravya (lipid media) in specific proportions. This study aims to highlight the physico-chemical changes that occur in Nisha Manasila Taila during the Tailapaka (oil preparation) process, using analytical parameters. In the pharmaceutical part of the study, the purification of Manasila (realgar) was performed, followed by the preparation of three samples using the general method of preparation of oil-based formulations. In the analytical part, three samples of Taila were analyzed using physicochemical parameters and chromatographic methods. The physicochemical parameters of the prepared samples fell within the normal range and are compared with the values of Sarshapataila (Mustard oil) used in sample preparation. Significant differences were observed in the organoleptic and physicochemical parameters between Sarshapataila (mustard oil) and the prepared sample, resulting from the pharmaceutical procedure carried out.

Ultrabright Green-Emissive Nanodots for Precise Biological Visualization.

Developing general methods to fabricate water-dispersible and biocompatible fluorescent probes will promote different biological visualization applications. Herein, we report a metal-facilitated method to fabricate ultrabright green-emissive nanodots via the one-step solvothermal treatment of rose bengal, ethanol, and various metal ions. These metal-doped nanodots show good water dispersity, ultrahigh photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) (e.g., the PLQY of Fe-doped nanodots (FeNDs) was ∼97%), and low phototoxicity. Owing to the coordination effect of metal ions, the FeNDs realize glutathione detection with outstanding properties. Benefiting from the high endoplasmic reticulum (ER) affinity of the chloride group, the FeNDs can act as an ER tracker with long ER imaging capacity (FeNDs: >24 h; commercial ER tracker: ∼1 h) and superb photostability and can achieve tissue visualization in living Caenorhabditis elegans. The metal-doped nanodots represent a general nanodot preparation method and may shed new light on diverse biological visualization uses.

Platelet-rich plasma does not accelerate the healing of damaged muscle following muscle strain.

Although platelet-rich plasma (PRP)has been widely used regardless of the severity of muscle strain, there have been very few basic studies in which its effects on muscle injury were examined by using models that accurately mimic the clinical muscle strain injury process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to confirm by physiological and structural analyses whether PRP purified by a general preparation method has a muscle healing effect on muscle damage caused by eccentric contraction (ECC).Male Wistar rats were subjected to muscle injury induced by ECC in bilateral plantar flexor muscles using electrical stimulation and an automatically dorsiflexing footplate. The rats were randomly assigned to three groups by type of injection: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS),leukocyte-poor PRP (LP-PRP),or leukocyte-rich PRP (LR-PRP)injection into gastrocnemius muscles three times at weekly intervals. The platelet concentrations of the LP-PRPand LR-PRPwere three to five times higher than that of whole blood. The recovery process of torque strength in the plantar flexor muscle, signal changes in MRI images, and histological evaluation 3 weeks after injury showed no obvious differences among the three groups, and every muscle recovered well from the injury without marked fibrosis. The results that neither LP-PRPnor LR-PRPwas found to accelerate healing of muscle injuries suggested that conventional preparation and use of PRP for simple muscle injuries caused by muscle strain should be carefully considered, and further basic research using models that accurately mimic clinical practice should be carried out to determine the optimal use of PRP.

ICP-MS Analysis of Iron from Biological Samples.

Elemental analysis can provide trace concentrations of iron and other transition elements at nanomolar (μg/L) concentrations in whole bacterial and mammalian cells, subcellular compartments, biological fluids, and tissues. The best method of analysis is by far Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). I describe here a very general method for the sample preparation, instrument settings, method development, and analysis. The method can be extended to up to 20 common elements in biological samples.

Preparation strategies of mussel-inspired chitosan-based biomaterials for hemostasis.

Chitosan (CS) has been extensively studied in wound care for its intrinsic hemostatic and antibacterial properties. However, CS has limiting hemostasis applications on account of its drawbacks such as poor adhesion in humid environments and water solubility at neutral pH. CS-based biomaterials, inspired by mussel-adhesive proteins, serve as a suggested platform by biomedical science. The reports show that the mussel-inspired CS-based hemostatic structure has negligible toxicity and excellent adhesiveness. Biomedicine has witnessed significant progress in the development of these hemostatic materials. This review summarizes the methods for the modification of CS by mussel-inspired chemistry. Moreover, the general method for preparation of mussel-inspired CS-based biomaterials is briefly discussed in this review. This work is expected to give a better understanding of opportunities and challenges of the mussel-inspired strategy for the functionalization of CS-based biomaterials in hemostasis and wound healing. This review is hoped to provide an important perspective on the preparation of mussel-inspired CS-based hemostatic materials.

Discovery of biomimetic transamination as a general synthetic method for preparation of fluorine-containing amines and amino acids

In this perspective review article, we describe the discovery of azomethine-azomethine isomerization of fluorinated N-benzyl-imines and its further development into one of the most convenient, scalable, and practical synthetic methods for preparation of biologically relevant fluorinated amines and amino acids. Currently referred to as 1,3-Proton Shift Reaction, this method is widely used by organic chemists for synthesis of variety fluorinated amino compounds playing important role in the design of modern pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals

Boosting Thermoelectric Performance of Thermogalvanic Hydrogels by Structure Engineering Induced by Liquid Nitrogen Quenching

AbstractQuasi‐solid thermogalvanic hydrogels hold great promise in harvesting low‐grade thermal energy, yet, they are still far from practical application owing to relatively low power output. Herein, through liquid nitrogen quenching‐induced structure engineering, a high‐performance stretchable thermogalvanic hydrogel thread with a high specific output power density of 2227.5 µW m−2 K−2 and a large thermopower of 4.5 mV K−1 is designed. After liquid nitrogen quenching, both the thermopower and electrical conductivity have been greatly improved compared to natural cooling. The excellent properties are attributed to liquid nitrogen quenching‐induced grain refinement and precipitation inhibition. It is a novel and general preparation method for high‐performance and homogeneous thermogalvanic hydrogels. Finally, a thermogalvanic hydrogel array is demonstrated to be capable of driving a low‐power motor and charging a mobile phone by low‐grade thermal energy harvesting, indicating a great potential for practical applications in human daily life.

Nanosponges as an Emerging Platform for Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis

AbstractNanosponges are unique sponge‐like carrier systems with numerous cavities and a mesh‐like network throughout their surface. They are categorized into three types based on the material of construction, i.e., polymer‐, inorganic‐, and bio‐derived material‐based nanosponges. Unlike conventional nanoparticles, nanosponges bear countless interconnected voids and mesh‐like network that enables maximum drug, imaging probe, or photosensitizer loading via absorption, encapsulation, conjugation, or complexion. The voids can be further sealed using suitable lipids or polymers to avoid leakage of drugs at the non‐target site, protect therapeutics from biological conditions, and control the release of therapeutics for a prolonged period. Recently, nanosponges have grasped the attention of researchers in the area of cancer by overcoming the drawbacks associated with the conventional delivery of immunotherapeutic, targeted therapeutic, and chemotherapeutic agents. Interestingly, several reports have also witnessed their potential in cancer theranostics. Owing to this supremacy, nanosponges could be an apt platform for cancer therapy and diagnosis. The current review discusses the general aspects, types, and preparation methods of nanosponges. In addition, the ambit of nanosponges in treating different types of cancer is meticulously discussed, along with detailed descriptions of their corresponding patents. Furthermore, the role of nanosponges in phototherapy and cancer theranostics are selectively canvassed.

PHARMACEUTICO ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SWALPA MASHA TAILA

Introduction: Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana mainly focuses on various aspects of preparations of medicines. Sneha prakarana includes taila kalpana and ghritha kalpana Maha masha taila having brumhana and vatadosha hara properties indicated in many conditions of vatavyadhi. Swalpa masha taila told by Chakrapanidatta in Vatavyadhi chikitsaadhyaya. Methodology: It comprises of less and easily available ingredients compared to maha masha taila. Saindhava kalka, tilataila, masha Kashaya in 1:4:16 ratio prepared according to General method of preparation of taila. Results: from 1440ml of murchita tila taila 1330ml of swalpamasha taila was prepared. It was subjected to analytical parameters obtained results were tabulated. Discussion: Obtained pharmaceutical and Analytical results were discussed with the probable valid reasons. Conclusion: SMT which has been proved through different research works carried out on vata vyadhi. Hence it can be prepared and used for clinical practice.

PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF KUSHMANDADIGRANULES – A NEW DOSAGE FORM

The concept of Smriti has been discussed in various Ayurvedic texts in wider aspects. Smriti is discussed as one among Ashta Aishwarya. Acharya Chakrapani explains Smriti as a component of Buddhi& relation with Atma, Manas. The Ayurvedic classics identified the importance of higher faculties dealing with memory and introduced a separate group of drugs namely Medhya Rasayanas. Kushmanda & Brahmi both are well known Ayurvedic herbs for their actions on the central nervous system, especially to enhance intellect, memory, and other mental faculties. Materials and methods: Granules preparation was carried out as per the general method of preparation. Result: physio chemical analysis of the present study shows pH of 7.54, 7.23, 6.57. Loss on drying(%) 20.2, 12, 3.6. Total Ash (%)0.42, 0.58, 1.34. Total fat 3.4%, 3.9%, 4.1%. respectively for three batches of Kushmandadi Granules.

A Review on General Concept and Preparation Methods together with Characterization Techniques of Silver Nanoparticles

Silver and its compounds have been used for thousands of years as antibacterial and medicinal agents. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) subsequently received much attention due to their unusual physical, chemical, and biological properties, which are mainly caused by AgNP size, structure, composition, luster, and structure compared to their bulk species. When free radicals interact with bacteria, they can cause damage to the cell membrane, enabling it to penetrate and eventually lead to cell death. Compared to other salts, silver nanoparticles have excellent antibacterial activity due to their large surface area, allowing for high interaction with bacteria. There are many techniques for producing silver nanoparticles, including physical, chemical, and biological processes.Physical and chemical processes for making silver nanoparticles are expensive and complicated, whereas biological approaches are easier and safer to implement. In the biological and environmental areas, metal nanoparticles with controlled particle size and surface chemistry have a broad spectrum of applications. Nanomaterials must becharacterized in addition to the manufacturing procedures to explore differences in activity based on morphological distinctions. AgNPs are widely used as antibacterial agents in the field of health, food storage, textiles, and various environmental applications.So, in this systematic review, we examined silver nanoparticle preparation methods, characterization, applications, and fundamental concepts of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).

General Spatial Confinement Recrystallization Method for Rapid Preparation of Thickness-Controllable and Uniform Organic Semiconductor Single Crystals.

Organic semiconductor single crystals (OSSCs) are ideal materials for studying the intrinsic properties of organic semiconductors (OSCs) and constructing high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). However, there is no general method to rapidly prepare thickness-controllable and uniform single crystals for various OSCs. Here, inspired by the recrystallization (a spontaneous morphological instability phenomenon) of polycrystalline films, a spatial confinement recrystallization (SCR) method is developed to rapidly (even at several second timescales) grow thickness-controllable and uniform OSSCs in a well-controlled way by applying longitudinal pressure to tailor the growth direction of grains in OSCs polycrystalline films. The relationship between growth parameters including the growth time, temperature, longitudinal pressure, and thickness is comprehensively investigated. Remarkably, this method is applicable for various OSCs including insoluble and soluble small molecules and polymers, and can realize the high-quality crystal array growth. The corresponding 50 dinaphtho[2,3-b:2″,3″-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT) single crystals coplanar OFETs prepared by the same batch have the mobility of 4.1 ± 0.4 cm2 V-1 s-1 , showing excellent uniformity. The overall performance of the method is superior to the reported methods in term of growth rate, generality, thickness controllability, and uniformity, indicating its broad application prospects in organic electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Extraction and Quantification of Ano Rectal Formulation by UV-LC Techniques

Suppositories very popular formulations and are currently used therapeutically all over the world. Especially in pediatrics, where they can be used for the effective lowering of high fever accomplished with seizure. The choice of a suppository as the mode of drug delivery system in all cases even in infants when oral delivery is impossible, that is an unconscious or vomiting patient, or in the case of infants. Therefore, the quality control study of this dosage form with a modern instrumental analytical technique is highly desired. In consequence of the increased application of suppositories, there is a current demand for a rapid, effective analytical methods required for routine analysis. The literature search revealed that methods for the UV and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of DZP are very rare.Thereforethe aim of the present research was to develop and validate a suitable general sample preparation and chromatography method for suppositories containing DZP. The primary method (I) is based on UV Spectroscopy. UV spectra of Diazepam are recorded. The secondary method is based on the Reverse phase HPLC method was developed. The UV detector was operated at 286nm. After method development the proposed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The developed method was accurate and precise which shows the evident from the analytical data and recovery studies. The analytical results were in good and it complies with the label claims.

Demonstration and Comparison of Different Entanglement Fabrication Approaches

Quantum entanglement is the most representative feature of quantum mechanics to classical mechanics. It is the delocalization, non-classical strong correlation among multiple quantum system. It has been developed for nearly one hundred years and a lot of methods of production and applications have been proposed. Aiming at the generation mode of quantum entanglement, this study presents two general preparation methods of quantum entanglement sources, including spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) and the preparation of quantum entanglement sources based on the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect. The principle, advantages and disadvantages of quantum entanglement sources are analyzed respectively. Finally, the research and application direction of the preparation method of quantum entanglement source are prospected. With the ability of preparation of quantum entanglement source, the application of quantum entanglement developed quickly, (e.g., quantum teleportation, entanglement swapping, quantum key distribution and quantum dense coding in the area of communication), and other area such as quantum computer, quantum imaging, quantum ranging and quantum clock synchronization. These results shed light on guiding further exploration of entanglement fabrication.

Cellulose‐based Conductive Gels and Their Applications

AbstractCellulose‐based conductive gels are representative nanomaterials and have a good flexibility, biodegradability, and biocompatibility due to the cellulose. Therefore, they are considered as important candidates for the development of next generation nanoarchitectonics materials for electronics and green energy. To date, conductive cellulose gels have been widely investigated for various applications, including sensors, energy storage devices, energy generators, and actuators. A number of studies has shown that cellulose‐based conductive gels have a superior performance compared to gels prepared using petroleum‐derived chemicals. Therefore, in this review, we will introduce the general preparation method of cellulose‐based conductive gels in order to present the latest research results and to provide information for future nanoscience and research studies. Also, the main applications of cellulose‐based conductive gels and the progress of their research will be described.

Starch Nanoparticles: Preparation, Properties and Applications.

Starch as a natural polymer is abundant and widely used in various industries around the world. In general, the preparation methods for starch nanoparticles (SNPs) can be classified into 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' methods. SNPs can be produced in smaller sizes and used to improve the functional properties of starch. Thus, they are considered for the various opportunities to improve the quality of product development with starch. This literature study presents information and reviews regarding SNPs, their general preparation methods, characteristics of the resulting SNPs and their applications, especially in food systems, such as Pickering emulsion, bioplastic filler, antimicrobial agent, fat replacer and encapsulating agent. The aspects related to the properties of SNPs and information on the extent of their utilisation are reviewed in this study. The findings can be utilised and encouraged by other researchers to develop and expand the applications of SNPs.