Garden Area Research Articles

Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Soils Using a QuEChERS Extraction Procedure and LC-MS/MS

The concentration levels of some important pesticides were evaluated in soil samples from different areas of the North of Iran (Golestan province) and to indicate the possible sources and risks of contamination. A multiresidue analytical procedure using the QuEChERS approach was developed to extract and measure 12 pesticide residues from ten different classes in 145 soil samples including agricultural, garden, forestal, and residential areas. The analysis was performed using reversed-phase liquid chromatography equipped with an ESI mass spectrometry instrument by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive-ion modes. Retention times and occurrence of two conventional transitions were used as identification criteria. Three pesticide residues including malathion, propargite, and butachlor were observed in soil samples. Malathion residue was found in ˃ 51% of soil samples, and its levels in approximately 35% of the cases were more than the residue limit (50 μg kg−1). Propargite residue was observed in 49% of the samples and its levels in 11% of the cases were more than the residue limit. The most frequently observed levels of malathion and propargite were found in forestal and residential areas. The amount of butachlor residue in one of the residential soil samples was at least 10 times more than the residue limit. Some of the pesticides including imidacloprid, cyproconazole, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos displayed residue levels below 50 μg kg−1. The other pesticides, namely carbaryl, thiophanate-methyl, fenpropathrin, krezoxim-methyl, and pinoxaden, were not detected in any soil samples. These findings might be useful for implementing programs to monitor the presence of pesticides in soils and the related crops, to carry out more precise risk assessment studies.

Dragonfly Community in Flowing and Stagnating Water in the Cibodas Botanical Garden Area

There are about 5000-6000 types of dragonflies which will continue to grow when new types are found. The diversity of dragonflies in Indonesia is quite high, namely about 750 species or 12.5% of the total in the world. This study aims to determine the dragonfly community in flowing and stagnant water in the Cibodas Botanical Garden Area. The research method used was a descriptive exploratory method, while the data collection technique used the Catch and Release technique (TLK). Data analysis in this study used descriptive analysis. Data collection was carried out in May-July 2018. The locations included in the flowing water group were Sakura Park and Ciismun Waterfall, while Air Mancur and Guest House were included in the stagnant water group. The results showed that there were 8 types of dragonflies identified, namely Orthetrum Pruinosum, Orthetrum sabina, Orthetrum glaucum, Pantala flavescens, Neurothermis fluctuans, Neurothemis terminata, Ischnura senegalensis, Coeliccia membranipes. The most common species found was Pantala flavescens with 533 individuals, while the least species found was Neurothemis terminata with 4 individuals. Sub-order zygoptera was found only in 2 types in this study, namely the Coeliccia membranipes with the number of 101 individuals and Ischnura senegalensis with the number of 19 individuals. The dominant types of dragonflies in flowing and stagnant water are Pantala flavescens and Orthetrum pruinosum. The Coeliccia membranipes dragonfly was only found in running water, namely at the location of the Ciismun waterfall and Ischnura senegalensis only found in stagnant water, namely at the location of the fountain.

Study on the Spatial and Temporal Changes of Ecological Land in Lanzhou New District

Based on the land use vector data interpreted by remote sensing and using mathematical statistics, we analyzed the quantity and spatial change characteristics of ecological land in Lanzhou New District from 2013 to 2018. We found that in the five years of rapid urbanization in Lanzhou New District, arable land and grassland have been decreasing, and the area of woodland, garden and waters has increased. The total area of ecological land has continued to decline. From 2013 to 2018, the absolute value of a single land use dynamic degree is garden >waters>woodland>arable land>grassland. The temporal and spatial changes of ecological land in Lanzhou New District are affected by many factors such as natural and social factors. Due to its special strategic positioning in China, we believe that policy factors among social factors have become the main driving force for its development and changes.

Area of Irregular Shaped Roof

This project makes use of calculus, specifically integration, to find the exact area of a roof garden to minimize the cost of material used in flooring it. Since the roof is of irregular shape, it is divided into four sections, the integral of each section is taken, and a relationship between the integrals is generated. Positive results are found, and the data reveal that the area of the grass floor is 175.3 m2 while the area of the wooden floor is 23.4 m2 with the total price being 2472 US dollars.

PENGARUH JUMLAH RUAS YANG DITANAM PADA METODE RUNDUK GULUNG TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN BIBIT Mucuna bracteata

Mucuna bracteata is a type of Leguminosae Cover Crop (LCC) which is widely used in Indonesian plantations. The advantage of Mucuna bracteata is that it grows fast. Based on this, a study was conducted to see the rate of difference in the number of internodes planted which could accelerate the growth and development of Mucuna bracteata. The research was carried out in the practical garden area of ​​the Medan Agricultural College of Agribusiness (STIPAP). The research was conducted from May to June 2020. This study used a non-factorial randomized block design (RBD), which consisted of 1 treatment with 4 levels, namely R0 (1 rolled segment), R1 (2 rolled sections), R2 (3 rolled humps), R3 (4 rolled humps) and with 5 repetitions. The results showed that the treatment of R2, namely 3 bundles of rolled knuckles, gave the best effect on the parameter increase in tendril length, namely 89.66 cm, the increase in the number of tendrils, namely 6.38, the increase in the number of leaves, namely 12.50 strands, the increase in the number of segments, namely 11.32 pieces, and the measurement of the root volume, namely 13.00 ml. The treatment of the number of bunded knots had a significant effect on the parameters of tendril length, number of tendrils, number of leaves, number of internodes, and volume of roots.

Pemanfaatan Solar Cell Sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif Untuk Fasilitas Bangku Taman Ruang Terbuka Hijau


 
 
 
 The source of electricity for the Taman Tiga Generasi facility, a Green Open Space in the City of Balikpapan, is highly dependent on PLN sources, resulting in an electrical energy crisis. Also, not all parks have facilities and infrastructure such as benches for visitors to sit on. Community service aims to apply electric bench technology with solar cell electricity generation for parks and implement Appropriate Technology products for the community based on solutions to partner problems. This community service method considers the health protocol in which the process is carried out directly and is limited. The stages are (1) Application of solar cell electricity technology to provide electricity for garden facilities; (2) Training by service team for partners regarding the operation and maintenance of electrical bench products with solar cell power supply; (3) Counseling regarding the conservation of electrical energy for partners. This community service resulted in a multifunctional electric bench product as a seat, as a place to charge mobile electronic devices, and as a source of lighting for the garden area with a solar panel-based power supply. Community service activities as part of the realization of alternative solar cells for electricity generation in Indonesia in saving electrical energy.
 
 
 

Temporal and spatial foraging patterns of three Asian honey bee species in Bangalore, India

Honey bees (genus Apis) are important pollinators in Asian tropical agricultural and natural ecosystems, yet the Asian species remain vastly understudied compared to the European honey bee, Apis mellifera. We studied the temporal and spatial foraging patterns of three co-occurring Asian honey bee species in Bangalore, India, to gain a better understanding of how they coexist. We found evidence for temporal resource partitioning, with Apis cerana having activity peaks in the early mornings, Apis florea initiating foraging later in the day, and Apis dorsata having the potential to do much of its foraging activity at night, even when the moon is not yet up. Apart from the established species differences in foraging ranges, we found limited evidence of spatial partitioning of the landscape. Although individual colonies foraging in parallel often focused their foraging effort on different patches, all three species preferred foraging in cultivated garden areas to seminatural or urban areas. These observations add to the growing evidence for a key role of gardens as foraging habitat for bees in cities.

Watering Stimulation of Alliun cepa L Plants Based on IoT Through the ESP32 Microcontroller and MQTT Protocol

Allium cepa L. (Shallots) is classified as a seasonal plant that requires special water treatment techniques correctly and precise watering methods. Farmers in the highlands of Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi, mostly still prefer watering this plant traditionally and manually even though it is in large garden areas. Farmers also find it difficult to handle watering crops on large tracts of land and are overwhelmed by not having enough time to care for water evenly. Implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) based onion watering method utilizes an ESP32 microcontroller with the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, and is very easy for farmers to implement. The MQTT work system implements Publish and Subscribe data. The method and system for designing this tool is that if the shallot plant is 1-10 days old, this tool will water twice a day evenly, the morning and evening. Then if the shallot plant is 11-60 days old, this tool will water only once, in the morning. When the watering automation is implemented, the information system is in the form of a message (on the smartphone) signing by logic 0. Conversely, if this tool does not flush, then the message that comes on the smartphone is as logic 1.

Ferns Vegetation in the Lemor Botanical Garden, Suela District, East Lombok Regency

Lemor Botanical Garden is located in Suela Village, East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. Various plant exist in the Lemor Botanical Garden. One of them is ferns. Research on the identification of ferns in the Lemor Botanical Garden was carried out from July to September 2020. The purpose of this research was to determine the spesies of ferns in the Lemor Botanical Garden area. This research is a descriptive research. The data was collected by using the sruise method. The results showed that in The Lemor Botanical Garden there were 12 families and 29 spesies of ferns. The spesies of ferns found were: Tectaria angulata, Tectaria melanocaula, Tectaria palmate, Tectaria SP, Pteridrys syrmatica, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Nephrolepis falcate, Stenochlaena palustris, Drynaria quercifolia, Lemmaphyllum carnosum, Adiantum tenerum, Pteris vittata, Pteris ensiformis, Pteris biaurita, Pteris asperula, Cheilanthes tenuifolia, Antrophyum sessilifolium, Elaphoglossum norsii, Diplazium esculentum, Pityrogramma calomelanos, Macrothelypteris torresiana, Spaerostephanos polycarpus, Mesophlebion sp., Pneumatopteris truncate, Amphineuron immersum, Pneumatopteris sp., Microlepia speluncae, dan Asplenium subnormale.

Smart Drip Irrigation System Using IOT

The water wants for irrigation have been really serious these days. There is a demand for a proper irrigation system that is in a position to save proper amount of water and utilization of technology. Inside the planet, water and food as a pair of very crucial resource, that creates agriculture crucial to humanity. Due to improvement in the technology in the agricultural field, the IOT technology gives a solution, that is easier and quick process for this smart irrigation. Beneath this paper, associate in Nursing drip irrigation system on the basis of IOT technology is being developed. A Wi-Fi enabled microcontroller NODEMCU is used to inflict the data from the server. Through the web application or an android application farmers can control the microcontroller. Through this application we can control the water level by checking the soil status and data from microcontroller used in the garden. This may be obtained by combining the sensors properly to observe the soil status, humidity in garden area, and temperature of the garden area, all these information goes to the microcontroller and ESP8266 for the necessity of required water supply to the crops.

O jardim como espaço terapêutico: seus benefícios e suas qualidades espaciais paisagísticas

This research studies the garden as a therapeutic space, dealing with concepts about restorative environments in the so-called therapeutic gardens and aims at understanding the theme by means of concepts that evaluate and interpret potentially therapeutic spaces, emphasizing their architectural and biological qualities, dealing with some theories on restorative environments, clarifying their spatial qualities that generate benefits, their recurring typologies  and their projectual characteristics, notably in the qualification of the built and garden areas. The methodology was based on the dialectic process, drawn on bibliography related with the concepts of space, place and landscape in which the so-called therapeutic gardens are set, searching for their unfoldings in empiricism. The theories unveiled by the bibliographic review, about places called therapeutic gardens, were reflected in the concreteness of the propositions, highlighting their spatial and biological qualities, seeking to point out the benefits in the user welfare process applied to a space built in the city of Campinas (SP). Therefore, the theoretical tools provided comprehension of the qualities in the unfoldings of the garden areas, confirming its applicability in the aforementioned case study, giving opportunity to expand and deepen the concepts and principles for analyzing spatial quality and effectiveness.

Biodiversity and mycorrhizal formation of medicinal plants in the fallow areas of the Botanical garden

Biodiversity and mycorrhizal formation of medicinal plants in the fallow areas of the Botanical garden

President Alemán Urban Housing Project

The Centro Urbano Presidente Alemán, inaugurated in 1949, was a pioneer in more ways than one and can be considered as one of the most transcendent works of Mario Pani. It is the first Mexican high-rise housing complex, where many of the ideals of the European masters, especially Le Corbusier, are gathered together but with a design suited to its place and time. Mario Pani shattered the scheme of the single unit dwelling and proposed a density that allowed the presence of garden areas and integrated diverse services. Moreover, he invited the artist José Clemente Orozco to paint a mural, which he commenced on an undulating wall designed by him.

Планиграфия одного из кварталов Ижевска на улице Красной

The article provides a primary analysis of the planography of one of the historical quarters of the settlement “Izhevsk Plant”. 272 objects and the remains of the foundations of four residential structures have been identified and investigated. The objects were correlated by date of occurrence, functional features and type. The development of the blocks began from the corners and moved to the center of the block streets. In total, there are eight residential buildings and, accordingly, estates associated with them. The main types of objects have been considered. The estates were divided into a yard, a household and garden parts. There was a yard area next to each building, empty of any objects. There were two large cellars with wooden structures inside and the material of the 19th — early 20th century, 4–8 meters from the house. The existence of a part of the pits in terms of material and filling can be explained by the presence of handicrafts among residents. In the center of the block, in the “back” part of the estates, there was a fenced vegetable garden area with wells. In the Soviet times, these houses were turned into “communal blocks of flats”, after which there was a significant redevelopment of the estates.

PENGARUH JUMLAH RUAS PADA PERBANYAKAN DENGAN TEKNIK RUNDUK GULUNG TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT Mucuna bracteata

Mucuna bracteata is a type of Leguminosae Cover Crop (LCC) which is widely used in Indonesian plantations. The advantage of Mucuna bracteata is that it grows fast. Based on this, a study was conducted to see the rate of difference in the number of internodes planted which could accelerate the growth and development of Mucuna bracteata. The research was carried out in the practical garden area of ​​the Medan Agricultural College of Agribusiness (STIPAP). The research was conducted from May to June 2020. This study used a non-factorial randomized block design (RBD), which consisted of 1 treatment with 4 levels, namely R0 (1 rolled segment), R1 (2 rolled sections), R2 (3 rolled humps), R3 (4 rolled humps) and with 5 repetitions. The results showed that the treatment of R2, namely 3 bundles of rolled knuckles, gave the best effect on the parameter increase in tendril length, namely 89.66 cm, the increase in the number of tendrils, namely 6.38, the increase in the number of leaves, namely 12.50 strands, the increase in the number of segments, namely 11.32 pieces, and the measurement of the root volume, namely 13.00 ml. The treatment of the number of bunded knots had a significant effect on the parameters of tendril length, number of tendrils, number of leaves, number of internodes, and volume of roots.

Bingöl (Merkez) ve çevre alanlarda istilacı karaktere sahip bitki taksonları üzerine bir araştırma

Bu çalışmada, Bingöl (Merkez) ve çevre alanlarda yayılış gösteren istilacı karaktere sahip potansiyel bitki taksonları belirlenerek, bu taksonların yaşadığı ortama göre EUNIS Habitat tipleri ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca Bingöl ilinde daha önce yapılmış literatürlere dayalı istilacı tür envanteri oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda; Bingöl (Merkez) ve çevre alanlarda yayılış gösteren 27 familyaya ait 107 cins ve 158 takson’un istilacı karaktere sahip potansiyel bitkiler sınıfına dâhil edilebileceği görülmüştür. Bunlar içerisinde en fazla takson içeren familyalar sırasıyla; Fabaceae (36 takson, %22.8), Asteraceae (34 takson, % 21.5) ve Poaceae (26 takson, %16.5)‘dir. En fazla takson içeren cinsler ise; Trifolium L. (15 takson, % 9.5) olup onu 4’ er taksonla Centaurea L. Lathyrus L. Poa L. ve Vicia L. takip etmektedir. Çalışma süresince istilacı taksonların yayılış gösterdiği 11 farklı EUNIS habitat tipi blirlenmiştir. Taksonların EUNIS habitat tiplerine göre dağılımında ise ilk üç habitat; “I1.5 Çıplak ya da nadasa bırakılmış ekilebilir alanlar” (62 takson, %17.9), “E1. kuru otlaklar” (53 takson, %15.4) ve “I2 Bahçelerin ve parkların ekili alanları” (51takson, %14.8) şeklindedir.

Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl Agro No 1, Bulaksumur, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281

Forest fire was a persistent concern management in conservation areas of Mount Ciremai National Park (MCNP) and Kuningan Botanical Garden (KBG). Many of the forest fire was sparked by anthropogenic ignitions like careless fire use for extracting forest honey. This study aims to map multi stakeholder roles on fire management in conservation areas. Twenty-seven actors were interviewed to learn who are the fire actors and network. These multi stakeholders included government officials, local businessmen, non-governmental organizations and community members. Study site and data collection were carried out in seven villages around conservation areas from July to September 2019. The relationships between the actors were analyzed with the software Node XL Basic and Gephi 9.0.2 using the Social Network Analysis. Our results identify close relationships and strong connections to all actors of more than half (63.2%) but social or personal approach between all actors were still required. Head of MCNP, Head of KBG and Head of AKAR (Aktivitas Anak Rimba) acted as the important actors. To prevent the area from further fire occurrences, management authorities should establish mutual confidence and make other actors believe that heads of conservation areas are a solid team to prevent conservation areas from burning.

Properties of pervious concrete – A state of the art review

Abstract In recent scenario, ground water retention plays major key role in gaining environmental sustainability. This can be achieved by using pervious concrete as a pavement material in pathways, parking lots, garden areas and low traffic road applications. Many researches have been carried out by using alternate materials as a partial replacement for cement and aggregates. This paper reviews the developments in the field of pervious concrete using alternate construction materials. The research findings on mechanical, physical and durability studies have been reviewed. Clogging effects on pervious concrete also has been reviewed. This review paper mainly focussed on the various properties of pervious concrete based on the types of binders, admixtures and size of coarse aggregates. The laboratory investigations made on pervious concrete in terms of strength, permeability, porosity, density and durability were reviewed and briefly discussed. Due to expanding applications in pervious concrete because of its environmental benefits, this review paper helps the researchers to undergo future research and to understand the behaviour of pervious concrete using different types of binder and different sizes of coarse aggregates.

Enhancing Consumer Horticulture’s Millennial Outreach: Social Media, Retail, and Public Garden Perspectives

The millennial generation, born between 1981 and 1996, is the largest demographic age group in the United States. This generation of plant enthusiasts has experienced financial setbacks; nevertheless, they collectively wield immense economic power. In 2018, this generation made one-quarter of all horticulture purchases. Consumer horticulture (CH) is challenged to develop targeted programming and outreach methods to connect with this influential and information-hungry generation. To examine the possibilities, the CH and Master Gardener Professional Interest Group held a workshop on 23 July 2019, in Las Vegas, NV, at the American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS) annual conference. The workshop first actively engaged participants to build points of connection by discussing nontraditional terminology that resonates with younger audiences. Suggested terminology included plant parent, plant enthusiast, plant babies, apartment-friendly, sustainable, and urban agriculture. After the opening discussion, three presentations explored innovative content, marketing and outreach in the areas of social media, retail promotions, and public gardens. The social media presentation focused on building a two-way partnership with millennials on Instagram that emphasized shared values of sustainability, local foods, and wellness. During the second presentation, the speaker highlighted retail point-of-sale promotions that appeal to younger audiences. The final presentation described creative programming used by botanical gardens to engage younger visitors. A facilitated discussion followed the presentations to identify and evaluate techniques and content that could be incorporated into CH research, teaching, and extension to reach and interact with new millennial audiences. Based on the workshop presentations and the facilitated discussions, the ASHS CH and Master Gardener Professional Interest Group concluded that more CH professionals should engage in social media outreach tailored to the needs and preferences of younger generations. To support this valuable outreach, research of consumer behavior and retail marketing should be encouraged to identify the preferred terminology and subject matter that appeal to millennials. Finally, CH can learn from and partner with public gardens as they implement multidisciplinary programming and exhibitions.

Features of ecosystem services supply by agroecosystems of the Samara Region gardens

The concept of ecosystem services, which has been developed over the past 20 years in foreign and native scientific literature, is to a different extent specified in relation to various types of ecosystems. A relatively new approach is its application to orchards as important components of human agricultural activity. The ecosystem functions they perform as regards to the volume and implementation effectiveness depend on the regional soil and climatic conditions and the technologies used. For the Samara Region, this problem is considered for the first time. Trends associated with the dynamics of the fruit and berry plantations area in the Russian Federation are discussed, including general indicators decrease simultaneously with the intensive orchards growth. At present, the Samara Region is significantly ahead of neighboring regions in the gardens area, with their minimum area in the Ulyanovsk Region. Other territorial units belonging to the Middle Volga horticultural province of the Saratov Region such as republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan possess significant areas occupied by the gardens. In addition to large horticultural farms, the cultivation of fruit crops in the Samara Region is widespread among the local population. Horticultural agrocenoses of industrial and individual kinds, participating in the implementation of ecosystem services do it differently not only because of their different area scale. The authors explain this provision with examples related to specific groups of ecosystem services. The main target ecosystem service, growing of fruits, in terms of assortment and volume in the Samara Region is supplied to a greater extent at the expense of the individual orchards of the population. Agrotechnical features, implying large-scale treatment of industrial gardens with chemicals, pose a greater risk of environmental pollution. A greater variety of cultivated crops, varieties and organisms trophically associated with them as well as less intensive chemicalization level provide the gardens of the population with a leading position in the conservation of biological diversity, both natural and cultivated.