Gasoline Fraction Research Articles

Selection of the evaporating agent of the partial topping tower

The operation of the primary oil refining unit significantly affects the technical and economic indicators of the oil refinery. One of the most common options for the technological scheme of the installation provides for partial topping of oil in column K-1 with its further fractionation in the main atmospheric and vacuum columns. The separation of the gasoline fraction in the K-1 column is possible using various evaporating agents - water vapor, the reflux of the main atmospheric column, kerosene or diesel fractions. The paper evaluates the possibility of using the C1 ? C4 gas fraction obtained from delayed coking and gas fractionation units as an evaporating agent on column K-1, as well as after separating the gas-liquid flow from the top of column K-1. The studies were carried out using the Honeywell UniSim Design modeling system. To calculate the thermodynamic properties of the components of the fractions, the Peng-Robinson method was chosen. The calculations were carried out when considering two different oils as raw materials, which have significantly different contents of gas and gasoline (end boiling point 180 ° C) fractions in them. In the crude oil-1, their potential amount is 0.204 of the total volume, and in the oil-2 stream - 0.065. The operation of a typical column for partial topping of oil is simulated, containing 22 trays (contact device efficiency 0.7), feedstock is fed to 13 (the main amount of 479 t / h) and 18 trays (10 t / h) with a temperature of 232 ? and a pressure of 517.1 kPa, the pressure of the top and the bottom of the column is 280 and 294.2 kPa, respectively. The active specifications, according to which the Honeywell UniSim Design environment ensures the convergence of the calculation processes, are reflux R = 0.1 and a fixed withdrawal of distillate (17% of the potential content in oil), which is 15300 kg / h for crude oil-1 and 5000 kg / h when using raw oil-2. The flow rate of evaporating agents supplied to the bottom of the apparatus was 6000 kg / h. When calculating columns with different evaporating agents, the achieved estimates of the content in the distillate of the gasoline fraction with the end-boiling point of 180 ° C were evaluated and compared. Calculations have shown the possibility of using the C1 ? C4 gas fraction as an evaporating agent, which, in terms of its thermophysical parameters, occupies an intermediate value between the use of water vapor on the one hand and the use of a gasoline or kerosene-gas oil fraction on the other.

Enhanced catalytic conversion of palm oil into biofuels by Cr-incorporated sulphated zirconia

The conversion of palm oil into biofuels using commercial zirconia (ZrO2) modified sulfuric acid (H2SO4) incorporated with Cr metal has been systematically studied. Sulphated zirconia (ZrO2-SO4) was prepared by dispersing ZrO2 in H2SO4 solution via wet impregnation method. Cr-incorporated sulphated zirconia (Cr/ZrO2-SO4) were prepared hydrothermally through wet impregnation of ZrO2-SO4 and chromium (III) nitrate nonahydrate (Cr(NO3)3·9H2O) solution. The results showed that reduction step with pure hydrogen gas (H2) over non-calcined catalyst (Cr/ZrO2-SO4 (NC)) resulted in higher activity and selectivity than calcined catalyst (Cr/ZrO2-SO4 (C600)). A maximum acidity test result was obtained on Cr/ZrO2-SO4 (NC) of 2.33 mmol g−1, increasing from Cr/ZrO2-SO4 (C600) of 1.32 mmol g−1. The selectivity of gasoline fraction demonstrated by Cr/ZrO2-SO4 (C600) and Cr/ZrO2-SO4 (NC) was observed to contain 35.85% and 36.51%, respectively.

Co-feeding of vacuum gas oil and pinewood-derived hydrogenated pyrolysis oils in a fluid catalytic cracking pilot plant to generate olefins and gasoline.

Background: The Waste2Road project exploits new sustainable pathways to generate biogenic fuels from waste materials, deploying existing industrial scale processes. One such pathway is through pyrolysis of wood wastes. Methods: The hereby generated pyrolysis liquids were hydrogenated prior to co-feeding in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) pilot plant. So-called stabilized pyrolysis oil (SPO) underwent one mild hydrogenation step (max. 200 °C) whereas the stabilized and deoxygenated pyrolysis oil (SDPO) was produced in two steps, a mild one (maximum 250 °C) prior to a more severe process step (350 °C). These liquids were co-fed with vacuum gas oil (VGO) in an FCC pilot plant under varying riser temperatures (530 and 550 °C). The results of the produced hydrocarbon gases and gasoline were benchmarked to feeding pure VGO. Results: It was proven that co-feeding up to 10 wt% SPO and SDPO is feasible. However, further experiments are recommended for SPO due to operational instabilities originating from pipe clogging. SPO led to an increase in the hydrocarbon gas production from 45.0 to 46.3 wt% at 550 °C and no significant changes at 530 °C. SDPO led to a rise in gasoline yield at both riser temperatures. The highest amount of gasoline was produced when SDPO was co-fed at a 530°C riser temperature, with values around 44.8wt%. Co-feeding hydrogenated pyrolysis oils did not lead to a rise in sulfur content in the gasoline fractions. The highest values were around 18 ppm sulfur content. Instead, higher amounts of nitrogen were observed in the gasoline. Conclusions: SPO and SDPO proved to be valuable co-refining options which led to no significant decreases in product quality. Further experiments are encouraged to determine the maximum possible co-feeding rates. As a first step, 20-30 wt% for SPO are recommended, whereas for SDPO 100 wt% could be achievable.

Thermocracking of a heavy fraction of the oil residue in a mixture with shale

The process of tar thermal cracking in a mixture with crushed oil shale to obtain components of motor fuels and raw materials for the process of thermal cracking is investigated in this paper. The optimization results of technological parameters (shale concentration, temperature, and duration) are presented and the material balance (mass.%) of the process is made. It was found that during single-stage processing under relatively mild conditions (5 MPa, 425C, feed space velocity of 1.0 h-1), a deep destruction of tar is achieved (the yield of the gasoline fraction from boiling point to 200C is ~12 wt.%; medium distillates with boil. point 200370C-43-44 mass.%; raw materials for thermal cracking with boil. point above 370C ~15-16 wt.% on per the original tar). The generating coke-like products and the V and Ni contained in the raw materials are deposited on the mineral part of the shale and removed from the reaction zone with the liquid products of the process.

Synthesis of Nickel-loaded Sulfated Zirconia Catalyst and Its Application for Converting Used Palm Cooking Oil to Gasoline via Hydrocracking Process

The synthesis of the nickel-loaded sulfated zirconia catalyst (Ni-SZ) and its application for the hydrocracking process have been carried out. This work has been conducted to determine the activity and selectivity from various Ni concentrations loaded on sulfated zirconia (SZ) in the hydrocracking of used palm cooking oil. The synthesis technique was preceded by sulfation of ZrO2 through incipient wetness impregnation method using H2SO4 solution and then continued with the impregnation of Ni via hydrothermal method employing NiSO4 · 6H2O precursor salt. The hydrocracking process was performed in a fix-bed microreactor at the optimum temperature (350 °C). The SZ loaded with 3 wt% of Ni (Ni-SZ 3) successfully produced the highest liquid product (44.25 wt%) and selectivity on gasoline (100 %). Besides, the gasoline fraction in the liquid product was dominated by unwanted aromatics compounds. The excellent performance of Ni-SZ 3 due to it has high acidity value, specific surface area, and Ni content.

WHEN CHOOSING CATALYSTS FOR THE CONVERSION OF ISOBUTYLENE PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY AND QUANTITY

Catalysts play an extremely important role in wildlife and industry. Today it is difficult to describe chemistry and petrochemistry without catalytic processes. Catalytic processes account for 80-85% of oil refining. Therefore, the problem of choosing a catalyst is of interest both from the point of view of quality and quantity. In this paper, the activity of a high silicon zeolite catalyst used in the conversion of isobutene was studied at various temperatures, and it was determined that a sample of the zeolite catalyst during the process initially had no catalytic activity during the conversion of isobutene. The release of liquid products is observed only after the formation of 5-8% of compaction products (PM) on the surface within 25-30 minutes from the beginning. Consequently, modifiers have a positive effect on catalytic activity. In this case, the number and strength of the acid sites of the catalyst changes. The study of isobutene conversion process showed that the formation of liquid products is observed at 150°C. It was shown that in this case in the temperature range 150°C-300°C liquid products of isobutene reaction consist of primarily from aliphatic and at 350°C- 450°C from aromatic hydrocarbons. The process of conversion of hexane-1 on the high-silica zeolite catalyst is studied and it was shown that the decomposition of hexene-1 into ethene and propene is occure at the beginning, at 250°C and then the process takes place in a mixture of the two olefins. It was shown by the using of XRD, TG/DTA methods, that the formed products of seals in the conversion of isobutene and 1-hexene over the high silica zeolite catalyst,is composed of two phases that differ from each other in thermal stability. The obtained liquid products during the conversion of isobutene at 150°C-300°C can be used as high-octane gasoline fractions as motor fuel component. The adsorbed NH3 probe molecules method showed that during the conversion of propene, isobutene and hexene-1, the amount of acid sites of spent catalysts is reduced by 43-50%. In this state, the catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity. Keywords: catalyst, activity, isobutene, zeolite.

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: Towards a highly-selective catalyst by lanthanide promotion under relevant CO2 syngas mixtures

The role of lanthanides as promoters on cobalt-based catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was evaluated under relevant biomass-derived syngas mixtures. Cerium, lanthanum and a combination of them were impregnated on an industrial cobalt-based micro-catalyst. Lanthanide incorporation did not affect significantly the morphology of the catalyst, although it reduced the available surface cobalt. Catalytic tests revealed that both the presence of carbon dioxide in the feed and lanthanides in the catalyst led to similar outcomes; higher selectivity to long-chain hydrocarbons, at the expense of reactivity. Reaction experiments were well aligned with in-situ DRIFTS measurements, which evidenced the modification of the initial reaction mechanism, CO2 conversion and the presence of lower CO-cobalt coverages. This work reports two relevant findings for FTS development. Firstly, the presence of carbon dioxide is beneficial for long-chain hydrocarbon production. Secondly, the incorporation of lanthanides increases the production of gasoline, kerosene and diesel fractions.

СКЛАД І ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ПІРОКОНДЕНСАТУ ПІРОЛІЗУ ЗНОШЕНИХ АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ШИН

One of the options for the disposal of worn car tires is low-temperature pyrolysis, the target product of which is pyrocondensate. The fractional composition and properties of pyrocondensate of pyrolysis of rubber waste obtained at an industrial plant are studied. The pyrocondensate was separated into gasoline and diesel fraction and residue. The composition and properties of these fractions have been studied in detail. X-ray fluorescence analysis and IR spectroscopic studies of pyrocondensate and narrow fractions isolated from it were performed.

Catalytic Co-Cracking of Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester and Polystyrene Waste for Gasoline-Rich Biofuel Over Mesoporous Al-MCM-41 Catalyst

Used cooking oil and packaging foam are typical waste materials that are abundantly available as household and fast food restaurant waste with high energy content, thus representing potential feedstock for conversion into an alternative energy source. In this study, catalytic co-cracking was examined at 300°C in atmospheric pressure to generate fuel products with gasoline-like properties from a mixture of used cooking oil biodiesel and polystyrene pyrolysis oil. Mixture of ceramic powder and Al-MCM-41 was used as catalyst in comparison to a pristine mesoporous aluminosilicate material. The product distribution of produced biofuel wes analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Experimental results exhibit that catalytic co-cracking process generated up to 64,6 – 67,2% yield of liquid hydrocarbon. The product distribution and the quality of the resulting biofuel were significantly affected by Si/Al ratio of the catalyst. Pristine Al-MCM-41 with lower Si/Al ratio was more favored for the enrichment of gasoline range fraction (C7–C12) which give 88,98% yield, while Al-MCM-41/ceramic with higher Si/Al ratio only give 32,84% yield of gasoline fraction. Moreover, lower oxygenate compound with better stability of biofuel was also obtained using pristine Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The produced biofuel blend by both catalysts indicated promising physical properties including higher calorific value (53,2 and 52,4 MJ/kg) and higher-octane number (RON 99,8 and 95,5) than commercial gasoline.

Effect of Acid Treatment on the Properties of Zeolite Catalyst for Straight-Run Gasoline Upgrading

The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of different concentrations of nitric and hydrochloric acids on the structural, acidic, and catalytic properties of a post-synthetic treated ZSM-5 type zeolite at various temperatures. The properties of zeolite catalysts were determined using different methods, such as the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method for specific surface area, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of ammonia method for acidic properties, and a flow-through unit with fixed bed catalyst (with upgrading straight-run gasoline fraction of oil) for catalytic activities of initial zeolite and acid-treated samples. The structural and acidic properties of both untreated and treated zeolites were investigated, and the effect of acid treatment on the catalytic properties of the samples in the course of upgrading the straight-run gasoline fraction of oil was determined. The post-synthetic treatment with aqueous nitric acid increased the specific surface area and volume of micropores of ZSM-5 zeolite, while the treatment with aqueous hydrochloric acid led to the formation of mesopores. Acid treatments of zeolite decreased the number of acid sites, mainly due to diminished concentration of low-temperature sites. The yield of liquid products in the conversion of straight-run gasoline fraction of oil, i.e., generation of high-octane gasolines with improved environmental features, was increased using acid-treated zeolites, which was due to the decrease in arene content.

Catalytic Hydrocracking of Fresh and Waste Frying Oil over Ni- and Mo-Based Catalysts Supported on Sulfated Silica for Biogasoline Production

The synthesis of a sulfated silica catalyst and its modification with Ni and/or Mo metal, along with its application for the hydrocracking of fresh and waste frying oil into biogasoline, were conducted. Synthesis of the catalysts was initiated with the sulfation of silica (SiO2) material by H2SO4 using the sol-gel method. Ni and/or Mo metal were impregnated into the SO4/SiO2 matrix with concentration variations of 1, 2, and 3 wt%. The sulfation process and promotion by Molybdenum (Mo) metal in the modified catalyst successfully increased the catalytic activity and selectivity. Among the catalysts investigated, Ni-SS2 exhibited the best performance for the hydrocracking reaction with waste frying oil. This catalyst was able to achieve a conversion of the liquid product of 71.47% and a selectivity of 58.73% for the gasoline fraction (C5-C12). NiMo-SS3 showed the highest percentage of activity and selectivity in the hydrocracking of fresh frying oil at 51.50 and 43.22 wt%, respectively.

Performance of Ni-Mo Sulfated Nanozirconia Catalyst for Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil into Biofuel via Hydrocracking Process

The synthesis of the Ni-Mo sulfated zirconia (NiMo-SZ) catalyst and its application to convert waste cooking oil into biofuel was successfully conducted. The synthesis process was started with a sulfation process on the zirconia oxide (ZrO2) using 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) through wet impregnation to obtain sulfated zirconia (SZ). Solid SZ with the highest total acidity value was calcined at temperature 500, 550, 600, 650, and 700 °C. Solid SZ calcined with the optimum temperature was treated with Ni and Mo metals at 1%, 2%, and 3% (w/w) through a hydrothermal method. Pure ZrO2, SZ, and 1, 2, and 3 NiMo-SZ catalysts were used in the hydrocracking of used cooking oil into biofuel. The results showed that the 1.5 M SZ catalyst calcined at 500 °C had the highest acidity value of 3.8137 mmol/g. The 3-NiMo-SZ catalyst had the best activity valuing at 80.54%, while 1-NiMo-SZ produced the best selectivity in producing gasoline fraction until 73.93%.

Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of Rhenium-Containing Zeolites in the Course of Straight-Run Gasoline Upgrading

Catalysts for upgrading of the straight-run gasoline fraction of oil were prepared on the basis of a ZSM‑5 zeolite via dry mechanical mixing with an ultrafine rhenium powder. It was shown how the structural and acidic characteristics of zeolite ZSM‑5 changed when it was modified with rhenium. The concentration and nature of carbon condensation products formed on the prepared catalysts during the processing of straight--run gasoline have been determined. An enhancement of operating efficiency of rhenium--containing zeolite catalysts in comparison with an unmodified zeolite was established, which consisted in increasing their capacity and reducing the rate of deactivation in the process under study

Increasing the Yield of Light Distillates by Wave Action on Oil Raw Materials

The article presents the results of the electromagnetic activation of petroleum feed in the vortex layer apparatus. It is shown that under the electromagnetic influence, there is a significant increase in the proportion of straight-run gasoline fraction distillate, as well as a change in the physicochemical parameters of the light fractions obtained as a result of the cavitation effect and the low-temperature cracking. It has been established that the processes of wave action on oil occurring in the electromagnetic field zone lead to a change in the individual and group hydrocarbon composition of the distillates obtained. The gasoline fraction produced from activated petroleum, due to an increase in the proportion of aromatic compounds, has a high octane number compared to the original straight-run fraction and low content of alkenes, which allows us to recommend its use as a high-octane component of motor fuels in the compounding and production of commercial gasoline.

Removal of Acidic-Sulfur-Containing Components from Gasoline Fractions and Their Simulated Analogues Using Silica Gel Modified with Transition-Metal Carboxylates.

The removal of acidic sulfur-containing components [hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and alkanethiols or thiols (RSH)] from simulated mixtures and analogues of gasoline fractions with Zn(II), Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) acetates, pivalates, and malonates applied on silica gel with various porosities under ultrasonic treatment in solution has been studied. The dependence of the adsorption of H2S and RSH on the surface of silica gel modified by metal complexes with organic ligands on various factors (the pore size of the silica gel, the time of ultrasonic treatment, and the nature of carboxylate complexes) is established. The best results for the removal of total sulfur from the model mixture and an analogue of the gasoline fraction were obtained using silica gel modified with zinc pivalate (96%) and cobalt pivalate (95%). A waste-free method to desulfurize fuel with zinc pivalate based on the production of practically useful ZnS is suggested.

Reactivation of the Spent Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking (RFCC) Catalyst through Acid Treatment for Palm Oil Cracking to Biofuels

This work discusses the treated spent Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking (RFCC) catalysts using sulfuric or citric acids to examine the impact of acid treatment on the catalyst physicochemical properties and structural characteristics. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Brunauer−Emmett−Teller-Barrett−Joyner−Halenda (BET-BJH) methods. The catalytsts were performed in a continuous fixed-bed reactor for catalytic cracking of palm oil. Changes of the catalyst characteristics and catalytic performance testing of the catalyst after the acid treatment for palm oil cracking process were discussed. It was found that the acid treatment on the spent RFCC catalyst can increase the surface area and pore volume of catalysts as well as the crystallinity. The closed pores in the spent RFCC are opened by acid treatment by eliminating heavy metals. Concerning to the catalytic performance, the acid-treated catalysts had better performance than the non-treated catalyst, which could increase selectivity of the kerosene-diesel range fraction from 47.89% to 55.41%. It was interested, since the non-treated catalyst could not produce gasoline fraction, while the acid-treated catalsysts could produce gasoline fraction at selectivity range of 0.57 – 0.84%. It was suggested that both sulfuric or citric acids treatment could increase the cracking performance of spent RFCC catalyst by shifting the product to lower hydrocarbons.

Production of Isotropic Coke from Shale Tar at Various Parameters of the Delayed Coking Process.

This paper presents the results of studies on the production of coke at excess pressures of 0.15, 0.25, and 0.35 MPa with delayed coking of shale tar obtained by pyrolysis of oil shale in the Baltic Basin. To assess the quality of the resulting coke, properties such as the absolute density, yield of volatile substances, ash content, and total porosity were analyzed. The microstructure of the resulting coke was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, for which the evaluation criteria were the interplanar spaces d002 and d100 and the sizes of the Lc and La crystallites. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was used to confirm the results of the analysis of the formed structure of shale coke obtained earlier. The calcined samples were classified as cokes with an isotropic structure. In addition, the fractional composition of the obtained gasoline and gas oil fractions of delayed coking of shale resin was analyzed.

Assessing the effects of ethanol additive and driving behaviors on fuel economy, particle number, and gaseous emissions of a GDI vehicle under real driving conditions

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles operating on real roads produce particle number (PN) emissions. Ethanol, which is a vehicle oxygenated fuel, can meet stringent PN and gaseous emission regulations owing to its low carbon content, green sustainability, and clean combustion benefits. In this study, the fuel consumption (FC), PN, and gaseous emissions of a GDI vehicle were experimentally investigated using a chassis dynamometer following real driving emission (RDE). Two driving behaviors, the normal and aggressive driving modes, were tested with different ethanol fractions of gasoline (G100), 5% volume content in the blended fuel (G95E5), and 10% volume content in the blended fuel (G90E10). The results indicated that under the RDE test procedure, the FC, exhaust gas temperature (EGT), PN, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions in the aggressive driving mode were higher than those in the normal driving mode. When ethanol was added to gasoline, the FC and CO2 emissions of the blended fuels were higher than those of G100, whereas the CO and EGT of the blends decreased. The addition of small amounts of ethanol had little effect on the NOX emissions. As for PN, the PN emission of G95E5 was higher than that of G100. As the ethanol fraction further increased, the PN emission of G90E10 was the smallest among the three fuels. The GDI vehicles fueled with 10% ethanol achieved lower PN and CO emissions at a slight sacrifice in FC under real driving conditions.

Impact of the hybrid electric architecture on the performance and emissions of a delivery truck with a dual-fuel RCCI engine

Reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion showed great advantages in terms of NOx and soot emissions reduction, leading to virtually zero emissions. However, the average brake thermal efficiency of this concept is like that found with conventional diesel operation. The powertrain electrification using electric motors and battery packages appears as a potential solution to reduce the CO2 emissions. For this reason, several solutions for the powertrain electrification can be found currently in the market as the parallel, series and power split powertrain architectures. The aim of this work is to evaluate the hybrid architecture impact on the fuel consumption and emissions of a delivery truck (Volvo-FL) intended for urban and urban–rural applications. The truck equipped with a reactivity-controlled compression ignition diesel-gasoline engine is evaluated and compared against the conventional diesel case. In addition, to evaluate the impact of new e-fuels on the well-to-wheel CO2 emissions, a synthetic gasoline coming from carbon capture and green electricity is evaluated. The results show that hybridization allows reducing the tank-to-wheel CO2 emissions above 15% with the parallel hybrid set-up. The series and power split architectures show CO2 benefits of 12% with respect to the baseline diesel non-hybrid case. Using synthetic gasoline as low reactivity fuel allows to achieve a 50% well-to-wheel CO2 reduction in the P2 and 70% well-to-wheel CO2 reduction for the series and power split cases due to the higher average gasoline fraction used in the driving cycle.

Highly active FexOy@SiO2 catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis through the confinement effect of metal organic frameworks material: Preparation and structure-activity relationship

Metal Organic Frameworks makes it being used as a template to prepare highly dispersed catalysts. The [email protected] catalyst prepared by pyrolysis of Fe-MOF precursor, depicts a core-shell structure with carbon layers being coated on the outer surface of iron species. Since the diffusion of molecules through carbon layers is suppressed, the active iron sites in the interior could not be fully utilized. Based on this realization, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the silicon source was introduced the MOF during the preparation process of Fe-MOF. After carbonization and calcination, the carbon layer was removed while the iron species were confined by the SiO2 yielding the FexOy@SiO2 catalyst. The confinement effect of SiO2 greatly prevented the agglomeration of iron species during calcination process. Compared with [email protected] catalyst without silicon source, the prepared FexOy@SiO2 catalyst resulted in an enhanced FTS activity with FTY as 4.54 × 10−4 molCO/(gFe⋅s) and gasoline fraction selectivity. Upon using same quantity of TEOS, the dispersion degree of iron species and the confinement effect of SiO2 could be regulated by just changing the introduction order of TEOS, corresponding different FTS performances. The FexOy-SiO2 interaction in the catalyst and its influence on the properties of the FexOy@SiO2 catalyst are discussed and structure-activity relationship was explored.