Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System Research Articles

Preparation and in vitro characterization of graphene oxide impregnated superporous hydrogel beads: an effective approach of gastro-retentive drug delivery system

ABSTRACT The remarkable properties of graphene oxide, a shining dynamo, opened new possibilities for delivering the drug. The present work aims to fabricate a graphene-based porous hydrogel system that fades its side effects and encourages its utilization as a drug carrier. Graphene oxide was impregnated in the polymeric matrix for gastro-retentive drug delivery. Porogen was added to create a superporous structure. The extrusion-dripping technique is used to fabricate low density, super porous, and floating hydrogel beads, which were considered a practical approach to target the drug in a controlled and sustained manner in the stomach. The fabricated graphene oxide impregnates superporous beads were characterized by physicochemical analysis, morphological parameters, PXRD, swelling study, drug-release pattern, and in-vitro floating ability. The homogenous nature of fabricated samples was analyzed by weight and size variation. Micrometric properties were estimated to calculate the density and flow ability of superporous beads. The stability and shelf life of prepared hydrogels were performed by accelerated stability analysis according to ICH guidelines. Doxorubicin was chosen as a model anticancer drug. The pi–pi stacking technique is responsible for a considerable loading of the drug onto graphene oxide (GO). However, the successful preparation of low-density graphene oxide impregnates superporous hydrogel beads shows excellent floating ability, thus making it a promising candidate for stomach targeting.

Exploring the Potential of Pectin for Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery Systems: From Orchard to Drug Delivery

Significant progress has been made in the field of gastroretentive drug delivery systems using natural polysaccharides. These improvements aim to improve the effectiveness and absorption of different medicinal agents. Pectin has received substantial attention in recent years due to its distinctive structural characteristics, abundant availability, biocompatibility, lack of toxicity, and wide range of applications. The global utilization of pectin in drug delivery systems has expanded significantly. Pectin is used to achieve flotation and mucoadhesive properties, which enhance gastric residence length and improve therapeutic effectiveness. The article aims to comprehensively examine the information on several pectin-based formulations for medication delivery that are designed to remain in the stomach for an extended period of time. Furthermore, this article emphasizes the diverse physicochemical and biological properties of pectin and modified pectin, as well as their prospective uses in numerous fields. This publication also presents the significant advantages, challenges, potential future developments, and patents on pectin-based gastroretentive drug delivery systems.

GASTRORETENTIVE EFFERVESCENT FLOATING TABLETS (GREFT) OF DRUGS ACTING ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Incidences of Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs) are increasing in an alarming proportion in India. Conventional oral dosage forms cannot be retained in the stomach for long owing to gastric emptying. Moreover, drugs which are commonly employed in management of chronic CVDs either have reduced solubility at alkaline pH, undergo colonic degradation, exhibit site-specific absorption or varying bioavailability with combination therapy. Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) are designed to overcome these challenges. Since 2006, Food and Drug Administration has approved only few GRDDS for treating CVDs. The aim of the present review is to summarize the outcomes of research carried on GRRDS with drugs for CVDs since last 15 y and comprehensive analysis of limitations of such studies due to which no product has been approved or commercialized in over last 18 y. Literature survey includes single unit, multi-particulate, monolayer and bilayer dosage forms with or without effervescence-inducing agents and made of natural and/or synthetic polymers like hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, natural gums etc. Efforts have been made to compile in vitro buoyancy data such as floating lag time, total floating time, swelling index, release profile and release kinetics. Among various studies reported on monolayer and bilayer Gastro-Retentive Effervescent Floating Tablets, only 3 involved bioavailability studies in human volunteers. Toxicity studies in animals or stability studies are totally lacking. Observation with floating-type multi-particulate GRDDS is more disappointing. lack of safety, efficacy data, stability data, in vivo imaging studies and in vitro-in vivo correlation data might be actually responsible for lack of commercialization of any GRDDS for drugs acting on CVDs in 21st century.

Advanced interpenetrating polymer networks for innovative gastroretentive formulations targeting Helicobacter pylori gastric colonization

The escalating challenges of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric complications, driven by rising antibiotic resistance and persistent cancer risks, underscore the demand for innovative therapeutic strategies. This study addresses this urgency through the development of tailored semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPN) serving as gastroretentive matrices for amoxicillin (AMOX). They are biodegradable, absorb significant volume of simulated gastric fluid (swelling index > 360 %) and exhibit superporous microstructures, remarkable mucoadhesion, and buoyancy. The investigation includes assessment at pH 1.2 for comparative analysis with prior studies and, notably, at pH 5.0, reflecting the acidic environment in H. pylori-infected stomachs. The semi-IPN demonstrated gel-like structures, maintaining integrity throughout the 24-hour controlled release study, and disintegrating upon completing their intended function. Evaluated in gastroretentive drug delivery system performance, AMOX release at pH 1.2 and pH 5.0 over 24 h (10 %-100 %) employed experimental design methodology, elucidating dominant release mechanisms. Their mucoadhesive, buoyant, three-dimensional scaffold stability, and gastric biodegradability make them ideal for accommodating substantial AMOX quantities. Furthermore, exploring the inclusion of the potassium-competitive acid blocker (P-CAB) vonoprazan (VONO) in AMOX-loaded formulations shows promise for precise and effective drug delivery. This innovative approach has the potential to combat H. pylori infections, thereby preventing the gastric cancer induced by this pathogen.

A Complete Sojourn of Current Trends in Gastro-retentive Drug Delivery System: Recent Advances and Patent Survey.

The current work aims to provide a complete sojourn on gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) along with formulation methods, polymer selection, and in vitro/ in vivo challenges with finished dosage forms. Ideally, a biopharmaceutical-hindered drug has a rapid clearance and erratic bioavailability due to its low aqueous solubility and permeability. Additionally, it also suffers from high first-pass metabolism and pre-systemic gut wall clearance. Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems have become an emerging technology where newer methodologies and scientific approaches have been used to provide the controlled release of drugs and provide a protective mechanism in the stomach. By the virtue of utilizing GRDDS as a dosage form, these formulations increase Gastroretention time (GRT) which prolongs the controlled release of the drug in the dosage form. GRDDS contribute to increased drug bioavailability and targeting at a site of action, which enhances therapeutic action and offers significant patient compliance. Furthermore, the present work also highlighted the critical role of polymers in favoring drug retention across GIT with the mechanism of gastro-retention and recommended concentration ranges. The emerging technology is also highlighted by the approved drug products and patented formulations in the recent decade which is depicted in a justified manner. GRDDS formulations have demonstrated clinical efficacy, which is supported by a compilation of patents for cutting-edge innovations in dosage forms that can be held in the stomach for an extended period of time.

Floating Microsphere as Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System

The goal of writing about floating microspheres is to gather the most recent research, paying particular attention to the basic idea of floatation as a means of achieving stomach retention. When a floating medication delivery system comes into touch with the stomach contents, it is expected to float for an extended period of time, improving the drug's bioavailability. Researchers and developers are currently working on the many floating formulations, which include films, tablets, powders, pills, capsules, granules, and capsules. Floating microspheres (FM) are becoming more and more important due to their wide range of applications in drug delivery to the stomach. These less dense floating microsphere, known as gastro retentive floating microspheres, have the capacity to float and disperse uniformly across the entire gastric fluid, reducing the likelihood of gastric emptying and guarantee a longer duration of drug release. Additionally, the floating microsphere improve patient compliance by reducing the frequency of dosing. FMs could be used to significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy of medications with short half-lives. We will go over the foundations of floating microspheres in this overview, as well as some contemporary uses for them.

ZINC PECTINATE-SESBANIA GUM-MEDIATED INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK-BASED MICROBEADS AS A CANDIDATE FOR FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY OF ESOMEPRAZOLE

This study aimed to develop esomeprazole-loaded zinc-pectinate-Sesbania gum floating microbeads, optionally supplemented with calcium silicate, as a gastro-retentive drug delivery system. The microbeads were produced using the ionic gelation method, with zinc acetate as the crosslinking agent, and were characterized through in vitro studies. The findings revealed that all formulations exhibited high drug encapsulation efficiency and sustained drug release profiles. Polymer ratios, calcium silicate incorporation, and the choice of low-density oils significantly influenced drug encapsulation efficiency and release kinetics. Notably, the B:6 batch, formulated with Sesbania gum and low methoxy pectin, demonstrated outstanding performance, releasing 95.89 ± 1.66% of the drug within 7 h, with a floating lag time of 1.18 ± 0.07 min, indicating promising in vitro gastro-retention capabilities. Analysis of P-XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and DSC data highlighted changes in crystallinity, drug–excipient compatibility, surface morphology, and thermal behavior of esomeprazole and esomeprazole-loaded microbeads. In conclusion, these floating microbeads represent a potential gastro-retentive drug delivery system, offering enhanced buoyancy and prolonged drug release, with potential therapeutic advantages for peptic ulcer management.

A recent update on gastro retentive drug delivery systems

Gastro retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance by prolonging gastric residence time and optimizing drug release kinetics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in GRDDS, focusing on formulation strategies, design principles, and evaluation methodologies. Various approaches such as floating systems, mucoadhesive systems, expandable systems, and magnetic systems are discussed in detail, highlighting their mechanisms of action and applications in targeted drug delivery. Furthermore, recent innovations in materials science and formulation technologies have enabled the development of novel GRDDS with improved biocompatibility, stability, and controlled release profiles. The review also addresses challenges associated with GRDDS, including physiological variability, drug stability, and regulatory considerations, and proposes potential strategies to overcome these obstacles. Additionally, the clinical relevance of GRDDS in the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders and their future prospects in personalized medicine and targeted therapy are explored. Overall, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the current state-of-the-art in GRDDS research and its implications for the advancement of drug delivery science.

Formulation and Evaluation of Microspheres Containing Mefenamic Acid by Inotropic Gelation Method

Drugs with a narrow absorption window in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) will have poor absorption. For these drugs, gastro retentive drug delivery system offers the advantage in prolonging the gastric emptying time. Losartan potassium is prescribed to treat hypertension. The current study was projected to prepare a Losartan potassium gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) of floating tablets was planned to enhance the gastric residence time, thus prolong the drug release. Losartan potassium effervescent floating tablets were prepared by utilizing the direct impression method, using polymers such as HPMCk15, xanthan gum, microcrystalline cellulose, and Sodium carbonate, with lubricants such as magnesium stearate and talc. In the present study, sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas generating agent. And combination of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid was found to achieve optimum in vitro buoyancy. Total eight formulations were designed and evaluated for pre-compression parameters known as angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Hausner's ratio, compressibility index, and post -compression parameters are uniformity of weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, floating lag time, and in vitro dissolution investigation and FTIR along with DSC is carried out

New Trends in Emerging Novel Nanosponges Drug Delivery

Medical professionals have long had trouble delivering medications to the correct location in the body and controlling their release to prevent overdose. Nano-sponges are novel and complicated molecules, which have the ability to alleviate these challenges. Utilizing nano-sponges allows for precise drug delivery to the desired location. Nano-sponge technology gets better patient compliance by delivering drugs to strategic locations while also extending dosing intervals. Various drug delivery techniques, such as parenteral, transdermal, oral, and immunosuppressive drugs, involve Nano-sponges. In today's world, nanosponges are used in gastro-retentive drug delivery systems.

Design and Characterization of Hallow Porous Floating Microspheres of Favipiravir

The present investigation deals with the design and characterization of favipiravir floating microspheres for gastro retentive drug delivery system by employing 3² factorial design and also to investigate the main effects of different independent variables on microspheres that float. The emulsion solvent diffusion method was used to manufacture floating microspheres with Eudragit S 100 as the polymer. These microspheres will extend the release of the medicine, reducing the frequency of administration and the harmful effects caused by fluctuations in plasma concentration with conventional dosage forms. The main effect of independent variables like polymer Eudragit S 100 concentrations (50, 100, 150 mg) and stirring time (1, 2 and 3 hours) on the performance of microspheres. Formulated microspheres were characterized for responses including drug release, particle size, and entrapment efficiency and floating time. Based on the results of the responses, the optimized composition was arrived using the response surface method graphical and numerical optimization method using design of experiments (DoE) software. Then, the optimized formulation (OFES) was prepared and evaluated for the four responses compared with predicted values to find the validity of the selected model. The optimized formulation was further analyzed for drug-excipient compatibility by fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and also analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Further zeta potential and micrometric properties were also observed. The results for the formulation FES 1 to 9 found were, that particles size ranged from 0.192 to 0.277 μm, entrapment efficiency ranged from 68.65 ± 1.9 to 76.25 ± 3.2%, percentage drug release range was from 89.25 ± 0.24 to 93.68 ± 0 .25%, and floating time range was from 12 to 23 hours. As per the design, OFES an optimized formulation fitted with the concentration of Eudragit S 100 of 139.1 mg and stirring time of 1-hour. Regarding the kinetic release, the responses were best fitted with Higuchi model of R² value of 0.9795 with kinetic mechanism of non-fickian diffusion with R² value of 0.9499, indicating good linearity. The combination of different variables and their effects on responses were investigated well using factorial design, and an optimized formulation was developed for favipiravir.

A Review on Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System

The aim of this review is to focus on the various gastro retentive approaches by investigate, compile, and present in most concise way, where the gastroprotective has gained immense popularity in the field of oral drug delivery. In the field of oral drug delivery gastro-retentive drug delivery play an important role. There are various types of GRDDS approaches which can be utilized to retain the dosage form in the stomach and release the drug slowly for an extended period of time. The various GRDDS approaches include high density, low density, mucoadhesive, expandable, magnetic systems and super porous hydrogel system. GRDDS has proved to be effective in both local and systemic actions to treat gastric or duodenal ulcers. Gastro-retentive drug delivery system can be utilized to prolong the residence time of delivery system in the stomach. Where the stomach and duodenum are separated by the pylorus, which has an important role in residence time of the ingested substances in the stomach. GRDDS can be used to overcome challenges related with conventional oral dosage forms. Keywords Gastro-retentive, GRDDS, Oral route, GIT, various approaches, floating system, non-floating system, bio adhesive system.

Gastroretentive Drug Delivery Systems with improved Floating and Swelling Capabilities

For medications with an absorption window in the stomach and upper part of small intestine, a controlled drug delivery system with a longer stomach residence duration can be particularly useful. Rapid gastrointestinal transit may cause drug delivery system above the absorption zone to only partially release drug, which would reduce the supplied dose's effectiveness. The main drawbacks are linked to the non-uniformity of drug absorption across the alimentary canal and the inter- and intra-subject variability of gastro-intestinal transit time. The bioavailability of medications is predicted to be improved by floating delivery systems, which are designed to stay buoyant on the gastric contents for an extended period of time. Floating in combination with swellable system gaining attention due to their wide applicability in the targeting of drugs to stomach. These floating and swellable tablet have the advantage that they remain buoyant and swells to 2-3 folds in gastric fluid.

Recent Advances in Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery Systems

The issues with oral conventional dose forms can be resolved with the use of gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS). GRDDS is a way to prolong the stomach residence time, which allows for the release of drugs and the possibility of local or systemic effects in the upper gastrointestinal tract. To enhance treatment, some potent medications are employed with gastro-retentive dose forms for longer. By producing a high concentration of medication in the stomach that can be sustained for an extended amount of time, gastroretentive formulations (GRFs) greatly improve stomach pharmacotherapy. As a result, a wide range of dosage forms have been developed for medications that break down at alkaline pH but remain stable at acidic pH. Therefore, medications have limited absorption.

A Comprehensive Review on Floating Drug Delivery System

The category of gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) includes floating drug delivery systems (FDDS). These dose formulations are intended to extend the duration of the stomach's residence period by a sustained release technique. Drugs which are harder to dissolve in high pH environments have improved bioavailability and solubility when incorporated into GRDDS. Reduced intestinal absorption of solid dose forms can be accomplished by the flotation mechanism. The novel fusion of bilayer and floating mechanism is demonstrated by the bilayer floating drug delivery device. It demonstrates the effective creation of a controlled release formulation. Bilayer floating tablets offer a sustained release layer formulation in addition to an immediate release. A attempt was made to explain the mechanism of FDDS, or floating bilayer, in the review. In order to accomplish regulated administration of various medications with predetermined release profiles, bi-layer tablets were developed. The pharmaceutical industry has been more interested in creating bilayer tablets over the past ten years as a way to improve patient compliance and convenience by combining two or more API in a single dose form.

Gastroretentive drug delivery system: An Overview

Gastric emptying is a complex and incredibly factor process. This causes the unusualness of the bioavailability of medication delivery system. GRDDSs can improve the controlled delivery of medications that have an ingestion window by continuously delivering the medication for a delayed time before it arrives at its assimilation site. Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)s have gotten huge consideration in the previous many years, because of the way that they can overcome the limitations of regular oral controlled released drug delivery system identified with quick gastric emptying time. An ideal GRDDS can be characterized as a system which stays in the stomach for an adequate time and deliver the active ingredients in a controlled way so that sustained action can be created. This, altogether broadens the duration of medication release, prolongs dosing interval and expands bioavailability of medications and consequently improves compliance of the patients and viability of pharmacotherapy. This article gives an outline of the fundamental ideas used to design drug dosage form with delayed gastric residence time as well as the factors influencing gastric emptying, favourable circumstances, deficiencies, formulation consideration and, elements that influence gastro retentive system. The principal emphasis is on the whole grouping and various types of GRDDSs.

New Carriers for Bioadhesive Gastroretentive Drug Delivery Systems Based on Eudragit® EPO/Eudragit® L100 Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes

The aim of this study was the analysis of interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPECs) based on Eudragit® EPO and Eudragit® L100 as prospective carriers for gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) using two model drugs: metronidazole (MZ) and acyclovir (ACR). Eudragit® EPO/L100 IPECs with different pH concentrations were characterized by different degrees of swelling in mimicking fasted stomach medium (0.1 M HCl) and saved their shape for 6 h. The microenvironmental changes in IPEC structures in acidic medium were investigated using FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal and elemental analysis. IPEC samples showed bioadhesive properties that were not significantly different from the positive control (Carbopol) in the test with the mucin compacts. The release rate of metronidazole (class I BCS) from IPEC matrices increased with the increasing degree of swelling. IPEC 1 provided 49.62 ± 6.20% and IPEC 2 reached 87.69 ± 5.15% of metronidazole release after 6 h in mimicking fasted stomach medium (0.1 M HCl). The total amount of released acyclovir (class III BCS) from IPEC 1 was 25.76 ± 5.67% and from IPEC 2 was 21.48 ± 5.00%. Release of both drugs was controlled by relaxation of polymeric chains in matrices according to the Peppas–Sahlin model. According to the received results, investigated interpolymer complexes are prospects for further evaluation as carriers for gastroretentive bioadhesive systems.

Chitosan as floating-mucoadhesive polymers in gastroretentive drug delivery

Oral drug delivery is limited by incomplete absorption in the digestive tract. The absorption of oral drugs in the stomach is affected by several factors, including gastric residence time, which causes the drug to be unable to be retained in the stomach for a long time, causing suboptimal drug absorption. One of the drug delivery systems that can prolong contact duration within the stomach is gastroretentive drug delivery system (GRDDS). GRDDS has various advantages, notably in improving the bioavailability of drugs. Several systems are involved in the GRDDS, including the floating and mucoadhesive systems. The floating system makes the drug float so it can be retained longer in the stomach. There are two mechanisms in the floating system: the effervescent and non-effervescent mechanisms. The mucoadhesive system works by adhering to the mucus or epithelial cells of the stomach. The mechanisms of mucoadhesive systems involves two stages: the contact and consolidation stages. The combination of the floating and mucoadhesive systems is aimed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a preparation for prolonged retention in the stomach. The choice of polymer is one of the crucial factors affecting this system. Chitosan is a natural polymer that has been evaluated for its potential in a gastroretentive floating beads delivery system. It has various advantageous properties, such as non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability.

Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System: Latest Approach towards Novel Drug Delivery

Various efforts have been undertaken to enhance the bioavailability and clinical performance of oral drug formulations. In pursuit of improving the therapeutic effectiveness of medications that are susceptible to degradation in alkaline pH environments, possess a limited window for absorption within the stomach, and readily dissolve under acidic conditions, a diverse range of gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) have been innovatively designed and developed. As a result, the stomach’s physiological state and the various factors that influence GRDDS will be discussed. As a rule, this survey will enlighten and coordinate enumerating scientists in arranging, plan, and planning the GRDDS.

Preparation and evaluation of luteolin-loaded PLA-based shape memory gastroretentive drug delivery systems

Luteolin, a natural flavonoid, is gaining growing attention for its potential in the treatment of gastric cancer. However, its clinical application is limited by factors such as poor aqueous solubility. This study aimed to develop a novel gastroretentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) to both enhance the oral bioavailability of luteolin and prolong its release and in vivo circulation time. Out of 10 luteolin-loaded PLA-based shape memory films prepared in this study, the LPC-PLA/PEG(7/3) formulation incorporated with PEG, HPMC, and NaHCO3 exhibited optimal properties in terms of drug release and inhibitory activity against SGC-7901 cells. Moreover, small-animal imaging revealed that LPC-PLA/PEG(7/3) exhibited a prolonged gastric retention time of approximately 8 h. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic studies indicated a 354 % increase in the oral bioavailability of LPC-PLA/PEG(7/3) in rats compared to luteolin. In sum, a novel GRDDS was developed to enhance the relative bioavailability of luteolin, offering a potential strategy for practical oral administration.