GC-MS Approach Research Articles

Fatty Acid Profiles of Leishmania major Derived from Human and Rodent Hosts in Endemic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Areas of Tunisia and Algeria.

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal vector-borne disease that affects both humans and animals. In the Mediterranean Basin, the primary reservoir hosts of Leishmania spp. are mainly rodents and canids. Lipidomic approaches have allowed scientists to establish Leishmania spp. lipid profiles for the identification of cell stage specific biomarkers, drug mechanisms of action, and host immune response. Using an in silico approach of global network interaction between genes involved in fatty acid (FA) synthesis followed by the GC-MS approach, we were able to characterize the fatty acid profiles of L. major derived from human and rodent hosts. Our results revealed that the lipid profile of L. major showed similarities and differences with those already reported for other Leishmania species. Phospholipids are the predominant lipid class. FA composition of rodent parasites was characterized by a lower abundance of the precursor C18:2(n-6). One of the rodent clones, which also expressed the lowest lipid abundance in PL and TAG, was the least sensitive clone to the miltefosine drug and has the lowest infection efficiency. Our findings suggest that the lipid composition variation may explain the response of the parasite toward treatment and their ability to infect their host.

Stability of cannabidiol (CBD) in solvents and formulations: A GC–MS approach

The stability of cannabidiol (CBD) under thermal (heating, microwave irradiation, presence of Bronsted and Lewis acids) and photochemical conditions has been tested in organic solvents, including glycerol and propylene glycol that are traditionally employed in the preparation of CBD-containing formulation (e-liquid) for e-cigarettes.The results obtained in the present investigation point out the instability of CBD in the realistic scenario of pharmaceutical preparations and commercial products (e.g., e-liquids). In simulated e-liquid, among the by-products, the psychotropic THCs were found in negligible amounts (<5% added CBD) unless acidic catalysts are used (i.e., 40 mg/L strong acid). Cannabielsoin, Δ8-isoTHC and Δ8-THC were commonly found both as photochemical and thermal degradation products in methanol, acetonitrile and n-hexane. In the experiments performed in methanol, differently from acetonitrile and n-hexane, the solvent tends to be incorporated in the cannabinoids obtained as final products.

Fast and Environment-Friendly GC-MS Method for Eleven Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Indoor Air, Dust, and Skin Wipes.

Organophosphorus based flame retardants (OPFRs) extensively used as alternatives to banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane have been garnering interest due to the possibility that these compounds may have less significant impact on human and environmental health. Long pretreatment time, larger consumption of organic solvents, matrix interferents, and cross-contamination were found in previous studies while assessing OPFRs in indoor environments. We developed and optimized the extraction methods and simultaneous analysis of 11 OPFRs in indoor air, dust and skin wipe samples using the GC-MS approach. The proposed methods were validated using a standard addition approach, dust SRM 2585 and the real samples. Our procedures enabled the analyst to effectively limit coextracted interferences and simultaneous analytical methods of 11 target OPFRs for three matrices were achieved. The validation was performed according to standard guidelines (relative errors were identified by the analytes: −19% to 18% for indoor air, −11% to 14% for house dust, −15% to 16% for skin wipe). Good practices for quality assurance and quality control were well stated. The current high-Eco-scored methods could be categorized as “an excellent green analysis”. All analytes for the target OPFRs were detected in the real samples of indoor air, house dust and skin wipe collected from ten Taiwanese homes. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate and tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate were the most abundant OPFRs. Rapid, green and cost-effective GC-MS methods were developed and validated for the analysis of eleven OPFRs in indoor air, house dust and skin wipes.

Fusaricidins, Polymyxins and Volatiles Produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa Strains DSM 32871 and M1.

Paenibacilli are efficient producers of potent agents against bacterial and fungal pathogens, which are of great interest both for therapeutic applications in medicine as well as in agrobiotechnology. Lipopeptides produced by such organisms play a major role in their potential to inactivate pathogens. In this work we investigated two lipopeptide complexes, the fusaricidins and the polymyxins, produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa strains DSM 32871 and M1 by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The fusaricidins show potent antifungal activities and are distinguished by an unusual variability. For strain DSM 32871 we identified numerous yet unknown variants mass spectrometrically. DSM 32871 produces polymyxins of type E (colistins), while M1 forms polymyxins P. For both strains, novel but not yet completely characterized polymyxin species were detected, which possibly are glycosylated. These compounds may be of interest therapeutically, because polymyxins have gained increasing attention as last-resort antibiotics against multiresistant pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, the volatilomes of DSM 32781 and M1 were investigated with a GC–MS approach using different cultivation media. Production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was strain and medium dependent. In particular, strain M1 manifested as an efficient VOC-producer that exhibited formation of 25 volatiles in total. A characteristic feature of Paenibacilli is the formation of volatile pyrazine derivatives.

Comparative Fatty Acid Profiling of Edible Fishes in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.

The aim of this study was to compare the relative nutritional benefit of edible Malaysian fishes from the coast of Terengganu in Malaysia, as well as to perform a taxonomical characterization and metal assessment. Discrimination between species was carried out by a morphological and molecular approach by evaluating the total concentrations of metals by ICP-MS analyses and the fatty acids (FA) composition using the GC–MS approach on the fish fillet tissues. The taxonomical studies detected fishes of 11 families and 13 species. The heavy metal assessment showed that all detected elements did not exceed the regulatory limit stated by Malaysian Food Regulations. The proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranged from 33 to 58.34%, followed by the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) values from 24 to 51.8%, and the lowest proportion was of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), ranging from 12.7 to 35.9%. The ω-3/ω-6 PUFA and PUFA/SFA ratios were determined in the range 1.1 to 7.4 and 0.35 to 1.6, respectively. The C20:5 ω-3 and C22:6 ω-3 acids were detected at levels comparable to those found in the corresponding species from similar tropical marine ecosystems. The high FA values can be useful biochemical tools for comparing the relative nutritional benefits of these biodiverse and non-toxic edible Malaysian fishes.

State-of-the-art GC-MS approaches for probing central carbon metabolism

The central carbon metabolism is a major energy source of all living organisms. The alteration of metabolite levels in the central carbon metabolism can be used as a biomarker for different diseases. In many cases, the alteration can be observed only at the turnover rate of the metabolites, therefore to fully understand a mechanism underlying a phenotype, the alteration must be monitored not only metabolite levels but also metabolite turnover rates. Different enzymes regulate the metabolic processes in central carbon metabolism. The use of stable isotopes to track the changes in enzymes in central carbon metabolism can be utilized as a biomarker for various illnesses, including cancer. Therefore, targeted metabolomics or flux analysis with different stable isotopes of central carbon metabolism has been widely applied to identify the role of its in different diseases. The analysis of central carbon metabolism can be done with different analytical techniques; however, the unique advantage of GC-MS ensures priority in analysis because of its high resolution and analysis of most of the central carbon metabolites in a single run. We summarized recent developmentin central carbon metabolism study using GC-MS-based pathway targeted metabolomics and fluxomic analyses in this review. We focused on 18O-based stable isotope tracking for central carbon metabolism and compared its advantages and disadvantages to 13C-based labeling studies.

Effect of cultivar, pasteurization and storage on the volatile and taste compounds of strawberry puree

An untargeted GC-MS approach was performed to study the stability of the volatile fraction and taste of five different single-cultivar strawberry purees during pasteurization (95 °C/1 min) and accelerated storage (14 d at 35 °C). The PLS-DA results showed that the volatile fraction varied markedly among the cultivars in fresh purees; with Honeoye and Sengana exhibiting the most distinctive profiles with more than 8 discriminative markers. However, the differences among the five cultivars remained similar upon pasteurization and storage. Pasteurization generally resulted in changes on the volatile fraction, that could be cultivar dependent, and decrease in glucose and fructose. The contents of hexanal, alcohols and some esters decreased whereas acetate esters increased. During storage, losses of esters, alcohol terpenes, hexanal and the formation of off-flavors (e.g. dimethyl sulfide, α-terpineol and hydrocarbons) occurred for all cultivars, whereas sugar contents remained constant. Food manufactures should pay attention to an adequate raw material selection as the strawberry cultivar strongly influences the volatile fraction and taste of the resulting puree after pasteurization and during storage.

Comprehensive method for the detection and quantification of drugs of abuse in urine by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in a drug rehabilitation clinical setting

Within the clinical setting of drug rehabilitation, it is important to be able to monitor for the use of drugs using sensitive and selective techniques whilst accounting for high throughput and numbers of patients to provide rapid results to clinicians. To meet this need, a comprehensive LC-MS-MS method for the confirmation and quantitation of a wide variety of drugs of abuse relevant to drug rehabilitation in the United Arab Emirates has been developed, validated and applied to patient urine samples. Following automated solid phase extraction, detection and quantitation involved multiple reaction monitoring with electrospray ionization. With few exceptions, within and between-batch accuracy and precision performance was shown to be within 20% across all drug types including amphetamines and related stimulants, benzodiazepines, opiates/opioids, cocaine and metabolites, cannabinoids, hallucinogens and ketamine (including metabolites) in urine. Results for 280 drug positive patient specimens showed good agreement with the previous in-house GC–MS approach. The LC-MS-MS replaces the existing GC-MS approach and can be expanded easily with the introduction of additional MRM transitions as and when required (e.g. if new or other drugs of abuse are to be considered) to support the work of the clinical team in this special area of clinical toxicology and medicine.

Chemical evaluation and anticholinesterase activity of Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Kuntz bulbs (Amaryllidaceae)

Hippeastrum puniceum is a species that belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family. A particular characteristic of this family is the consistent and very specific presence of isoquinoline alkaloids, which have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities such as antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, among others. In the present work, fifteen alkaloids were identified from the bulbs of Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Kuntz using a GC-MS approach. The alkaloids 9-O-demethyllycoramine, 9-demethyl-2α-hydroxyhomolycorine, lycorine and tazettine were isolated through chromatographic techniques. The typical Amaryllidaceae alkaloids lycorine and tazettine, along with the crude and ethyl acetate extract from bulbs of the species were evaluated for their inhibitory potential on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase activity. Although no significant inhibition activity was observed against α-amylase, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase from the tested samples, the crude and ethyl acetate extracts showed remarkable acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The biological activity results that correlated to the alkaloid chemical profile by GC-MS are discussed herein. Therefore, this study contributed to the knowledge of the chemical and biological properties of Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) and can subsidize future studies of this species.

Quantitative Analysis of Multiresidue Pesticides Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Despite the fact that pesticides help increase food production, widespread application of pesticides has resulted in negative impact in the environment and human health. Routine and comprehensive screening of pesticides in food and water is important for regulatory agencies to ensure that concentrations of toxic pesticides are below maximum allowable levels. Regardless of the pesticides that are not GC amenable, GC-MS still dominates the analysis of pesticides. The focus of the current chapter is a step-by-step method for GC-MS approaches in analysis of several classes of pesticides, including organochlorines, organophosphates, and triazines. GC-MS is superior or at least equivalent to LC-MS method and derivatization is not required prior to instrumental analysis.

GC-MS approach revealing hidden nitrite reactions in hemolysate using 18O-labelled nitrite and cysteine-based thiols

In erythrocytes, nitric oxide (NO) and its autoxidation product nitrite undergo multiple reactions with hemoglobin species to form nitrate, Fe-nitrosyl hemoglobin (HbFe(II)NO), S-nitrosohemoglobin (HbCysβ93SNO), and other intermediates including nitrito-methemoblobin HbFe(III)ONO, nitro-methemoblobin HbFe(III)NO2 and nitrous anhydride (N2O3). Here, we report a stable-isotope dilution GC-MS assay that allows studying reactions of nitrite in hemolysate. The method is based on the use of 18O-labelled nitrite in combination with l-cysteine or N-acetyl-l-cysteine ethyl ester and GC-MS measurement of unlabelled and labelled nitrite and nitrate species. This approach reveals reactions that are hidden at physiological nitrite concentrations.

Undecane production by cold-adapted bacteria from Antarctica.

In the last decades, efforts to reduce the use of fossil fuels have increased the search for alternative sustainable sources of renewable energy. In this scenario, hydrocarbons derived from fatty acids are among the compounds that have been drawing attention. The intracellular production of hydrocarbons by bacteria derived from cold environments such as the Antarctic continent is currently poorly investigated, as extremophilic microorganisms provide a great range of metabolic capabilities and may represent a key tool in the production of biofuels. The aim of this study was to explore the ability of bacterial cells derived from extreme environments to produce hydrocarbons with potential for further use as biofuels. Seven bacteria isolated from Antarctic samples were evaluated for hydrocarbon production using GC-MS approaches. Two isolates, identified as Arthrobacter livingstonensis 593 and Pseudoalteromonas arctica 628, were able to produce the hydrocarbon undecane (CH3-(CH2)9-CH3) in concentrations of 1.39mg L-1 and 1.81mg L-1, respectively. Results from the present work encourage further research focusing on the optimization of hydrocarbon production by the isolates identified as producers, which may be used in further aircraft biofuel production. This is the first report on the production of the undecane compound by bacteria isolated from waterlogged soil and sponge from Antarctica.

2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin reduces retinal cholesterol in wild-type and Cyp27a1-/- Cyp46a1-/- mice with deficiency in the oxysterol production.

2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) is an FDA approved vehicle for drug delivery and an efficient cholesterol-lowering agent. HPCD was proposed to lower tissue cholesterol via multiple mechanisms including those mediated by oxysterols. CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 are the major oxysterol-producing enzymes in the retina that convert cholesterol to 27- and 24-hydroxycholesterol, respectively. We investigated whether HPCD treatments affected the retina of wild-type and Cyp27a1-/- Cyp46a1-/- mice that do not produce the major retinal oxysterols. HPCD administration was either by i.p., p.o. or s.c. Delivery to the retina was confirmed by angiography using the fluorescently labelled HPCD. Effects on the levels of retinal sterols, mRNA and proteins were evaluated by GC-MS, qRT-PCR and label-free approach, respectively. In both wild-type and Cyp27a1-/- Cyp46a1-/- mice, HPCD crossed the blood-retinal barrier when delivered i.p. and lowered the retinal cholesterol content when administered p.o. and s.c. In both genotypes, oral HPCD treatment affected the expression of cholesterol-related genes as well as the proteins involved in endocytosis, lysosomal function and lipid homeostasis. Mechanistically, liver X receptors and the altered expression of Lipe (hormone-sensitive lipase), Nceh1 (neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1) and NLTP (non-specific lipid-transfer protein) could mediate some of the HPCD effects. HPCD treatment altered retinal cholesterol homeostasis and is a potential therapeutic approach for the reduction of drusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits, cholesterol-rich lesions and hallmarks of age-related macular degeneration. This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.

TLC Bioautography on Screening of Bioactive Natural Products: An Update Review

Background: TLC bioautography is a hyphenated technique combining planar chromatographic separation and in situ biological activity detection. This coupled method has been receiving much attention in screening bio-active natural products because of its properties of being simple, rapid, inexpensive, and effective. Methods: The recent progress in the development of method of TLC bioautography for detecting antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory activities dating between 2012 and early 2018 has been reviewed. The applications of this method in biological screening of natural products were also presented. Results: Some anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria and a causative bacterium of tuberculosis have been adopted to TLC direct bioautography. Seven types of enzymes including acetylcholinesterase, glucosidase, lipase, xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase, monoamine oxidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV have so far been adopted on TLC bioautography. Its new application in screening antiurolithiatic agents was included. Conclusion: The standard experimental procedures are required for TLC antioxidant and antimicrobial assays. Some new enzymes should be attempted and adopted on TLC bioautography. The existing TLC methods for enzyme inhibition need more application studies to assess their screening capacity in the discovery of active compounds. The GC-MS or LC-MS approaches have gradually been coupled to TLC bioautography for fast structural characterization of active compounds.

Environmental forensics of complexly contaminated sites: A complimentary fingerprinting approach

The environmental forensics approach is most often applied in petroleum and fuel spill incidents, for which sophisticated chemical fingerprinting procedures have evolved. In cases in which pollutant discharges occur in settings with prior contamination, more care must be taken in source discrimination, requiring further advances in methodology. Additional obstacles can arise if the spill is an atypical industrial discharge. This would necessitate painstaking characterization of unfamiliar substances lying outside of existing regulatory regimes and thus overlooked by mandated analytical protocols (i.e., contaminants of emerging concern). Towards these ends, this paper presents a systematic, multi-faceted GC-MS approach using the saturated, aromatic, and resin fractions of contaminated soil extracts, alongside soil thermal desorption and analytical pyrolysis of the soil and its asphaltene fraction. This complimentary “extract + thermal” approach is applied to a typical fuel oil spill, sediments of a severely-impacted urban river, and brownfield soils from coke, petrochemical, and Hg-As pyrometallurgical plants. The insights thus attained can serve to better inform brownfield remediation planning in the public interest.

Study of the minor fraction of virgin olive oil by a multi-class GC-MS approach: Comprehensive quantitative characterization and varietal discrimination potential.

For the first time, a multi-class GC-MS method was applied to perform the quantitative-profiling of the minor fraction of VOOs (considering >40 compounds) in a single run. This comprehensive methodology has demonstrated a remarkable profiling ability on five groups of compounds (phenolic and triterpenic compounds, tocopherols, sterols and free fatty acids) with wide range of polarities/volatilities and chemical entities. After the complete analytical validation of the method, 32 VOO samples from eight different cultivars (some of them very scarcely studied before) were analyzed and the quantitative results were subjected to both non-supervised and supervised multivariate statistics for testing the capability of the determined VOO minor compounds to discriminate the varietal origin of the samples. Typical compositional profiles were defined for each cultivar and promising potential varietal markers were pointed out. The models built to discriminate Cayon and Maurino samples from the rest exhibited the best quality parameters. The relative levels of tocopherols together with characteristic concentration of luteolin, β-sitosterol and tyrosol were, for instance, the most specific features of Cayon VOOs.

Thermal processing of kale purée: The impact of process intensity and storage on different quality related aspects

Abstract This study focused on investigating quality changes of thermally processed kale puree using an integrated targeted and untargeted approach. Low, medium, and high processing intensities (carried out at 70, 90, and 128 °C) were selected based on predetermined shelf-life targets: frozen-thawed, refrigerated, and ambient storage, respectively. The results show that that physicochemical properties determining consumer acceptability were largely dependent on the treatment intensity. The high intensity treatment resulted in the least favorable quality characteristics (distinct brown color, chlorophyll and vitamin C destruction as well as a phase separation after storage). Enzymes were inactivated with increasing thermal load. Regarding taste related compounds, there was no clear effect of processing and storage on acidity and sugar profiles. The untargeted GC–MS approach showed that increasing the processing intensity resulted in an increase of the formation of furans and sulfides. Storage clearly affected the formation of volatiles that could be, depending on the thermal treatment, attributed to lipid and/or carotenoid oxidation, continuation of Maillard reactions, and enzyme catalyzed reactions. Industrial relevance Compared to other Brassicaceae vegetables such as as broccoli, cauliflower and different types of cabbages, kale so far has received little attention from an industrial processing point of view. However, kale has been reported to contain high nutritional value due to its important content of minerals, bioactive compounds and fibre. With the growing health awareness of consumers and increasingly busy lifestyles, the demand for more convenient fruit and vegetable products with high nutritional content has increased. Therefore, research to obtain more insight on the effect of processing and storage on kale puree is important.

Chronic Heat Stress Induces Acute Phase Responses and Serum Metabolome Changes in Finishing Pigs.

Simple SummaryThere is limited information on the serum metabolome of heat-stressed finishing pigs. Our results indicated that heat stress led to oxidative stress and acute phase response. Pigs chronically exposed to high ambient temperature were in negative energy balance status. Three gut microbiome-derived metabolites (fluorine, lyxose 1, and D-galacturonic) were likely to be biomarkers for monitoring animal health.Heat stress (HS) is a main environmental challenge affecting the animal welfare and production efficiency in pig industry. In recent years, numerous reports have studied the alterations in gene expressions and protein profiles in heat-stressed pigs. However, the use of metabolome to unravel adaptive mechanisms of finishing pig in response to chronic HS have not yet been elucidated. We aimed to investigate the effects of chronic HS on serum metabolome in finishing pigs, and to identify the biomarkers of heat stress. Pigs (n = 8 per treatment) were exposed to either thermal neutral (TN; 22 °C) or heat stress (HS, 30 °C) conditions for three weeks. Serum metabonomics of TN- and HS-treated pigs were compared using the GC-MS approach. Metabonomics analysis revealed that twenty-four metabolites had significantly different levels in TN compared to HS (variable importance in the projection values >1 and p < 0.05). These metabolites are involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, fatty acid, amines metabolism, and gut microbiome-derived metabolism. Three serum monoses (glucose, mannose 2, and galactose) and 6-phosphogluconic acid were decreased, indicating insufficient source of fuel for energy supply, resulting in negative energy balance (NEB) in heat-stressed pigs. Increased levels of non-esterified fatty acid (myristic acid, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid) and short-chain fatty acids (3-hydroxybutanoic acid and maleic acid) suggested fat decomposition compensating for energy shortage, which was an adaptive response to NEB. Increased concentrations of fluorine, lyxose 1, and D-galacturonic acid were significantly correlated with the levels of acute phase proteins (HP, LBP, α2-HSG, and Lysozyme), suggesting acute phase response in HS-stressed pigs. These metabolites are expected to be novel biomarkers of chronic HS in pigs, yet the use of which awaits further validation.

An untargeted fecal and urine metabolomics analysis of the interplay between the gut microbiome, diet and human metabolism in Indian and Chinese adults

Gut microbiome plays a vital role in human health. Human fecal and urine metabolome could provide a functional readout of gut microbial metabolism as well as its interaction with host and diet. However, this relationship still needs to be fully characterized. We established an untargeted GC-MS metabolomics method which enabled the detection of 122 and 86 metabolites including amino acids, phenolics, indoles, carbohydrates, sugars and metabolites of microbial origin from fecal and urine samples respectively. 41 compounds were confirmed using external standards. Next, we compared the fecal and urine metabolome of 16 healthy Indian and Chinese adults, ages 22–35 years, using a combined GC-MS and LC-MS approach. We showed dietary habit or ethnicity wise grouping of urine and fecal metabolite profiles of Indian and Chinese adults. Our analysis revealed 53 differentiating metabolites including higher abundance of amino acids and phenolics in Chinese and higher abundance of fatty acids, glycocholic acid, metabolites related to tryptophan metabolism in Indian adults. Correlation analysis showed a strong association of metabolites with gut bacterial profiles of the same subjects in the genus and species level. Thus, our results suggest that gut bacterial compositional changes could be eventually monitored and probed using a metabolomics approach.

A thermal-stable and salt-tolerant biobased zwitterionic surfactant with ultralow interfacial tension between crude oil and formation brine

A thermal-stable and salt-tolerant biobased zwitterionic surfactant N, N-Dimethyl-N-[2-hydroxy-3-sulfo-propyl]-N′-phenyloctadecanoyl-1, 3-diaminopropane (SPODP) was successfully obtained from modification of oleic acids which can be regenerated from waste cooking oils, and its structure was characterized using GC-MS, ESI-MS and 1H NMR approaches. The biobased zwitterionic surfactant demonstrated a strong interfacial activity at high salinity and high temperature conditions at a very low surfactant dosage in formation brine. The ultralow interfacial tension (≤10−3 mN/m) between crude oil and brine was reached at 0.5 g/L in brine with a wide range compatibility of NaCl up to saturation, Ca2+ up to 500 mg/L, and temperature up to 95 °C. Meanwhile, it also exhibited strong wetting ability and resistance against adsorption on sands. All the results from this study suggest that the biobased zwitterionic surfactant is promising over varieties of traditional surfactants in applications in alkali free systems in enhanced oil recovery (EOR).