Gasoline Fraction Research Articles

Comparison of Methods for Heat Exchanger Control

The relevance of this work is conditioned by the need for maintaining a given temperature at the outlet of a heat exchanger under the conditions of variable flow rate and composition of the feedstock. This work reviews the methods for improving the heat exchanger control. The parameters of the control object are selected and its features are determined. A dynamic model of a heater with a steam space (shell-and-tube evaporator) applied for heating the gasoline fraction at the outlet of the topping column of the oil stabilization unit is obtained. The part of the distillate and fractional composition of the gasoline fraction, which is a disturbing factor, are determined. The mathematical model of the shell-and-tube evaporator is presented as an object with lumped parameters in the form of heat balance in a differential form taking into account transport delay. The heat transfer coefficient is determined from the side of gasoline fraction for the bubble boiling mode and from the side of stripped oil for the turbulent mode. A single-loop automated control system (ACS) and an ACS with the participation of the obtained model are implemented within Simulink. In the first case, the object model is represented in the canonical form in the state space. The intermediate signals (from matrix feedback amplifiers) are used as the control actions. In the second case, a combined temperature control system is developed at the outlet of the heat exchanger. The output signal of the model is supplied as a current parameter to controller 2, which generates a control signal that compensates for the disturbance. The task of controller 2 is the output signal of controller 1, which adjusts the operation according to the output temperature of the object. A comparison of the control methods with the use of standard controllers and with the participation of the developed object model is given. It is shown that the indicators of the transition process are higher when applying the models in the control.

Production of Motor-Fuel Hydrocarbon Fractions from Sunflower Husk Biomass

The production of synthetic hydrocarbons from sunflower husk biomass including the stages of gasification and the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis of hydrocarbons was studied. It was found that H2/CO = 2 was an optimal ratio for the production of motor-fuel hydrocarbon fractions, and steam–oxygen gasification provided a minimum concentration of ballast components in the synthesis gas. The synthesized hydrocarbons mainly consisted of gasoline and diesel fractions and contained to ~60% isomeric structures.

Вовлечение продуктов термической переработки полимерных отходов в сырьевой пул установок нефтеперерабатывающих заводов

The directions of involving the products of thermal processing of polymer waste into the raw material pool of oil refineries are considered. A detailed analysis of fractions 85-180 oC, 180-360 oC and 360-KK oC, isolated from thermolysis products, has been carried out. Fractions 85-180 °C, 180-360 °C of thermolysis oil are characterized by a high content of organosulfur compounds, which necessitates their hydrotreating before use. After desulfurization, gasoline and diesel fractions can be used in the composition of gasoline and diesel fuels, respectively. The diesel fraction of 180-360 °C of thermolysis oil has a high cetane number and can be considered as a cetane-increasing component. Fraction 360-КК оС thermolysis oil is a potential component of catalytic cracking feedstock. The highest degree of conversion and the yield of valuable components (gasoline, propylene, butane-butene fraction) are achieved during cracking of feedstock containing 30 wt. % of the heavy part of thermolysis oil.

Переработка прямогонного бензина на медьсодержащих цеолитных катализаторах

The results of investigations of the processing of straight-run gasoline fraction of oil over a zeolite of ZSM-5 structural type and copper-containing zeolite catalysts are presented. The copper-containing zeolite catalysts are resulted from the mixing of a ZSM-5 zeolite with a nanosized copper powder. It is shown that the acidic properties and activity of zeolite catalysts depend on the content of copper nanopowder in these catalysts.

Modeling the outlet temperature in heat exchangers: Case study

This article presents the results of the study of the heat transfer in a heat ex-changer where the working fluid is the crude oil prepared for desalination, and the thermic agent is the re-circulating heavy gasoline fraction. Firstly, the Reynolds numbers have been computed using the temperatures and flow rates of the fluids as input variables. Then, general regression neural network and multi-layer perceptron were used for the outlet temperatures estimation using the inlet temperatures and the Reynolds numbers as input variables. The best models on the training dataset were obtained utilizing a multilayer perceptron with one hidden layer, while the best performance on the validation dataset was obtained using a multilayer perceptron network with two hidden layers.

Experimental study of thermophysical properties of gasoline oil fractions

Important physical properties, that characterize a substance, are the density and pressure of saturated vapors (PSV). These parameters need to be known when developing new technological processes in oil refining and chemical industries, designing pipelines, pumping equipment, fuel equipment, hydraulic cleaning processes, calculations related to the amount of petroleum products in mass volume, when operating technical systems running on liquid fuel. For gasoline fractions, the density is a normalized quality parameter, it is an integral part of various combined constants and calculation formulas.

Превращение прямогонной бензиновой фракции и газоконденсата на биметаллических ка-тализаторах на основе цеолита ZSM-5

Acidic and catalytic properties of bimetallic catalysts based on ZSM-5 zeolite modified with copper, cobalt and boron in the conversion of straight-run gasoline fraction of gas condensate were studied in a flow-through unit at atmospheric pressure, in the absence of hydrogen in the temperature range 350-4300C. It has been established that the introduction of modifiers (Cu, Co, B) into the zeolite leads to a sig-nificant decrease in the strength and concentration of acid sites. An increase in the copper concen-tration in the zeolite to 3.0 wt.% leads to a decrease in the concentration of strong acid sites from 542 to 332 mmol/g. The introduction of 2% Cu/HZSM-5 into the catalyst composition of the second modifier Co in an amount of up to 1.5 wt.% reduces the concentration of strong acid sites to 242 mmol/g. With the additional modification of the bimetallic catalyst 1.0% Co 2% Cu/HZSM-5 with boron in an amount of 0.5-1.5 wt.%, the concentration of strong acid sites further decreases to 112-198 mmol/g. On unmodified zeolite HZSM-5, which has strong acid sites, cracking and aromatization of hydro-carbons mainly take place. Isomerization of n-paraffin hydrocarbons that make up the gas conden-sate is not significant. As a result of the modification of HZSM-5 with copper in the amount of 1.0-3.0 wt. %.There is a significant increase in the catalyzate content of high-octane components: iso-paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Modification of the catalyst with 2% Cu/HZSM-5 Co in an amount of 0.5-1.0 wt.% increases its isomerizing activity, and additional modification with boron (0.5-1.5 wt.%) leads to an increase in the yield of liquid products. The relationship between the acid-ic and catalytic properties of modified catalysts has been established. The effect of increasing the isomerizing and aromatizing activity of the modified catalysts is associated with the nature, concen-tration of the modifier, and the ratio of weak and strong acid sites. The isomerizing and aromatizing activity of the catalyst is controlled by the nature and concentration of the modifier. The bimetallic catalyst 1.0% Co 2.0 Cu% 1.0% B/HZSМ-5 exhibits the highest activity in upgrading straight-run gasoline fraction of gas condensate, which makes it possible to obtain a gasoline component with an octane number of 86.5 according to IM at 3800C and a yield of 77.8 wt.%.

Technology for transformation of high-viscosity and high-paraffin oil raw materials using electromagnetic processing

The article presents the results of electromagnetic activation of petroleum raw materials in the vortex layer apparatus. It is shown that under electromagnetic influence, there is a significant increase in the proportion of straight-run gasoline fraction distillate, as well as a change in the physicochemical parameters of the light fractions obtained. It is established that the processes of wave action on oil, which take place in the zone of the electromagnetic field, lead to a change in the group hydrocarbon composition of the distillates obtained. NMR spectroscopy was used to study the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the properties of oil raw materials on the physicochemical properties and structure of the oil.

Determining the influence of cavitation treatment on the octane number of gas-condensate gasoline modified with isopropanol

This paper reports a study into the effect of cavitation on the octane number of gas-condensate gasoline with the addition of isopropanol in the amount of 0‒12 % by volume. The papers that confirm the impact of cavitation on the intensification of oil cracking reactions have been analyzed. Cavitation also initiates reactions of interaction between free radicals and alcohols. A laboratory installation scheme has been proposed to investigate the cavitation treatment process on the characteristics of gasoline modified with alcohols. A methodology has been devised for studying the effect of cavitation treatment intensity on the octane number of gasoline. A 0.3‒0.9-point increase in the octane number of gas-condensate gasoline modified with isopropanol was experimentally proven following its cavitation treatment. The effect of the number of cavitation treatment cycles on the octane number indicator has been studied; it is shown that the stable value of an increase in the octane number is achieved over 7‒8 cycles of cavitation treatment at a pressure at the outlet from the nozzle of 9.0 MPa. A reduction in the isopropanol additive, required to produce gasoline brands A-95 and A-98, when using a cavitation treatment technology was substantiated. It has been experimentally confirmed that compared to simple mechanical mixing of alcohol and hydrocarbon gasoline, the application of cavitation reduces the consumption of isopropanol by 17 % (from 3.0 % to 2.5 % by volume) in the production of gasoline brand A-95; and by 14 % (from 8.1 % to 7.0 % % by volume) in the production of gasoline brand A-98. The effect of isopropanol concentration on the increase in the octane number of gasoline, measured by research method, under conditions of cavitation treatment is nonlinear in nature: with highs at concentrations of 1.0 % by volume, 3.5 % by volume, and 6.5 % by volume. Varying the initial concentration of isopropanol and the octane number of a hydrocarbon gasoline fraction can optimize the technological mode of production of gasoline brands A-95 and A-98 in terms of raw materials and energy consumption

Effect of modifiers on Fe-Pt/Al2O3 catalysts for alkanes hydrotreatment

Zeolite-containing polyfunctional catalysts Fe-Pt/Al2O3 (КТ-17, КТ-18), modified with additives of molyb-denum, phosphorus and cerium, were synthesized. The developed catalytic systems were studied in treatment of C14 alkane obtaining a gasoline fraction. Reaction products contain C4-C9 iso-alkanes, C10-C14 iso-alkanes, C4-C10 alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and C1-C3 alkanes. In addition, 0.2–0.6 % of heavy hydro-carbons was found in reaction products. The yield of C4-C9 iso-alkanes at 380 °C reached 37.9 %. By means of physical and chemical methods it has been found that the zeolite containing catalysts Fe-Pt /Al2O3 modi-fied by various additives are complex systems. Micro-diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy methods al-lowed detecting nanosized hetero clusters of Fe-Pt, Fe-Mo, Pt-Mo in catalysts structure. Depending on chem-ical composition of clusters, particle size varies between 20 and 80 Ǻ. KT-18 catalyst demonstrates high ac-tivity in the process of heavy alkanes treatment; sizes of platinum (d = 200 Å) and iron (d = 30–50 Å) parti-cles were determined by electron microscopy. Activity of KT-18 catalyst is higher than that of highly dis-persed KT-17. The main feature of KT catalysts is their polyfunctionality. During alkanes processing simul-taneous and consecutive reactions of hydrocracking, dehydrogenation, isomerization, dehydro-cyclization and hydro-desulfurization take place.

Energy and exergy analysis of a combined injection engine using gasoline port injection coupled with gasoline or hydrogen direct injection under lean-burn conditions

Hydrogen is considered to be a suitable supplementary fuel for Spark Ignition (SI) engines. The energy and exergy analysis of engines is important to provide theoretical fundaments for the improvement of energy and exergy efficiency. However, few studies on the energy and exergy balance of the engine working under Hydrogen Direct Injection (HDI) plus Gasoline Port Injection (GPI) mode under lean-burn conditions are reported. In this paper, the effects of two different modes on the energy and exergy balance of a SI engine working under lean-burn conditions are presented. Two different modes (GPI + GDI and GPI + HDI), five gasoline and hydrogen direct injection fractions (0, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%), and five excess air ratios (1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4) are studied. The results show that the cooling water takes the 39.40% of the fuel energy on average under GPI + GDI mode under lean-burn conditions, and the value is 40.70% for GPI + HDI mode. The exergy destruction occupies the 56.12% of the fuel exergy on average under GPI + GDI mode under lean-burn conditions, and the value is 54.89% for GPI + HDI mode. The brake thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of the engine can be improved by 0.29% and 0.31% at the excess air ratio of 1.1 under GPI + GDI mode on average, and the average values are 0.56% and 0.71% for GPI + HDI mode.

Aromatics formation by dehydrocyclization-cracking of methyl oleate using ZnZSM-5-alumina composite-supported NiMo sulfide catalysts

In order to investigate the dehydrocyclization-cracking of methyl oleate, one of fatty acid methyl esters, ZnZSM-5-alumina composite-supported NiMo sulfide catalysts were prepared, where the contents of NiMo were changed with the content of alumina. Approximately 100% conversion was achieved for each catalyst even at 450 °C under the 0.5 MPa hydrogen pressure while the selectivity for products changed depending on temperature and the configuration of the composite catalysts. The increase in the content of alumina and the increase in the metal content brought about the increase in the hydrocracking activity. When the content of alumina ratio was low and the metal content decreased, however, the C15–C18 diesel component increased, but hydrocracking did not proceed sufficiently and the larger amount of C19- fraction tended to be formed. The yield of aromatics increased with an optimum combination of amounts of alumina-supported NiMo sulfide and Zn-exchanged ZSM-5, and 9.3NM/Zn(13)Z(24)35A catalysts gave the highest yield of 20 wt%. This catalyst generated relatively smaller amounts of gaseous products and olefins, suggesting that most of the reaction products would be gasified once and then cyclization may occur to produce aromatic compounds. The reaction of methyl oleate started on NiMo/γ-Alumina part in NiMo/ZnZSM-5/γ-Alumina and produced C17 and C18 hydrocarbon fragments through decarboxylation, decarbonylation and hydrodeoxygenation. After successive hydrocracking by NiMo/ZnZSM-5/γ-Alumina and cracking by ZnZSM-5 part, forming smaller alkanes and alkenes, finally C2-C4 olefins and gasoline fractions would be produced. It is likely that C2-C4 olefins would be subjected to selective aromatization to benzene, toluene and xylene on Zn/ZSM-5.

Preparation of β-zeolite mixed catalysts using alumina and titania matrices modified by silication of gel skeletal reinforcement and their reactivity for catalytic cracking of n-dodecane

Novel alumina and titania modified by silica in surface were prepared by applying the gel skeletal reinforcement (GSR) method using hexamethyldisiloxane-acetic anhydride system to alumina-gel and titania-gel formed by the sol-gel method. When NH3-TPD of silica-modified alumina was measured, it was confirmed that new acid sites were observed in the high temperature range from 400 °C to 600 °C. Regarding silica-modified titania, the thermal stability of the anatase phase was observed in the calcination at 600 °C for 3 h, and the complex oxides with different physical properties were prepared. The mixed catalysts with these silica-modified alumina and titania and β-zeolite were prepared, and their reactivity in catalytic cracking of n-dodecane was investigated using a fixed bed reactor at 500 °C. β-zeolite-GSR-silica-modified alumina mixed catalysts was found to have higher conversion and improved gasoline fraction selectivity compared to the cases with the use of β-zeolite single and alumina without GSR modification.

Simultaneous pretreatment and catalytic conversion of polyolefins into hydrocarbon fuels over acidic zeolite catalysts

The effect of pre-degradation treatment in catalytic pyrolysis of polymer was assessed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis reactor experiments of different polymers on various catalysts. Intimate contact between the polymer and catalyst was achieved using physical, mechanical and thermal treatments. The results from the TGA analysis show that pre-degradation treatment has greatly improved the performance of the catalyst attaining maximum degradation at lower temperature. Pre-degradation treatment had increased the liquid yield and lowered the coke yield at various extents depending on the catalyst structure and acidity. The ZSM-5 catalyst with high Si/Al ratio showed maximum amount of (C5–C9) and ZSM-5 with lower Si/Al ratio has maximum percentage of (C14–C20). Based on the performance of the pre-degradation treatment methods, normal mixing produced the maximum amount of lighter fractions and therefore pre-degradation treatment can serve to enhance the gasoline fraction while the diesel fraction can be optimised using the co-pressing method, where polymer and catalyst particles were thoroughly mixed and co-pressed together into mixed particles. Coke characterisation showed coke formed by linear low density polyethylene contained more volatile coke components while polypropylene coke had higher percentage of hard coke. ZSM-5 had lower retention of coke components with volatile coke precursors. The volatility of the coke increases while coke concentration and decreases as the catalyst amount decreases. Pre-degradation treatment facilitated the formation of soft coke components that are easy to remove in inert atmosphere.

Hydrothermal decomposition of polyethylene waste to hydrocarbons rich oil

In the present study the supercritical water (SCW) degradation of polyethylene (PE) plastics (virgin LDPE, PE waste) has been investigated in a batch reactor at 380–450 °C and reaction time of 15–240 min. The experiments (virgin LDPE) were also performed with the addition of acetic acid. During the SCW decomposition of PE plastics oil or wax, aqueous, gas and solid (only in PE waste) phases were formed. The obtained oil phase was composed of alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, and alcohols, while the gas phase manly contained light hydrocarbons (C1–C6). By performing reaction at high temperatures (425–450 °C) and reaction times from 30 to 240 min the concentrations of long-chain hydrocarbons (>C20) and C9–C20 (diesel) fraction in oil phase decreased, while concentration of C6–C8 hydrocarbons (gasoline fraction) increased. Finally, the influence of acetic acid on the PE degradation has been discussed and the potential degradation mechanism of PE waste in SCW is proposed.

Influence of Gasoline Addition on Biodiesel Combustion in a Compression-Ignition Engine with Constant Settings

This paper presents results of investigation of co-combustion process of biodiesel with gasoline, in form of mixture and using dual fuel technology. The main objective of this work was to show differences in both combustion systems of the engine powered by fuels of different reactivity. This paper presents parameters of the engine and the assessment of combustion stability. It turns out that combustion process of biodiesel was characterized by lower ignition delay compared to diesel fuel combustion. For 0.54 of gasoline energetic fraction, the ignition delay increased by 25% compared to the combustion of the pure biodiesel, but for dual fuel technology for 0.95 of gasoline fraction it was decreased by 85%. For dual fuel technology with the increase in gasoline fraction, the specific fuel consumption (SFC) was decreased for all analyzed fractions of gasoline. In the case of blend combustion, the SFC was increased in comparison to dual fuel technology. An analysis of spread of ignition delay and combustion duration was also presented. The study confirmed that it is possible to co-combust biodiesel with gasoline in a relatively high energetic fraction. For the blend, the ignition delay was up to 0.54 and for dual fuel it was near to 0.95.

Artificial Intelligence Assisted Noncontact Microwave Sensor for Multivariable Biofuel Analysis

Multivariable component analysis is one of the most challenging topics in the area of microwave resonator based sensors. In this article, a new approach is developed for introducing new independent features for analyzing the volumetric fraction of water, ethanol, and gasoline in E85 biofuel samples. The novel features are extracted based on a multiharmonics measurement of frequency and amplitude variations of the transmission response of the resonator over multiple harmonics due to nonlinearity and uniqueness of the permittivity spectrum of different materials. For the experiments, 60 samples of biofuel mixtures are prepared with randomly chosen percentages of each of the components. An artificial neural network is trained with the extracted features from 40 of the samples and tested over the remaining 20 samples. The average relative error in determining the water concentration in the biofuel samples of as low as 0.09% is achieved. The experimental results verify the capability of the sensor for selective analysis of all the components of a multivariable mixture simultaneously.

Karakterisasi Asap Cair Hasil Pirolisis Sampah Kantong Plastik sebagai Bahan Bakar Bensin

Plastic bag waste is garbage that is difficult to degrade in nature. Hoarding plastic bag waste can reduce soil fertility because it cannot be broken down by microorganisms quickly. Burning plastic bag waste can produce toxic gases and have a negative impact on human health and the environment. To solve the problem, the plastic bag waste is converted into liquid smoke as fuel oil. The method used to convert the plastic bag waste into liquid smoke is pyrolysis. The fractionation of liquid smoke at temperatures below 200oC produces 36.20% clear liquid which has similar properties to gasoline fuel. Characterization of the physical and chemical properties of the gasoline fraction liquid smoke has a density of 0.76 g/mL; a viscosity of 0.80 cP; boiling point at 146.9oC; flash point at 30.60oC; a calorific value of 10,520 cal/g; with the octane number of 98 RON. GC-MS analysis shows that the gasoline fraction liquid smoke consists of 45 chemical compounds which can be classified into alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes and alcohols.

Conversion of dimethyl ether to liquid hydrocarbons on zeolite catalysts: Influence of a base admixture in the zeolite

This paper presents comparative data on the selectivity and gasoline fraction composition for commercial catalysts based on Zn- and Pd-modified zeolites with the same MFI structural type, but produced by different manufacturers. The data are obtained in the operation of a two-reactor micropilot unit in a flow circulation mode. The relationship and differences between the character and type of Brønsted acid site were investigated using in situ high-temperature diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy during annealing of the catalysts in dry argon, hydrogen, and dimethyl ether flows. It was found that catalysts contain organic ammonium cations with different structures of organic substituents, which decompose to give a very strong nitrogen-containing acid site. This site can promote the formation of branched paraffins and light aromatics from dimethyl ether. Under the action of these sites, methanol can be rapidly converted to DME, which is more reactive towards the production of gasoline fraction.

Enhancement of Cobalt Concentration Supported on Mesoporous Silica towards the Characteristics and Activities of Catalysts for the Conversion of Waste Coconut Oil into Gasoline and Diesel Oil

The analysis of the effect of cobalt concentration supported on mesoporous silica (MS) has been evaluated. This study was aimed to observe the physical and chemical characteristics of the catalysts, and also to study the catalytic activity and its selectivity towards gasoline and diesel oil products in the hydrocracking process of waste coconut oil. The MS was produced using Lapindo mud, where the CTAB was used as the mesopore templating agent. The Co/MS catalyst was prepared by the wet impregnation method with various concentrations of Co. The characterization of the catalyst includes silica purity test by XRF, determination of Co content by AAS, the crystallinity by XRD, the catalyst porosity by SAA, physical pore structure by SEM and TEM, and total acidity by the gravimetric method using NH3 base vapor adsorption. The hydrocracking was carried out in a hydrocracking reactor using various concentrations of Co/MS catalysts with the ratio of catalyst/feed = 1/50. The products of the hydrocracking process were liquid, coke, and gas. The composition of the hydrocracking liquid products was analyzed by GC-MS. Based on the results of the catalytic activity test, it was concluded that the Co(1)/MS catalyst, which had the highest acidity, showed the best catalyst selectivity towards gasoline and diesel fractions.