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Abstract
Gut microbiome plays a vital role in human health. Human fecal and urine metabolome could provide a functional readout of gut microbial metabolism as well as its interaction with host and diet. However, this relationship still needs to be fully characterized. We established an untargeted GC-MS metabolomics method which enabled the detection of 122 and 86 metabolites including amino acids, phenolics, indoles, carbohydrates, sugars and metabolites of microbial origin from fecal and urine samples respectively. 41 compounds were confirmed using external standards. Next, we compared the fecal and urine metabolome of 16 healthy Indian and Chinese adults, ages 22–35 years, using a combined GC-MS and LC-MS approach. We showed dietary habit or ethnicity wise grouping of urine and fecal metabolite profiles of Indian and Chinese adults. Our analysis revealed 53 differentiating metabolites including higher abundance of amino acids and phenolics in Chinese and higher abundance of fatty acids, glycocholic acid, metabolites related to tryptophan metabolism in Indian adults. Correlation analysis showed a strong association of metabolites with gut bacterial profiles of the same subjects in the genus and species level. Thus, our results suggest that gut bacterial compositional changes could be eventually monitored and probed using a metabolomics approach.
Highlights
Metabolites mirror the health status of an individual by acquiring extensive insights into the functioning of a biological system
Methanol alone has been proved to be a suitable solvent for metabolite extraction from human biofluids but most of these methods did not consider the importance of protein precipitation step in the fecal GC-mass spectrometry-based techniques (MS) analysis[17]
The solubility of phospholipids in methanol is high, in the event that methanol is utilized as an extraction solvent, lipids are extracted in sizable quantity which are involatile in GC-MS under trimethylsilylating conditions and would, increase the carry-over background fatty acid signals detected in the chromatograms[19,20,21]
Summary
Metabolites mirror the health status of an individual by acquiring extensive insights into the functioning of a biological system. In another study higher levels of choline, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and betaine produced from dietary phosphatidylcholine in the gut were found to be associated with cardiovascular disease risk and atherosclerosis[10]. Examining the fecal and urine metabolomes serve as a vigorous strategy for understanding the interactions between diet, human metabolism, and the gut microbiota composition in health and disease. In this regard, there is a growing need for developing a high-throughput and large-scale sample analysis method which is pivotal to the results of metabolomics in such a field. We performed a correlation analysis between metabolites and gut bacteria
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