Abstract
Organophosphorus based flame retardants (OPFRs) extensively used as alternatives to banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane have been garnering interest due to the possibility that these compounds may have less significant impact on human and environmental health. Long pretreatment time, larger consumption of organic solvents, matrix interferents, and cross-contamination were found in previous studies while assessing OPFRs in indoor environments. We developed and optimized the extraction methods and simultaneous analysis of 11 OPFRs in indoor air, dust and skin wipe samples using the GC-MS approach. The proposed methods were validated using a standard addition approach, dust SRM 2585 and the real samples. Our procedures enabled the analyst to effectively limit coextracted interferences and simultaneous analytical methods of 11 target OPFRs for three matrices were achieved. The validation was performed according to standard guidelines (relative errors were identified by the analytes: −19% to 18% for indoor air, −11% to 14% for house dust, −15% to 16% for skin wipe). Good practices for quality assurance and quality control were well stated. The current high-Eco-scored methods could be categorized as “an excellent green analysis”. All analytes for the target OPFRs were detected in the real samples of indoor air, house dust and skin wipe collected from ten Taiwanese homes. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate and tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate were the most abundant OPFRs. Rapid, green and cost-effective GC-MS methods were developed and validated for the analysis of eleven OPFRs in indoor air, house dust and skin wipes.
Highlights
The 11 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) were successfully separated by the column and were detected within 44 min
The results of this study revealed that the established methods could be favorable alternatives for the simultaneous detection of OPFRs in the indoor air, house dust and skin wipe samples
Green methods significantly enhanced the recoveries of the target OPFRs at trace levels and notoriously reduced approximately
Summary
The global consumption of OPFRs has reached more than 7 million tons [4,5] and accounted for more than 55% of all OPFRs in Asian markets [6]. Due to their low cost, effectiveness and stability, OPFRs are largely 4.0/). When OPFRs-containing products are used indoors, OPFRs can be released from these polymer or textile materials due to nonchemically bound processing and they can migrate into the surrounding environment through volatilization, leaching and abrasion, and direct transfer to air or dust [11,12] from consumer products. A rapid and green method to enable the simultaneous analysis (includes sample preparation and quantification) of various OPFRs in indoor air, dust, and hand wipes are required
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