General Logic Research Articles

Kant and his Critique of Leibniz

According to one line of interpretation, in the Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant argues that Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz conflated two kinds of cognitive capacities and their respective types of mental representations: (1) sensibility and sensible or spatiotemporal representations and (2) the understanding and intellectual or conceptual representations. According to this interpretation, Leibniz held that sensibility is not distinct from the understanding, and sensible representations are confused and reducible to distinct intellectual representations. However, this interpretation fails against the more charitable thesis that Leibniz believed the two cognitive capacities and their representations are distinct, yet all sensible representations are necessarily confused. Instead, I argue that Kant’s criticism concerns a different distinction: general logic, the rules of thought in general, and transcendental logic, the rules governing thought of sensible representations. Additionally, I argue for a second part of Kant’s criticism: the Copernican Revolution. By providing an account of mathematics that depends on objects of possible knowledge conforming to our cognitive capacities, Kant eliminates the possibility of a Leibnizian metaphysical project that allegedly aims beyond such objects. A Leibnizian would have to provide an account of the success of mathematics solely in terms of general logic or deny it altogether.

Reality Show in the context of “Post-Documentary” Culture: Critics of Textual Approach

The purpose of the article is to review important aspects of the critical studies in foreign scientific discourse aimed at textual analysis of reality show as a genre and television format, which helps to reconsider its status as a phenomenon of “post-documentary” culture. The research methodology. The work uses, firstly, critical discourse analysis, which allows us to understand the limitations and counterproductiveness of textual analysis of reality show and helps to reveal the constitutive potential of television and cultural production practices, and, secondly, a cultural approach, which allowed us to identify the media-cultural features of reality show and show them as an element of “post-documentary” audio-visual culture in the XXI century. Scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time, through the prism of criticism of the textual approach, the peculiarities of reality show as a phenomenon of “post-documentary” audio-visual culture are revealed. Conclusions. It is proved that the counterproductiveness of the textual approach to the conceptualisation of reality show as a genre, since its production contradicts the general logic and the established perception of what a text should be. This genreform has more common with no certain genre traditions or textual features, but with the “processing of reality” at the intersection of fact and fiction, shifting attention from the text to its production. The proliferation of reality TV programmes illustrates the industry’s dependence on “reality” as a tool for advertising marketing and the logic of cultural production. It is affirmed that during conceptualising TV reality texts, it is necessary to pay attention to a number of industrial and market conditions and needs, which prioritises textual production practices and contexts that shape practical decisions, and allows for empirical access to the evolving and mutating genreform of reality show.

Classical Logic, Some of its Limits, and the Psychological Normality

This article identifies some situations of linguistic ambiguities and how general logic tries to solve them and it analyzes the influence it can have in particular situations. Since the topic is vast, we stopped at the ambiguities of language caused by identity. First, the attempt to solve the problem was the enunciation of the laws of logic, namely the principle of identity, and we followed its limits. There are analyzed three aspects emphasizing the degree of remaining ambiguity: the relationship between intension and extension, vague terms, and symbolical-metaphorical thinking. Each of the examples given accentuated the limits of classical logic in the face of the natural language ambiguity problems. Ambiguous situations do not only have effects on logical or communicative levels; we also showed the impact on the fields of psycho-social interventions: therapy, counseling, and education.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ПОСИЛЕННЯ ПОЗИЦІЙ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИХ КОМПАНІЙ НА РИНКУ DEEP TECH В УМОВАХ МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЇ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО ЛАНДШАФТУ ЄС

The purpose of the article is to highlight the prospects for strengthening the positions of European companies in the deep tech market in the context of the modernization of the EU innovation landscape by using the potential of regulatory policy and competition policy. The article is based on a research hypothesis, which stems from the fact that at the present stage there is a rethinking of the role of innovations as a source of socio-economic development of global economic entities. It has been established that even at the supranational level, powers in the field of implementing EU innovation policy are distributed between several departments and directorates; such distribution of powers has determined the specificity and diversity of budget mechanisms for financing innovations, which leads to subadditivity of innovation management. The role of innovation for European society is to transform research results into new, higher-quality goods and services in order to maintain and improve their competitiveness in the global market, as well as to improve the well-being of the population. The EU innovation policy is aimed at creating conditions recognized to facilitate the introduction of innovative ideas to the market, and is also a link between the policy of research and development in the field of technology and innovation and the industrial policy of states. Within the framework of the concept of open innovation, the following forms of international innovation cooperation can be distinguished: obtaining knowledge from the external environment (licensing, obtaining firms-sources of knowledge); knowledge transfer (for example, from a management company to foreign subsidiaries); partnership (equal cooperation between two companies, one of which is a non-resident of the other country); venture investments (infusion of foreign capital into innovative projects, start-ups). International innovation cooperation today is expressed mainly in the commercial activities of states: purchase and sale (export and import) of technologies in materialized form; provision of technological know-how (transfer of experience) on a contractual basis, as well as technical support within the framework of cooperation; sale of patents and licenses; personnel training (advanced training, retraining); creation of joint ventures. Coordination is the development by two states or a group of states of a common policy in the field of innovation and technology development. The methods for implementing this form of international innovation cooperation may be the implementation of various interstate programs in the field of joint scientific and technical activities. DeepTech ("deep" technologies) are fundamentally new technological solutions of innovative companies, including start-ups, developed with the aim of finding answers to global challenges and requiring long-term scientific research and significant investment. The areas of deep-tech most often include: new materials, advanced manufacturing technologies, biotechnology, blockchain, robotics, photonics, microelectronics and quantum computing, life sciences, chemistry, space, green energy and agriculture. "Deep" technologies will be in demand beyond the EU and will generally increase the inflow of investment into the innovation sector of Europe. An even more significant budget (EUR 372 billion for 2021-2027) has been allocated through the InvestEU program. It plans to support successful projects of SMEs entering IPO and implement venture fund programs focused on the late stages of the innovation cycle (scale-up venture capital) and formed from the funds of pension funds and insurance companies. Another program, "European Scale-up Action for Risk Capital" (ESCALAR), with a budget of EUR 1.2 billion until 2027, also includes tools to support innovative businesses. The general logic of the modernization of the EU innovation development program assumes a certain "smoothing" of the pan-European innovation landscape by supporting existing and launching new interregional initiatives. This will help to balance the innovative development of regions and EU countries, including those with low indicators in this area. One of the features of venture capital is its high-risk nature, i.e. the possibility of not receiving the expected profit, or losses as a result of the inefficiency of the financed project. This risk must be justified by the high profitability of commercial activity. But venture capital does not simply strive for risky entrepreneurial projects, it kind of frees the innovative entrepreneur from risk, shifting it to itself through venture funds, where this risk is shared between its numerous partners in proportion to the contribution of each. For this reason, venture capital controls the activities of the innovative entrepreneur, creating all the conditions for him to enter the market.

A Layered Learning Approach to Scaling in Learning Classifier Systems for Boolean Problems.

Evolutionary Computation (EC) often throws away learned knowledge as it is reset for each new problem addressed. Conversely, humans can learn from small-scale problems, retain this knowledge (plus functionality) and then successfully reuse them in larger-scale and/or related problems. Linking solutions to problems together has been achieved through layered learning, where an experimenter sets a series of simpler related problems to solve a more complex task. Recent works on Learning Classifier Systems (LCSs) has shown that knowledge reuse through the adoption of Code Fragments, GP-like tree-based programs, is plausible. However, random reuse is inefficient. Thus, the research question is how LCS can adopt a layered-learning framework, such that increasingly complex problems can be solved efficiently? An LCS (named XCSCF*) has been developed to include the required base axioms necessary for learning, refined methods for transfer learning and learning recast as a decomposition into a series of subordinate problems. These subordinate problems can be set as a curriculum by a teacher, but this does not mean that an agent can learn from it. Especially if it only extracts over-fitted knowledge of each problem rather than the underlying scalable patterns and functions. Results show that from a conventional tabula rasa, with only a vague notion of what subordinate problems might be relevant, XCSCF* captures the general logic behind the tested domains and therefore can solve any n-bit Multiplexer, n-bit Carry-one, n-bit Majority-on, and n-bit Even-parity problems. This work demonstrates a step towards continual learning as learned knowledge is effectively reused in subsequent problems.

Проблемы правоприменения нового основания освобождения от уголовной ответственности (ст. 78.1 УК РФ)

The article provides a conceptual and legal-technical analysis of the grounds for exemption from criminal liability provided for in Article 781 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The shortcomings of the legal technique and the substantive aspect of the legislative novel are emphasized. The purpose of the work is to search for an algorithm for applying a new basis for exemption from criminal liability, since there are questions from the point of view of the flawlessness of the introduced legislative novel, namely: compliance with the general logic of the institution of exemption from criminal liability; legal and technical design and content aspect.

Why logic has not taken a step forward or backwards

The criticism of Immanuel Kant’s logic commenced with the advent of the so-called ‘new logic’ in the 20th century. One particular passage from the second preface to the Critique of Pure Reason has been a source of contention, where Kant asserted that logic has not taken a step forward or backward since Aristotle (B VIII). In Kant scholarship, one current strategy to avoid this criticism is to relocate Kant within the domain of philosophy of logic or by segregating his general logic from modern formal systems. In this paper, it will be contended that this strategy is too weak, given that the B-preface has currently been analyzed in a markedly divergent manner by the so-called ‘methodological interpretation’. In his methodology and history of science of the B-preface, Kant means something different by progress and regression than what his 20th-century critics assume he meant. By examining what Kant and his critics considered to be progress and regress in science and logic, good reasons can be put forward for the argument that Kant was correct in his assertion that logic has not gone a step forward or backward.

Подходы к построению трейсера бизнес-циклов на примере обрабатывающей промышленности России

The importance of studying business cycles is determined by the scale of their impact on the economy and society, which leads to the need to develop methods to counteract their negative impact. Given the complexity of the topic and the many theories and debates in the field, there is a need for a simple tool to present business cycle information in an intuitive way for a wide audience. Such a tool is a business cycle tracer. This article is devoted to testing the possibility of using three approaches for its construction: the first (trend approach) is based on information whether the cycle is above or below the long-term trend, and whether it is increasing or decreasing; the second (growth rate approach) is whether the growth rates are above zero, and they are growing or decreasing compared to the neighboring time period; the third (fact-expectation approach) is whether estimates of the current situation and expectations are above or below zero (trend, long–term average, etc.). The work used data on the dynamics of output, the volume of future orders and the results of surveys of the manufacturing industry. The article shows that the first approach works best and allows you to clearly define the phases and turning points of the business cycle. The second approach makes it possible to identify phases of the business cycle, but has some disadvantages: jumps in the series from one quadrant to another and back near the boundary values occur, which complicates the analysis. The third approach is not acceptable for constructing a tracer, since it does not allow us to fully identify all phases of the business cycle and may have dynamics that do not correspond to the general logic of business cycles. The article also demonstrates the high relationship between the business cycles of the manufacturing industry and the business climate indicator of the Bank of Russia (data from business surveys of enterprises), indicating a change in the dynamics of the business cycle with 1-3 months ahead of statistics. Given the faster publication of survey results than statistical data, it can be used as a leading indicator.

Temporal Observations of Crime Dynamics

The study of crime dynamics is a vital element of its criminological analysis. At the same time, crime dynamics is hardly recognized as an independent research problem. The traditional approach consists of extending the period of observation over crime statistics and mainly results in the increase of the representative value of data on the current state of criminality; it does not, however, help to identify its criminologically relevant trends — long-term regularities and deviations from them. This problem could be solved by a methodological synthesis of the opportunities presented by criminology and history, and the development of historical criminology on their basis, viewed as an independent trend in the scientific research of crime. Modern crime, however «modern» might be interpreted, should be understood not as an object within arbitrarily chosen time limits, but as one of the fragments of the general development of criminality as a never-ending social process. The boundaries of the concept “modern crime” should be determined based on the research of criminality itself going as far back as it is possible. Inclusion of modern criminality in the general logic of this process, and, most importantly, understanding this logic is the primary task for a criminologist studying the issues of crime dynamics. Unfortunately, it should be stated that the interpretation of crime dynamics does not have any rigid theoretical basis and is not represented as an independent theoretical concept in criminology. The attempts to interpret crime dynamics through references to criminogenic and anti-criminogenic factors, the extension of the range of known facts do not bring any new understanding because they explain the genesis, but not the trends of crime. To study the trends, understand the causes of their formation and the reasons why criminality deviates from them, to recognize some or other change in criminality as a long-term trend or a deviation, it is necessary to turn to social and, often, non-criminological factors more connected with the spheres of sociology and history.

Methodological aspects of the study of the right to access to information in the context of modern communicative practices

The article is devoted to the analysis of methodological aspects of the study of the right to access to information in the context of modern communicative practices.
 The necessity of identifying and substantiating the most applicable methods for research is determined. It is emphasized that the methodology of scientific research appears as a certain «code of laws» of scientific knowledge, which consists of two blocks of methodological knowledge - theoretical and worldview concepts and a system of methods of knowledge of different levels.
 Based on the analysis of doctrinal sources, the author followed the understanding of the concept of legal methodology, method as a research tool. The importance of determining the methods of scientific research as one of the primary theoretical and applied tasks has been established.
 The influence on the choice of scientific research methods (both general scientific and special scientific) of the subject of research (to determine the share of techniques within the method) and features of the object (to determine the range of techniques within the method) was monitored.
 The article clarifies the possibilities of general scientific methods of researching the right to access to information in the context of modern communicative practices, in particular methods of general logic, such as analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, abstraction and generalization, as well as classification. The author considered the most applicable historical-legal, comparative-legal (comparative), hermeneutic (hermeneutic-legal) and formal-dogmatic (legal) methods for research.
 The author concluded that an important factor in the success of modern legal research is the use of an effective methodological toolkit, which depends on the quality of scientific results, their reliability and practical significance. Collectively, the analyzed methods make possible a comprehensive theoretical and methodological study of the right to access to information in the context of modern communication practices. The chosen methodology determines the research strategy, the system of applicable methods, as well as their importance and distribution of roles in obtaining and processing research materials.

The model of joint integrative and organisational activity of the pedagogical department and a university resource and methodological centre

Relevance. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that the general logic of building a university management model in accordance with the long-term practice of various institutions is based on the conditions of a market economy, civil society, and democratic and political systems. It defines an integrative way of thinking about the cultural and social functions of universities. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to consider a model of joint integrative and organisational activity of the pedagogical department and the resource and methodological centre of the university. Methodology. The study utilized institutional, process, and scenario approaches to examine the joint activities of the pedagogical department and university resource-methodological center. Results. The model of joint integrative and organizational activity of the pedagogical department and the university resource-methodological center aims to improve teaching quality, support scientific development, and disseminate pedagogical knowledge. This model emphasizes strategic management, interdisciplinary research, and cooperation with both academic and socio-economic partners. It promotes the integration of faculty staff, provides opportunities for student development, and enhances the competitiveness of graduates in the labor market. Conclusions. The joint model of the pedagogical department and university resource center fosters a competitive, adaptable institution responsive to societal and scientific changes. This approach underscores education's role in social development and advocates for increased collaboration to improve academic quality and community integration. Keywords: universities; higher education; strategies; concepts, integration

Social and Professional Adaptation of Students in the Educational Environment of the University in the Last Third of the 20th Century: Experience of Organization and Interpretation

The relevance of the problems of the presented research is connected with the understanding and evaluation of some forms of organization of social and professional adaptation of first-year students and their integration into the educational environment of the university, established and implemented in the practice of domestic universities in the last third of the 20th century, their influence on personal, social and professional development of future teachers. The purpose of the article is to reflect on the experience of adaptation and integration of first-year students into the educational environment of the university, which has developed in the activities of historical and pedagogical faculties that operated in the USSR from 1966 to 1996. The reflection of such experience is focused on the search for productive ideas that allow students to adapt to the norms and values of the educational environment in the modern practice of professional psychological and pedagogical education, form sustainable motives for self-development, self-education, and intensively prepare for professional activities in the Russian education system. The leading methodological ideas in the analysis of the experience of adaptation and integration of students into the educational environment of the university are the principles of objectivity, consistency, historicism, reliance on the results of practical activities, on expert judgments and assessments of direct participants and organizers of this work in the last third of the 20th century. For these purposes, the method of monographic description of the practical experience of the activities of the installation camp of the historical and pedagogical faculty of the Kursk State Pedagogical Institute, conversations with teachers and students, participant observation, study of scientific texts, press materials and Internet resources was used. Research results. The study made it possible to reveal the place and role of installation camps in ensuring the adaptation and integration of first-year students into the educational environment of the university, to substantiate the main functions of the camp in the general logic of the personal, social and professional development of future teachers, to characterize some effective types and forms of work, their practical effectiveness. In particular, the essence and content of the adaptive, integration, value-orientation functions of the camp of first-year students are revealed; presents the types and forms of work on the socio-moral, personal and professional development of first-year students; the role of senior students in organizing the life of future teachers in the educational environment of the university is characterized. Conclusion. The materials of the article can be used by heads of humanitarian faculties, teachers of psychological and pedagogical disciplines, specialists in the field of history of higher professional pedagogical education.

The Logic of Generalization From Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Impact Evaluations.

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are viewed as potent tools for generalized causal inference. These reviews are routinely used to inform decision makers about expected effects of interventions. However, the logic of generalization from research reviews to diverse policy and practice contexts is not well developed. Building on sampling theory, concerns about epistemic uncertainty, and principles of generalized causal inference, this article presents a pragmatic approach to generalizability assessment for use with systematic reviews and meta-analyses. This approach is applied to two systematic reviews and meta-analyses of effects of "evidence-based" psychosocial interventions for youth and families. Evaluations included in systematic reviews are not necessarily representative of populations and treatments of interest. Generalizability of results is limited by high risks of bias, uncertain estimates, and insufficient descriptive data from impact evaluations. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses can be used to test generalizability claims, explore heterogeneity, and identify potential moderators of effects. These reviews can also produce pooled estimates that are not representative of any larger sets of studies, programs, or people. Further work is needed to improve the conduct and reporting of impact evaluations and systematic reviews, and to develop practical approaches to generalizability assessment and guide applications of interventions in diverse policy and practice contexts.

Evaluating the Economic Sustainability of Two Selected Urban Centers—A Focus on Amherst and Braintree, MA, USA

While the topic of sustainable development has been extensively explored, there is a lack of quantitative assessment of economic sustainability in the scientific literature; moreover, the term is often interpreted with excessive attention to the environment but not socio-economic inequality. In addition, university cities are often considered the most sustainable, although the higher education system in the United States is often criticized for the inequality of access to it among different racial and other groups of the population. This paper adds to the debate about how the concepts of sustainability and economic development relate. Many researchers have noted that they come into conflict with each other because their ultimate goals are fundamentally different: a voluntary limitation of production and consumption in the interests of future generations and, conversely, the pursuit of well-being during our lives. We would like to explore the issue of economic sustainability, which, at first glance, may become a compromise between the two approaches outlined above. So, our study is devoted to exploring the ambiguous concept of economic sustainability, which can add some new knowledge to the understanding of how social, economic, and ecological factors relate to each other in the broader framework of sustainability. For this objective, we analyzed the economic sustainability of the town of Amherst, MA. The city’s top employer and core enterprise is the University of Massachusetts Amherst, with over 32,000 students and almost 2000 staff members. Based on a literature review, a hypothesis was put forward that a university city should have a high level of economic sustainability. To assess economic sustainability, the original methodology based on the US Cities Economic Sustainability Index (USCESI) was developed. It evaluates sustainability in three groups of parameters: society, economy, and ecology. The first group includes the level of racial diversity, the level of education of the population, and the access to medical services. The second group consists of the Gini coefficient by income level, the median cost of housing, and the unemployment rate. The environmental situation is assessed according to the Air Quality Index developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. For comparison, the town of Braintree, MA, was chosen. As a result of the study, the USCESI was calculated for both locations. The analysis showed that both Amherst and Braintree have a high degree of economic sustainability. However, it was revealed that proximity to a significant economic center has a more powerful positive impact on economic sustainability than the location of a large university. In our paper, we proposed a new methodology for measuring economic sustainability with a special focus on inequality as a major problem in American society. The findings provide new knowledge about university cities and debunk the myth that they represent an exception to the general logic of urban development in the United States. A similar approach, with clarification of statistical indicators and a different emphasis, can be applied to other countries where inequality may be the main threat to economic sustainability, not in terms of access to higher education but in other areas.

О соотношении логики и философии математики Канта

For Kant’s theoretical philosophy, logic was not at all a separate or peripheral discipline. Quite the opposite, it can be argued that formal general logic became a kind of a paradigm of his transcendental philosophy, and its central ideas are due to the specific nature of Kant’s logical concept. Kant’s philosophy of mathematics is of particular interest, since one of the central questions of his Critique of Pure Reason is the question of how mathematics is possible as a science of universal and necessary truths. Kant’s theoretical philosophy cannot be understood without his mathematical concept, since the type of synthesis that, according to Kant, underlies mathematics is the same as for all other objects of perception. In addition, in his transcendental philosophy, the difference between the philosophical and mathematical methods turns out to be fundamental. Undoubtedly, Kant’s original logical concept, including the construction of a new and non-standard transcendental logic, could not but have a significant impact on the main characteristics of his philosophy of mathematics. Their mutual influence may be of interest to anyone who wants to find the key to understanding Kant’s philosophy in a more general context. The following central provisions of Kant’s philosophy of mathematics, formulated by him in “The Transcendental Aesthetic”, “The Transcendental Doctrine of Method” and other small fragments of the Critique of Pure Reason, can be distinguished: firstly, it is the idea of formality of both mathematical and any rational cognition (just as formal logic is the basis of “empty” logical forms, mathematics is formal, since it deals with pure a priori forms of intuitions); secondly, it is the doctrine of the synthetic a priori character of mathematical truths; thirdly, it is his idea that mathematical knowledge is realized through the construction of concepts, and, finally, it is the idea of the direct and necessary connection of mathematical knowledge with pure forms of intuitions, i.e. with extremely general areas of empirical experience. At the same time, the apparatus of traditional logic available to Kant had significant limitations that did not make it possible to adequately represent mathematical knowledge. On the one hand, the features of Kant’s interpretation of formal logic and the transcendental logic developed by him in his critical philosophy determine the constructive and synthetic nature of mathematical knowledge; on the other hand, the non-trivial philosophy of mathematics developed by him is a response to the limitations of traditional logic and an attempt to overcome them. The construction of mathematical concepts in pure a priori intuition allows one to go beyond the limits of these limitations in mathematical knowledge, which had exceptional consequences for the history of modern philosophy of mathematics and the history of the foundations of mathematics. It must be assumed that the key features of Kant’s logical concept and his philosophy of mathematics have not yet exhausted their heuristic possibilities for topical research in these areas of science and philosophy.

ПОНЯТИЕ «РЕЛИГИОЗНЫЙ ОПЫТ» В ФИЛОСОФСКО-ТЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ НАСЛЕДИИ В. С. СОЛОВЬЕВА

The article analyzes the genesis and transformation of the concept of «religious experience» in the philosophical and theological heritage of V. S. Solovyov. It is proposed to reconstruct the content and meaning of the concept of «religious experience», initially perceived by V. S. Solovyov, later reworked by him in the context of the general logic of the history of Russian religious studies. In the course of the study, the authors raise the question of whether the concept of «religious experience» is possible in the works of V. S. To comprehend Solovyov in the theoretical space of the revealed contradiction of two positions: as a historical and philosophical phenomenon and as a semantically organized concept of fundamental importance for Russian religious philosophy. As a result, it is shown: the influence of the existential experience of the thinker on the formation of the semantic diversity of the concept of «religious experience»; the presence of polemical potential in the genesis of this concept, since V. S. Solovyov uniquely reworks the ideas of Yu. F. Samarin and P. D. Yurkevich. The fundamental importance of the ideas of Yu. F. Samarin and P. D. is shown. To understand the origins of the spectrum of meanings of the concept of «religious experience» in the ideological heritage of V. S. Solovyov. To this end, the characteristics inherent in a purely personal principle in the form of a «personal revelation» are revealed, which is the basis for accepting religious experience as the most reliable. In the late period of his work, the philosopher uses a method of describing religious experience as an experience of feelings, the authors of the article suggest that this is an original approach to the transformation of the system and the ideological heritage of the famous thinker F. Schleiermacher, which has a theological significance. Within the framework of the proposed methodology, the thesis is expressed that the ideological content of the concept of «religious experience» is not only the basis for defining related concepts such as mystical experience, but also has a cognitive potential in its meaningful meaning in relation to individual religious experience. Thus, the fact of the transformation of F.’s ideas is uniquely presented. Schleiermacher in Russian religious studies, namely, the possibility of understanding the nature of «religious experience» is stated based on the meanings given by the author himself (in our case, Solovyov) to the experience of experience that changes a person’s worldview. This shows the value aspect of the «religious experience».

Religion, Womanhood, and Democratic Conditions in Tocqueville

Alexis de Tocqueville is famous as a theorist of associations, but our current account of associationalism overlooks the relationship between religion and womanhood in Tocqueville’s thought. Previously, these themes have been studied in isolation, and the interplay of religion, womanhood, and democratic conditions has been neglected. Offering a new perspective, this article finds commonalities between religion and womanhood in Tocqueville that elucidate both themes and our account of democratic associations more broadly. These major commonalities are the commonality of right conditions, the commonality of “the true notion of democratic progress,” and the commonality of moral cultivation. These commonalities organize our understanding of the links between religion and womanhood, while also illuminating the structure of two moderating forces that are considered “unique” and “special” in Tocqueville. Thus, this analysis offers a general logic behind Tocqueville’s most important tools for combatting democracy’s “defects,” a logic that will serve contemporary democracies.

Crime in the Context of Philosophy of History

Methodological foundations for improvement of criminological science involve the expansion of its interdisciplinary connections, including its connections with philosophy and history. This makes it possible to study crime as a certain social process taking place in the general logic of the development of society and subordinate to it. The classical philosophy of history offers several options for understanding the meaning and driving forces of the historical process that predetermine competing views on the history of crime. Theology and Marxism, fundamentally differing in their view of the mechanism of history, provide an understanding of crime as a linearly developing process that has its origins in the past, but inevitably disappears in the future as the «end of history» is reached. Cyclical concepts of the historical process allow us to look at crime as an eternal, indestructible phenomenon that changes its basic forms as historical cycles change and in accordance with the basic parameters of this cycle itself. The concepts of multifactorial historical development determine an emphatically sociological explanation of crime, within which its state can be assessed outside the context of the past and future. The postmodern challenge to universal classical historiosophical concepts has actually destroyed their explanatory significance and methodological value. At the same time, postmodernism creates favorable opportunities for understanding the process of crime as an integral part of many parallel and overlapping histories: the history of liberalism, the history of economics, the history of preserving national identity, etc. In this case, crime stories (plural) appear in place of crime history (singular). And only such a multi-layered view of the processes of crime development and its connection with social processes can provide adequate methodological support for criminological research. In this regard, the results of the study can be considered as a contribution to the development of historical criminology, which is gaining relevance.

Kantian Circularity: Maimon on Causal Scepticism and the Status of the Hypothetical Judgement

AbstractA key theme throughout Maimon’s works is a circularity he diagnoses at the heart of Kant’s response to Hume. The objective validity of Kant’s category of causality ultimately rests, Maimon argues, upon the logical status of the hypothetical judgement – on its inclusion among the forms of pure general logic. In turn, however, the inclusion of the hypothetical within pure general logic itself rests upon the objective validity of causal judgements. This article examines Maimon’s diagnosis and traces it back to a debate that has its origins in Wolff’s German Logic, concerning the relationship between categorical and hypothetical judgements.

Approaches to the Design and Updating of Educational Programs Competence Models Based on the Intellectual Analysis of Employers’ Vacancies

The general logic of the formation of competence models in the interaction of labor market subjects and vocational education institutions is analyzed. Possible gaps in the sequential deployment of competency models along the chain “profession — professional standard — federal state educational standard — educational program” have been identified. The review was carried out taking into account information aspects affecting the possibility of using intelligent machine analysis tools. The key points of the process in which intellectual analysis can play a big role are identified. An example of the practical implementation of such an analysis based on the CNAME analytical platform for a set of 9 heterogeneous master’s programs is presented. The idea of transition to a paradigm of more flexible formation of normative models of competencies is formulated.