Феномен Бахтина и загадка культуры: от диалога к интертекстуальности

Abstract

In this article, M. Bakhtin's dialogue is considered as a principle underlying culture. At the same time, in accordance with the method of analytical stratification of modes and existentials of human existence, the dialogue is presented as a three-level structure, including existential, symbolic and normative planes. The paper shows the consistent shift of Bakhtin's attention from the existential (interpersonal) layer of dialogue, which is emphasized in the thinker's earliest works, through its symbolic dimension (as communication mediated by language), to the normative regime unfolding in the logic of the exchange of objectified results of speech activity. The article considers the positions of three followers of Bakhtin, in which the specified regularity is most clearly expressed. The merit of V. Bibler is the understanding of dialogism as the general logic of culture. Yu. Lotman introduced the idea of intertextual exchange into the understanding of the logic of culture. J. Kristeva most radically departs from the idea of an individual subject, eliminating the existential and symbolic dimension of dialogue. At the same time, dialogue as a complex intersubjective relationship does not allow to fully resolve the mystery of culture, to reveal its own law, since it is itself founded by a deeper foundation. The authors, in accordance with the stable anthropological tradition, propose to consider the principle of gift or gift exchange as such a basis. Cultural anthropology fixes the above principle as the beginning of the cultural life of any human communities.