Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System Research Articles

Effect of modification of formulation variables on physical characterization of superporouse hydrogel

Superporouse hydrogel (SPH) is widely used and investigated as a gastro retentive drug delivery system to extend drug residence time in the stomach
 
 However, their mechanical strength represents a problem because they need to withstand the peristaltic movement of the stomach. Properties of SPH are widely affected by the materials used for their synthesis. The aim of the research is to study the effect of changing the foaming agent and foam stabilizer amount on physical properties, in particular mechanical strength, and drug release from SPH. Trifluoperazine HCl will be used as model drug in the study.
 SPH formulations was prepared using fixed amount of acrylamide (AM) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as monomers, polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as cross-linker, TRFP as model drug and variable amount of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as foaming agent, and tween 20 as foam stabilizer. Ammonium persulphate (APS) / tetramethyl ethylenediamine (TEMED) system was used as polymerization initiator. The effect of changing foaming agent and foam stabilizer on mechanical strength, buoyancy, porosity, density, drug release, drug content, swelling ratio, and swelling time was investigated.
 Modifying both factors affected all the physical properties and drug release profile. When tween 20 was increased the mechanical strength, density and floating lag time was increased with a reduction in porosity and drug release. While increasing NaHCO3 reduced mechanical strength, density and floating lag time with increased porosity and faster drug release was observed. Optimum physical properties were observed in formula 2 which had 230 µl of Tween 20 (v/v) and 50 mg of NaHCO3 in which the mechanical strength was 579±0.4, floating lag time 14 min and 80% of the drug was released within 12 hr.
 As a conclusion SPH with improved mechanical strength, physical properties and drug release pattern can be achieved by changing foam stabilizer and foaming agent amount in the formulations.

An Insight on Novel Approaches & Perspectives for Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery Systems.

The conventional oral drug delivery systems face a lot of difficulties in the gastrointestinal tract, such as inappropriate drug release and reduction in the efficacy of the doses, which makes this system less susceptible to the delivery of drug formulation. For the enhancement of therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability of the drug, many efforts have been made. The drug candidates which are not stable at alkaline pH and soluble in acidic medium were selected to increase their therapeutic effectiveness through gastro retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS). This article discusses various factors which alter the gastro retention time (GRT) of the gastro retentive drug delivery system in the stomach and intestine (duodenum). It emphasizes on the novel approaches made for the delivery and release of drugs with the use of magnetic systems, floating (low-density) systems, super porous hydrogels, raft systems, mucoadhesive systems, high-density systems and expandable systems. Along with the applications, the key aspects of in vivo, in vitro & clinical studies in different approaches to GRDDS have been addressed. In addition, future perspectives have been summarized to reduce gastric transit time in fasting and fed conditions.

Formulation and Evaluation of Gastro-retentive Drug Delivery System of Novel Famotidine Phospholipid Complex

Famotidine is an H2 receptor antagonist belonging to the BCS Class II, characterized by low solubility and limited oral bioavailability. The current study encompasses the formulation of novel famotidine phospholipid complex (FHC) with the aid of design of experiments (Central Composite Design) using solvent evaporation technique to overcome the disadvantages of Famotidine. To further enhance the physicochemical properties of FHC, it was incorporated into gastro-retentive floating tablets (GRDDS) using direct compression technique with sodium bicarbonate as a gas generating agent and its properties were compared to famotidine floating tablets. The pre-compression parameters, namely bulk density, tapped density, Hausner’s ratio, Carr’s compressibility index and angle of repose were evaluated. The flow properties of FHC granules were found to be better than the plain famotidine granules. The postcompression parameters, namely thickness, hardness, friability, weight variation, drug content and swelling index showed better results for FHC as compared to famotidine floating tablets. In-vitro buoyancy study indicated that the floating lag time for FHC tablets (110 ± 0.021 seconds) was higher than famotidine tablets (36 ± 0.033 seconds) owing to the higher molecular weight of phosphatidylcholine. But the total floating time for FHC tablets was found to be more than 18 hours and for famotidine tablets it was ~12 hours, indicating the improved residence time and buoyancy. The in-vitro dissolution study depicted that the cumulative release for FHC tablets (99.84 ± 0.058%) was enhanced 1.07 fold than Famotidine tablets (92.73 ± 0.028%) and 1.6 fold than marketed tablet, Famocid (62.24 ± 0.023%). When kinetic modeling was performed, famotidine tablet followed zero order kinetics, whereas FHC tablet followed Higuchi model indicating a modified and sustained release pattern. The statistical analysis for %cumulative release performed using ANOVA and Dunnett’s test showed the p-value to be below 0.05 (0.0043) indicating that the analysis model was significant. An accelerated stability study was performed for a period of 6 months at 25 ± 2°C; 60 ± 5% RH. FHC tablets showed a better stability profile than famotidine tablets. In conclusion, FHC gastro-retentive floating tablets showed improved flow properties, post compression properties, better drug content, improved in-vitro buoyancy and enhanced cumulative release and stability profile.

Advances in the Preparation Techniques of Floating Microspheres with Exploration of AI Tool in Product Development

This review paper focuses on recent developments in gastroretentive drug delivery systems for controlled release oral drug administration. Gastric emptying’s variability presents challenges to drug delivery systems, making gastroretentive drug delivery systems increasingly popular for retaining drugs in the stomach and ensuring gradual release. Traditional oral delivery systems often fail to overcome gastrointestinal obstacles, resulting in incomplete drug release, decreased efficacy. Thus, achieving prolonged gastric residence times is crucial, particularly for drugs with upper small intestine absorption windows. Gastro retentive drug delivery system provide for prolonged drug release in the upper digestive system, improving bioavailability for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, extending dosing intervals, and enhancing patient compliance. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advancements in the preparation techniques for floating drug delivery systems and highlights the incorporation of AI-Enabled design and optimization in drug release behavior. These technologies enhance precision and efficiency in gastroretentive drug delivery systems development, promising further improvements in drug delivery effectiveness and patient adherence.

Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System in Cancer Chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy for stomach cancer often includes several side effects. The primary reasons for the failure of such treatment approaches are low drug concentrations in target tissues and a short stomach residence time. Gastroretentive controlled drug delivery systems improves the therapeutic performance of chemotherapeutic drugs following oral administration because of the longer gastric retention time. The goal of this study was to find suitable gastroretentive formulations that might be used for the localized treatment of stomach cancer. The purpose of this study is to summarize current advances in gastro-retentive drug administration for oral chemotherapy, with a focus on floating, mucoadhesive, and swellable systems. This article also discusses the potentials and limitations of existing gastroretentive drug delivery systems used in cancer chemotherapy. Due to increased stomach retention and modified drug release properties, gastroretentive controlled drug delivery systems improve the therapeutic performance of anti-cancer drugs used to treat stomach cancer. Gastroretentive drug delivery systems appear to be a promising carrier for localized chemotherapy with smaller doses and better patient compliance. However, selection of drug candidates, drugfood interactions and chemotherapy-induced gastric discomfort remain the key characteristics that must be addressed to improve treatment outcomes.

Development of a Swellable and Floating Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System (sfGRDDS) of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride.

Sangelose® (SGL) is a novel hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) derivative that has been hydrophobically modified. Due to its high viscosity, SGL has the potential as a gel-forming and release-rate-controlled material for application in swellable and floating gastroretentive drug delivery systems (sfGRDDS). The aim of this study was to develop ciprofloxacin (CIP)-loaded sfGRDDS tablets comprised of SGL and HPMC in order to extend CIP exposure in the body and achieve optimal antibiotic treatment regimes. Results illustrated that SGL-HPMC-based sfGRDDS could swell to a diameter above 11 mm and showed a short floating lag time (<4 s) and long total floating time (>24 h) to prevent gastric emptying. In dissolution studies, CIP-loaded SGL-HPMC sfGRDDS demonstrated a specific biphasic release effect. Among the formulations, the SGL/type-K HPMC 15,000 cps (HPMC 15K) (50:50) group exhibited typical biphasic release profiles, with F4-CIP and F10-CIP individually releasing 72.36% and 64.14% CIP within 2 h dissolution, and sustaining release to 12 h. In pharmacokinetic studies, the SGL-HPMC-based sfGRDDS demonstrated higher Cmax (1.56-1.73 fold) and shorter Tmax (0.67 fold) than HPMC-based sfGRDDS. Furthermore, SGL 90L in GRDDS indicated an excellent biphasic release effect and a maximum elevation of relative bioavailability (3.87 fold). This study successfully combined SGL and HPMC to manufacture sfGRDDS that retain CIP in the stomach for an optimal duration while improving its pharmacokinetic characteristics. It was concluded that the SGL-HPMC-based sfGRDDS is a promising biphasic antibiotic delivery system that can both rapidly achieve the therapeutic antibiotic concentration and maintain the plasma antibiotic concentration for an extended period to maximize antibiotic exposure in the body.

Development and Evaluation of In-Situ Floating Gel In treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Gerd)

Gastroretentive drug delivery systems can deliver narrow-window drugs to the upper stomach at a controlled rate. The raft forming process is better than floating structures, liquid dosing mediums, and in situ gelation for sustained drug release in the upper GI tract. According to statistics, lafutidine is exactly put in the parietal cells of the stomach mucosa, where the upper gastro-intestinal tract absorbs it. Lafutidine capsules had 65–70% bioavailability compared to intravenous infusion. Stability and absorption are acceptable between 1 and 4. The colon and lower gastrointestinal tract degenerate. In this study, the formulations were changed into gel for simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and floated in the gastrointestinal environment, releasing medication for 12 hours. The finished device was tested. UV was linear from 5–30 g/ml with a regression value of 0.999. IR and DSC demonstrated negligible interaction between chemical, polymers, and excipients. Gelling polymers and calcium chloride were complexed with two xyloglucan polymers, gellan gum, and in situ gelling formulations. Xyloglucan was the best polymer for rheological tests, medication content, mucoadhesive strength, and gel strength. Lafutidine's solution formulae X10 and G10 did not improve in appearance, drug content, or dissolving profile after three months at 40°C and 75% RH. Wistar rats tested the in situ optimized Lafutidine gelling (X10, G10) formula. The ulcer index, stomach acid volume (ml), acidity (mEq / l / g), and pH were significantly affected by a single-way ANOVA solution and Tucky's multiples comparison test. The current work successfully developed, tested, and produced an oral continuous release floating Lafutidine gelling device with stomach-specific drug delivery, maintaining drug release and gastric preservation for the required time.&#x0D;

A REVIEW ON FLOATING TABLET

Pharmaceutical industries have received much interest in pharmaceutical research in the area of oral drug delivery more over on Gastro retentive drug delivery system that is Floating Drug Delivery System (FDDS).The objective of this study to review on FDDS focusing on its current advancement and its future. Floating systems are low density systems that have sufficiently buoyancy to flow over the gastric contents and remain buoyant in the stomach without affecting the gastric emptying rate for a prolonged period of time. Floating dosage forms can be prepared as tablets, capsule by adding suitable ingredients with excipients like hydrocolloids, inert fatty materials and buoyancy increasing agents. Various categories of drugs like antacids, antidiabetic, antifungal and anticancer drugs are formulated into FDDS. FDDS have bulk density less than gastric fluids that have sufficient buoyancy to float over the gastric contents and remain in the stomach for longer duration of time. This review article is in pursuit of giving detailed information on the pharmaceutical basis of their design, classification, advantages and disadvantages, factors affecting gastric residence time of FDDS, applications, and formulation of floating tablet.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Floating Tablet for the Treatment of Gastric Ulcer

Introduction: The goal of the current study was to create and assess herbal floating tablet that would treat stomach ulcers. Many of the medications that are currently on the market have either been directly or indirectly produced from plants, which have long been considered an experimental source of medication. Different diseases are treated with plant extracts. There are so many chemically active components in plants that can be used to cure so many different diseases. Herbal floating tablet increase bioavailability, extend the period that pharmaceuticals stay in the stomach, and make it easier to administer medications locally to the stomach. For the treatment of gastric ulcers, floating tablets with alcoholic extract of amla as the primary active ingredient were created in this study. Method: The herbal floating tablet was made using the direct compression method and contains alcoholic extracts of amla, aqueous extracts of ginger and fenugreek, psyllium husk, HPMC K100M, sodium bicarbonate, talc, and magnesium stearate. Additional evaluation tests for the herbal floating tablet include those for hardness, thickness, diameter, weight uniformity, and buoyancy duration. The use of buoyancy time improved the formulation. The tablet were made using the direct compression process and contained alcoholic extract of amla, aqueous extract of ginger and fenugreek, psyllium husk, HPMC K100M, sodium bicarbonate, talc, and magnesium stearate. For gastro retentive drug delivery systems, a combination of psyllium husk, sodium bicarbonate, and HPMC K100M can prove promising.

Formulation and Evaluation of Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System of Domperidone Mouth Dissolving Tablet by using Super Disintegrating Agents

Direct compression method can be considered as an important method for the formulation of fast dissolving tablets of Domperidone compare to wet granulation method. The rank order for the best 3 formulations is F2&gt;F1. Formulation F2 having DCP as the super disintegrant is the best formulation of all. Higher the concentration of the lubricating agent (Magnesium Stearate or Talc), higher will be the disintegration time. Formulation having the better Super disintegrants (Ac-Di-Sol) will have better in vitro disintegration time and dissolution along with lesser friability and weight variation. Thus, it may be concluded that the fast-dissolving tablets of Domperidone can be successfully prepared and undoubtedly the availability of various technologies and manifold advantages of fast dissolving tablets will surely enhance patient compliance and its popularity in the near future.

The Use of Natural and Synthetic Polymers in the Formulation of Gastro retentive Drug Delivery System

The gastric emptying process drastically reduces the bioavailability of drugs that target the stomach for their action. A gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) becomes a solution to retain drugs in the stomach and release drugs from the formulation system within a certain period. The polymer used in the GRDDS formulation is the essential excipient that can retain the drugs in the stomach. Several ways for GRDDS to maintain its existence in the stomach are using some systems, such as mucoadhesive, low-density, high-density, swellable, eff ervescent, and expandable systems. A polymer is a macromolecular substance with a long repeating chain consisting of natural and synthetic polymers, each with diff erent potentials. It is considered for its ability to regulate drug release, good fl ow properties, can improve drug dissolution to improve bioavailability and stability during processing in the body. Combining natural and synthetic polymers is often carried out to obtain advantages and cover the existing polymer’s disadvantages. Polymers can release drugs using three diff erent mechanisms, i.e., diff usion, degradation, and expansion. These techniques are often chosen for the formulation of GRDDS because of their more fl exible system and fi t for almost all types of GRDDS. The polymer used in the GRDDS system is chosen from its physicochemical properties and the number of fl oating times, drug release rate, viscosity, fl oating lag times, bioavailability, and solubility.

A Recent Advantage on Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System: An Overview

In recent years, gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) has gained researcher’s interest in the field of oral drug delivery. Various GRDDS approaches can be utilized to retain the dosage forms in the stomach and to release the drug slowly for an extended period of time. GRDDS can be used to prolong the residence time of delivery system in the stomach. This results in targeting of drug release at a specific site for the systemic or local effects. GRDDS can be used to overcome challenges associated with conventional oral dosage forms and to release the drug at a specific absorption site to improve bioavailability of particular drug substance. The challenges include fast gastric emptying of the dosage form which results in the poor bioavailability of the drug. Prolongation of the retention of drugs in stomach those having low solubility at high intestinal pH improves the solubility of drugs. GRDDS has proved to be effective in systemic actions as well as in local actions to treat gastric or duodenal ulcers. Local activity in the upper part of the small intestine can be obtained by improving the residence time of delivery system in the stomach. The system is useful for drugs which are unstable in the intestine or having a low solubility/permeability in the small intestine. Various GRDDS approaches include high density (sinking) systems, low-density (floating systems), muco-adhesive, expandable, unfold able, super porous hydrogel systems, and magnetic systems.

A Review on Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System

The purpose of writing this review was to investigate, compile and present the recent as well as past literatures in more concise way with special focus on approaches which are currently utilized in the prolongation of gastric residence time. One novel approach in this area is Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System (GRDDSs). GRDDSs can improve the controlled delivery of drugs that have an absorption window by continuously releasing the drug for a prolonged period of time before it reaches its absorption site. These includes floating system, swelling and expanding system, bio/mucoadhesive system, high density system and other delayed gastric emptying devices. The present review addresses briefly about the, factors controlling gastric retention, advantages, Disadvantages and applications of gastroretentive drug delivery systems, Commonly used drug in formulation of GRDDS,Gastroretentive products available in the market, types of GRDDS.

SeDeM expert system with I-optimal mixture design for oral multiparticulate drug delivery: An encapsulated floating minitablets of loxoprofen Na and its in silico physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.

Introduction: A SeDeM expert tool-driven I-optimal mixture design has been used to develop a directly compressible multiparticulate based extended release minitablets for gastro-retentive drug delivery systems using loxoprofen sodium as a model drug. Methods: Powder blends were subjected to stress drug-excipient compatibility studies using FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and DSC. SeDeM diagram expert tool was utilized to assess the suitability of the drug and excipients for direct compression. The formulations were designed using an I-optimal mixture design with proportions of methocel K100M, ethocel 10P and NaHCO3 as variables. Powder was compressed into minitablets and encapsulated. After physicochemical evaluation lag-time, floating time, and drug release were studied. Heckel analysis for yield pressure and accelerated stability studies were performed as per ICH guidelines. The in silico PBPK Advanced Compartmental and Transit model of GastroPlus™ was used for predicting in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters. Results: Drug release follows first-order kinetics with fickian diffusion as the main mechanism for most of the formulations; however, a few formulations followed anomalous transport as the mechanism of drug release. The in-silico-based pharmacokinetic revealed relative bioavailability of 97.0%. Discussion: SeDeM expert system effectively used in QbD based development of encapsulated multiparticulates for once daily administration of loxoprofen sodium having predictable in-vivo bioavailability.

Development of a Floating Drug Delivery System for Prolonged Release of Metronidazole in the Stomach for Gastrointestinal Infection

Introduction: Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System like floating tablets out performs traditional dosing forms. When compared to conventional tablets, floating tablets have higher bioavailability, higher drug concentration in the systemic circulation, and lower frequency of dose. Metronidazole floating tablets were formulated using a variety of polymer combinations by the direct compression process. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K30), Guar gum, and Xanthum gum are the polymers employed in the composition. Materials and Methods: The drug-excipient compatibility was determined by FTIR Spectroscopy and a total of nine formulations of floating tablets have been prepared. Among these, an appropriate formulation was chosen. The angle of repose, Bulk, and tapped density of metronidazole tablet mixes were previously evaluated. Carr's index, Hauser's ratio, physical appearance, hardness, weight fluctuation, friability, floating qualities, and in-vitro dissolving testing were used to characterize the tablets. Results: The flow properties were found optimum in all the pre-compression parameters and hence suitable for the direct compression method. The evaluation of tablets showed a good floating effect of about 4-7 hr in almost all the formulations. The floating tablets showed drug release of more than 90% after 6 hr and hence gastric retention was achieved. The study findings revealed that formulation 3 was the best, with a floating lag time of less than a minute and more than 7 hr of retention in the gastric pH with optimum floating behavior and drug release in the stomach. Conclusion: Hence, the prepared floating system involving a combination of polymers was found to be a reliable tool for gastric retention.

Development and optimization of floating alginate microspheres of repaglinide using Box-Behnken experimental design

Background: Due to short-lasting action, fast clearance and enzymatic instability of anti-diabetic drugs result in low bioavailability as they are mainly absorbed from the stomach and the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract. The bioavailability of antidiabetic drugs can be significantly increased by enhancing the gastric residence time using gastroretentive drug delivery systems such as floating microspheres.&#x0D; Objectives: The present investigation deals with the development and optimization of floating microspheres for gastroretentive delivery containing repaglinide using Box-Behnken design and also investigates the effect of different process variables on the formation of the microsphere. Thereby, increasing the bioavailability and reducing the mentioned side effects of repaglinide.&#x0D; Materials and methods: Floating microspheres of repaglinide formulated by ionic gelation method and optimized using Box-Behnken design. The independent variables were the concentration of Hydroxy methylcellulose (HPMC) (A), Sodium alginate (B), and calcium chloride (C) while entrapment efficiency (R1), swelling index (R2), and in vitro drug release (R3) were considered as dependent variables. The optimized formulation of floating microspheres was characterized by various physicochemical properties, surface morphology, drug excipient interaction, in vitro release, and buoyancy studies.&#x0D; Results: Based on obtained 3D response surface plot factors A, B, and C were found to give a synergistic effect on R1, while factor A has a negative effect on R2. Interaction of AC was negative on R1 and R2 but positive on R3. The interaction of AC and BC was negative in all the responses. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that microspheres were spherical with nearly smooth surface morphology. Good entrapment and buoyancy were observed for 12 h. The in vitro drug release was found to be controlled for more than 12 hours and followed the Higuchi model. The validations of response surface methodology (RSM) for three dependent variables were 100.09%, 99.68%, and 97.02%.&#x0D; Conclusion: Repaglinide floating microspheres were prepared and optimized by use of Box – Behnken process optimization software. The quantitative responses of particle size, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release for different combinations of independent variables, sodium alginate as release retarding polymer, HPMC K100M as floating polymer, and calcium chloride as a cross-linking agent were obtained experimentally, and the results were found to fit the design model. The quantitative effect of these factors at different levels on the responses could be predicted using polynomial equations, and high linearity was observed between predicted and actual values of response variables. The results of the present study showed that the responses i.e, particle size, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release are significantly affected by the concentration of polymer and a cross-linking agent. The formulation OF1 was found to be the optimum formulation predicted by the point prediction of the design expert software. The in vitro drug release was found to be controlled for more than 12 h and followed the Higuchi model. The validations of RSM for three dependent variables were 100.09%, 99.68%, and 97.02%. Therefore, it can be concluded that a floating microsphere for repaglinide was developed and optimized using a three-factor, three-level Box – Behnken design.

Review on Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System

GRDDSs are an innovative tactic in this area (Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System). GRDDSs can improve the regulated administration of drugs with an absorption window by continuously releasing the drug for a long period before it reaches its absorption site. The aim of this study was to investigate, compile, and succinctly summarise both recent and older literatures, with a focus on methods being applied right now to prolong gastric residency duration. They include of high density systems, floating systems, swelling and expanding systems, bio/mucoadhesive systems, and various delayed gastric emptying devices. The current study briefly discusses the categorization, formulation concerns for gastroretentive drug delivery systems, variables affecting stomach retention, advantages, limitations, and applications. To understand the many physiological hurdles involved in establishing stomach retention, we have highlighted important factors impacting it. Then, we assessed the various gastroretentive techniques that have been devised and developed up to this point, including high density (sinking), floating, bio- or mucoadhesive, expandable, unfoldable, ultra porous hydrogel, and magnetic systems. Additionally, the advantages of gastroretentive medicine administration systems were thoroughly covered.

Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System: Latest Approach towards Novel Drug Delivery

Numerous attempts were improved to access the bioavailability and clinical output of oral dosage forms. Different types of gastro retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) was developed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of medications which are unstable at alkaline pH, results a narrow absorption window with active locally in the stomach, and gets easily solubilized in acidic conditions. So the physiological condition of the stomach and the different elements that influence GRDDS will be discussed. In general, this review will illuminate and direct detailing researchers in planning, formulation, and designing the GRDDS.

Biodegradable Guar-Gum-Based Super-Porous Matrices for Gastroretentive Controlled Drug Release in the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori: A Proof of Concept.

An increase in resistance to key antibiotics has made the need for novel treatments for the gastric colonization of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) a matter of the utmost urgency. Recent studies tackling this topic have focused either on the discovery of new compounds to ameliorate therapeutic regimes (such as vonoprazan) or the synthesis of gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDSs) to improve the pharmacokinetics of oral formulations. The use of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) that can act as super-porous hydrogels for this purpose is proposed in the present work, specifically those displaying low ecological footprint, easy synthesis, self-floating properties, high encapsulation efficiency for drugs such as amoxicillin (AMOX), great mucoadhesiveness, and optimal mechanical strength when exposed to stomach-like fluids. To achieve such systems, biodegradable synthetic copolymers containing acid-labile monomers were prepared and interpenetrated with guar gum (GG) in a one-pot polymerization process based on thiol-ene click reactions. The resulting matrices were characterized by SEM, GPC, TGA, NMR, and rheology studies, and the acidic hydrolysis of the acid-sensitive polymers was also studied. Results confirm that some of the obtained matrices are expected to perform optimally as GRDDSs for the sustained release of active pharmaceutical ingredients at the gastrointestinal level, being a priori facilitated by its disaggregation. Therefore, the optimal performance of these systems is assessed by varying the molar ratio of the labile monomer in the matrices.

Development and evaluation of gastro retentive drug delivery system of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate for the management of gastric ulcer

Development and evaluation of gastro retentive drug delivery system of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate for the management of gastric ulcer