Garden Area Research Articles

Enough to Feed Ourselves!-Food Plants in Bulgarian Rural Home Gardens.

The home garden is a unique human-nature interspace that accommodates a diverse spectrum of plant species and provides multiple services to households. One of the most important roles of home gardens is to shelter the agricultural plant diversity that provides for diverse and healthy nutrition, especially in rural communities. While tropical home gardens have received wide recognition due to their provisional function for the local communities, temperate and especially European home gardens have been discussed less frequently as a source of subsistence. The main objectives of the current study were to document plant species grown in Bulgarian rural home gardens and to explore related local knowledge and cultural practices that influence food plant diversity, its selection and preservation. Field work was focused on settlements situated in eight provinces in South and North-West Bulgaria. Participants representing 65 home gardens were approached through semi-structured interviews. Home gardens were found to harbor 145 cultivated and semi-cultivated plant taxa, used as food, medicinal and aromatic plants and as animal fodder. Members of the Rosaceae family were most numerous. The largest part of the garden area was occupied by vegetable crops of Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae. In 63.1% of the studied households, the food growing area comprised more than 2/3 of the total size of the garden. Most preferred crops reflected the social and cultural importance of food self-provisioning, especially in the rural areas. The provisional role of the home gardens in regard to preparation of traditional foods and the driving forces for seed saving are discussed.

Residential density classification for sustainable housing development using a machine learning approach

Using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms for classification of the existing residential neighbourhoods and their spatial characteristics (e.g. density) so as to provide plausible scenarios for designing future sustainable housing is a novel application. Here we develop a methodology using a Random Forests algorithm (in combination with GIS spatial data processing) to detect and classify the residential neighbourhoods and their spatial characteristics within the region between Oxford and Cambridge, that is, the ‘Oxford-Cambridge Arc’. The classification model is based on four pre-defined urban classes, that is, Centre, Urban, Suburban, and Rural for the entire region. The resolution is a grid of 500 m × 500 m. The features for classification include (1) dwelling geometric attributes (e.g. garden size, building footprint area, building perimeter), (2) street networks (e.g. street length, street density, street connectivity), (3) dwelling density (number of housing units per hectare), (4) building residential types (detached, semi-detached, terraced, and flats), and (5) characteristics of the surrounding neighbourhoods. The classification results, with overall average accuracy of 80% (accuracy per class: Centre: 38%, Urban 91%, Suburban 83%, and Rural 77%), for the Arc region show that the most important variables were three characteristics of the surrounding area: residential footprint area, dwelling density, and number of private gardens. The results of the classification are used to establish a baseline for the current status of the residential neighbourhoods in the Arc region. The results bring data-driven decision-making processes to the level of local authority and policy makers in order to support sustainable housing development at the regional scale.

Assessment of agricultural development preventive policies for restoration of Urmia Lake in Barandoz Basin, Iran

Urmia Lake (UL),located in northwestern Iran, is an important global biosphere; however, it has been experiencing a sharp drop in its water levels since 1995. While some measures have been taken since 2013 for the lake restoration, their impact on Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes in the UL basin have not been studied. In this study, we evaluated the restrictive policies effectiveness on agriculture development in the Barandoz basin, Iran. Therefore,the LULC changes of the study basin were analyzed using RS, GIS and Landsat satellite images from 1992 to 2018. The results showed an increase in rain-fed agricultural lands, garden, and built-up areas, which was about 268% (17248 ha), 160% (8934 ha), and 174% (1444 ha), respectively, during the period 1992–2018. On the other hand, rangelands, irrigated croplands, barren lands, and water bodies have decreased about 22% (19298 ha), 12% (1972 ha), 30% (5240 ha), and 99% (1117 ha), respectively. Our study also showed that gardens have increased about 40% (4174 ha), from 2013 to 2018.Analysis of the hydro-climatic parameters indicated no significant decrease in the precipitation, a significant decrease in the outflow from the basin, and a considerable increase in the groundwater depth in the Barandoz plain.We showed that the new restrictive policies adopted from 2013 have not prevented LULC changes and agricultural development in the studied basin. This study emphasizes the necessity of the integrated water resources management of basins based on an accurate understanding of the LULC changes.

Water Quality Monitoring in Inle Lake, Myanmar from the Floating Garden Activity

Inle Lake is the second largest inland lake in Myanmar. Floating gardens, mostly for tomato cultivation, are a unique and profitable method of agriculture used by people living on and around the lake. This study investigated the water quality of Inle Lake and how it has been affected by the different agricultural practices used in tomato cultivation on floating garden beds, by measuring pollution levels. Water samples were collected from the sites representing two types of agricultural practice from four villages. The first was designated as being grown under good agricultural practices (GAP), and the other as under non-good agricultural practices (non-GAP), with this study undertaken during wet season, 2019 and dry season, 2020. Two additional sets of water samples were collected as references. One of these sets was from the center of the lake and the other from an inlet stream to the lake. All water samples were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The results found that Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3- were dominant in the lake surface water. The results showed significant differences in the mean values for some water quality parameters between the GAP and non-GAP of each study sites in both seasons. In particular, nutrient pollution from chemicals such as nitrogen and phosphorus from the non-GAP were significantly higher than those from GAP. Water quality index was calculated to describe the overall quality of lake surface water. It was observed that the water quality was almost threatened in the floating garden areas. In comparison between two practices, the non-GAP gave the higher water quality index value than the GAP. This investigated that poor management of fertilizers usage has had a negative effect on the water quality of the lake. The differences seen in water quality from the GAP and non-GAP areas, point to ways to successfully manage sources of water pollution in order to better conserve the lake by sustainable agricultural production.

Konsep Desain Taman Makam Umat Kristiani Mumbul Kabupaten Badung Bali

Conceptual Design of Mumbul Christian Cemetery Badung Regency, Bali. Mumbul Christian Park has a land area of 1.6 ha and is located in a residential area. This study aims to identify the characteristics of the Mumbul Christian Cemetery, analyze and synthesize the potential and constraints on the site. This study useda survey method with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and literature study. This study uses the Simonds (1996) design process stage method. The design process is divided into four stages, namely: Research, Analysis, Syntesis, and Design Plan. The division of space zones on the site is based on a concept that is in accordance with the meaning of death in Christianity, namely the zone of birth, the zone of temporary life and the zone of eternal life. The concept of Paradise of Memorial Park is the concept of a park as a garden of memories as well as a public space. The results of this research design can be used as a reference for thought and consideration in designing the landscape site and in other tomb garden areas.

Labour Mobilization of the Collective Farm Peasantry Temnikovsky District of the Mordovian ASSR in the Post-War Period

Introduction and Methods. In the post-war period, the mobilization of the collective farm village and the strengthening of control over the workers began to be considered again as one of the main means of raising agriculture. The authors of the article have undertaken research on the problem of organizational and economic strengthening of collective farms in the second half of the 40s – early 50s of the XX century by analyzing the specifics of the implementation of the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of September 19, 1946 “On measures to eliminate violations of the Charter of the agricultural artel in collective farms”. The source base of the study was archival materials on the Temnikovsky district of the Mordovian ASSR. During the research, the following methods were used: comparative-historical, problem-chronological, system analysis and structural. Results and Discussion. Having received a directive from the center, responsible employees urgently began to identify violations noted in the resolution of the party and the government in the collective farms of the Temnikovsky district. Already in the autumn of 1946 as a result of the audit of the land fund, a lot of violations of the “Charter” were revealed, which consisted in unauthorized cutting of arable land to personal farms, as well as in the use of hayfields and pastures. More significant areas of land were illegally withdrawn from collective farm turnover by various institutions and organizations. The audits also revealed fictitious sections of households in order to acquire additional areas of household plots and vegetable gardens, increase the number of livestock and poultry. The reports prepared by officials based on the results of the inspections carried out indicate that the payment system, introduced even in wartime conditions, began to fail without the systematic use of repressive measures. Another characteristic feature of the development of the village in the late 1940s–early 1950s was the numerous violations of the principles of “collective farm democracy”. Conclusion. As a result of the study, the stages of implementation of the resolution of September 19, 1946, the nature and effectiveness of the event were determined.

Significance of Allotment Gardens in Urban Green Space Systems and Their Classification for Spatial Planning Purposes: A Case Study of Poznań, Poland

Almost five thousand allotment gardens divided into one million plots are used by roughly 10% of Polish society. Several studies have emphasized their social importance and significance for enlargement of the area and the integrity of urban spatial greenery systems. However, the area of allotment gardens in Polish cities has been decreasing since the changes in the post-communist country in the 1990s. There is a lack of a simple method of classification and valuation of allotment gardens in relation to their significance in urban green space systems that could be used by officials and city planners. Hence, this study aims to examine the significance of allotment gardens in the spatial development of the green space system of Poznań and classify them with a simple and universal method of valuation which could be used in urban planning. The location of allotment gardens in the urban green space system in Poznań was examined with the classification method elaborated here. It was based on the valuation of several internal and external features of individual allotment gardens. The results showed that allotment gardens are important areas and spatial elements of the green space system in Poznań. Over 30% of allotment gardens are of high significance in the green space system of the city. Nevertheless, according to urban planning documentation, there are plans to reduce the area of allotments in Poznań. Even gardens indicated in the research to be of high significance to the integrity and enlargement area of the urban green space system are planned to be liquidated. Use of the developed classification could influence the decision-making process regarding the liquidation of allotment gardens and preserve the most valuable objects.

Priority directions for non-specific prevention of tick-borne infections

Objective. An important role in the prevention of diseases, the causative agents of which are transmitted by ixodic ticks (tick-borne encephalitis, ixodic tick-borne borreliosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic erlichiosis) is assigned to non-specific measures. To prevent infection by all pathogens of these infections at the same time, nonspecific preventive measures are of paramount importance. They include the extermination of hungry ticks on the vegetation of relatively small areas of natural biotopes, forest parks, health institutions, recreational areas, summer cottages or gardens; individual protection of the population from ticks and awareness-raising work.
 Materials and methods. The data of official statistics and materials of long-term observation of epidemic process were analyzed.
 Results. Despite the fact that since 2016 according to official data, there is observed a phase of decreased activity of the epidemic process of tick-borne infections, statistical analysis shows that in the forthcoming years an activation of epidemic situation is expected.
 Conclusions. In order to prevent tick attacks, specialists of medical organizations, departments of Rospotrebnadzor of the Russian Federation should intensify sanitary and educational work on non-specific protection of the population. In addition to standard activities, it is important to organize schools, courses for the public, schoolchildren, tourists and other population groups for the prevention of tick-borne infections, including the development of skills for correct tick removal using the Tick Removal Trainer and an algorithm for emergency measures in specific situation.

Mapping of the urban tree population in gardens of Ulhasnagar, District Thane, Maharashtra using Geographic information system (GIS)

Urban trees today are a crucial component that defines the healthy and liveable environment of a city. A city’s database includes streets, building, footprints, overhead and underground utilities, workforce areas, pest/disease quarantine zones, parks, and pending development areas in addition to the tree database such as tree location, species, diameter at breast height (DBH), and canopy width. The present study aimed at mapping the tree population of some selected gardens and parks in Ulhasnagar using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GIS is an integrated system of computer hardware, software, data and trained personnel for analyzing and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS-based map shows the location for each tree species found in the selected 12 gardens of Ulhasnagar. Green colour represents dense green canopy represented by the above-ground biomass, and yellow represents moderate, while red indicates scarce or limited above-ground biomass. The green colour actually represents the volume of biomass and not the density or the number of trees and shows the concentration of carbon pools in the study area. Updating data in GIS is much more cost-efficient and less time consuming than having to redraw maps manually. Urban foresters and urban planners can work together using GIS for better management of this resource. This study is one of the pioneering footsteps towards appreciative resources and thus enabling the researchers in developing an appropriate management strategy. The data will help us to analyze and interpret better and eventually conceptualize the above-ground biomass in the entire area of gardens.

Garden and park territory of F.A. Gorokhov’s mansion in Tomsk in the middle of the 19th century

The paper considers the historical formation of the garden and park area at A.F. Gorokhov’s mansion, a Tomsk philosopher. In the middle of the 19th century, the manor garden was transformed into a public-private garden and considered to be the most attractive holiday destination. Research is based on the historical and architectural analysis of the materials from the State Archives of the Tomsk and Omsk regions, legislative and historical documents, illustrative materials of the Tomsk Regional Museum of Local Lore and Memories. The analysis is given to the creation and arrangement principles of the garden and park territory of F.A. Gorokhov’s mansion. As a result, a planning characteristic of the manor garden and a graphical reconstruction are presented herein for the middle of the 19th century. It is proposed to provide restoration and recon- struction of the mansion elements on the studied territory.

Sonic Tomograph as a Tool Supporting the Sustainable Management of Historical Greenery of the UMCS Botanical Garden in Lublin

The mission of botanical gardens is to work towards the conservation and sustainable use of plant diversity. In the case of gardens established on the premises of former manor estates, actions are also being taken to properly manage existing natural resources, e.g., historic tree stands. This article is based on the case study of the Botanical Garden in Lublin. To assess the health condition of the trees growing in the oldest part of the park—Kościuszko Redoubt—sonic tomography examinations were performed. The article presents the practical application of a newer form of digital imaging, put to the service of assessing the health of old trees in an important public space. The Redoubt is the only work of defense architecture in Poland related to the activity of General Tadeusz Kościuszko, the hero of Poland and the United States of America. It has survived in an excellent condition, preserved without significant changes, as an earth structure with ramparts; an interior, i.e., a yard; a cannon post located on an inaccessible cliff; and a brick basement serving as a shelter for soldiers and a warehouse. The entire surroundings also survived: ravines masked with a wild green, embankments with a safe hidden access road to the Redoubt, and a shaped defense line. The Botanical Garden area is located in the Sławinek district, in the valley of the Czechówka River, and includes a fragment of it and the slope adjacent to the west, cut by three loess ravines. The Botanical Garden was established in 1965, where there was a manor farm earlier, and then in the 19th century, a spa that was destroyed during World War I and II. Good soils and a varied microclimate provide the right ecological conditions for the high biodiversity of plants. With an area of 21.15 ha, the Garden area has the character of a landscape park with the theme of a manor garden from the turn of the 18th/19th century and a spa garden. The primary purpose of the work was to investigate the effectiveness of the use of computer tools in the sustainable management of historical greenery in the Botanical Garden. Research has shown that diagnostics with the use of sound waves allow for an accurate diagnosis and quick protective measures against the tree, improving the safety of visitors to the botanical garden. Moreover, the obtained results and a historical query were used to prepare an application to recognize Redoubt as a monument.

Detection of Disease and Pest of Kenaf Plant Based on Image Recognition with VGGNet19

One of the advantages of Kenaf fiber as an environmental management product that is currently in the center of attention is the use of Kenaf fiber for luxury car interiors with environmentally friendly plastic materials. The opportunity to export Kenaf fiber raw material will provide significant benefits, especially in the agricultural sector in Indonesia. However, there are problems in several areas of Kenaf's garden, namely plants that are attacked by diseases and pests, which cause reduced yields and even death. This problem is caused by the lack of expertise and working hours of extension workers as well as farmers' knowledge about Kenaf plants which have a terrible effect on Kenaf plants. The development of information technology can be overcome by imparting knowledge into machines known as artificial intelligence. In this study, the Convolutional Neural Network method was applied, which aims to identify symptoms and provide information about disease symptoms in Kenaf plants based on images so that early control of plant diseases can be carried out. Data processing trained directly from kenaf plantations obtained an accuracy of 57.56% for the first two classes of introduction to the VGGNet19 architecture and 25.37% for the four classes of the second introduction to the VGGNet19 architecture. The 5×5 block matrix input feature has been added in training to get maximum results.

SPATIAL EVALUATION OF LAND AND SOIL PROPERTIES IN THE EXAMPLE OF NEVŞEHİR PROVINCE, TURKEY

In this study, some land and soil properties were spatially evaluated with the help of 1/25.000 scaled digital soil maps belonging to Center of province in the Central Anatolia Region, Turkey. Land use capability, large soil groups, soil depths, erosion, slope and spatial distributions of current land uses were carried out in the research. Arc GIS 10.3.1 software, which is one of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software, was used for spatial analysis. With a maximum of 262518 in the study area, VI. class lands. Class I cover an area of ​​247 . In terms of large soil groups, and soils are dominant and the area covered by these soils is 450187 . The least area was found to be reddish brown soils with 124 . It has been determined that the least area in the depth classes is A class (greater than 150 cm) soils. In the study area, it is the soil with the maximum C class (50-90 cm) depth. When the land was examined in terms of slope, it was determined that the land with the highest 3rd degree slope (12-20%) was formed. The research area consists of soil structure that can be exposed to the 2nd degree erosion class at most. When the current land uses are examined, it is the garden area with the least usage area in the region and the area it covers is 3400 . It has been observed that the most dry farming areas are located in the study area. It is thought that the results obtained as a result of the study will be the basis for the agricultural studies to be carried out in Center of province.

The Covid-19 pandemic teaching modalities in Turkey: An evaluation of school gardens and classes

ObjectivesThe main scientific contribution of this study is to design an approach that can regulate school safety and student health in gardens and classes during the pandemic period using GIS. MethodsThe method of this study is based on the use of school areas and building data, the creation of 4m2 social distance areas for students, and the evaluation of these areas in terms of health measures. To this aim, first, the relevant guidelines issued by the government institutions in Turkey during the COVID-19 process were examined, in relation to how they will reflect on education policies regarding the sanitary safety of schools. This data was obtained from open-source data sets. Then, in the application stage, 20 schools were selected in order to analyse the sustainability of education in the Balgat district. In addition, the sanitary conditions of classrooms and garden areas were evaluated within the framework of educational policies, taking into account the capabilities of geographical information systems (GIS). ResultsThe findings indicated that 95% of school gardens comply with pandemic regulations, and only 38.9% of school classes can support education in two periods through binary grouping. ConclusionsIt has been concluded that school buildings are well-planned in terms of health measures for gardens and classes. In addition, GIS were found to be very useful for analysing areas in terms of student health, comparing schools regionally, tracking the spread of the pandemic, and identifying high-risk school areas.

PERANCANGAN MASTER PLAN KEBUN EDUWISATA BENDOSARI DENGAN MERESPON KEADAAN ALAM

The very noble vision of the managers of the Bendosari orchard, to turn the Bendosari orchard into an edutourism garden, initiated UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta to offer cooperation in realizing this great vision. The vision aims to make Bendosari fruit orchards for producing and developing knowledge, which can then become a field laboratory in the context of research and community service. Departing from this, the purpose of this research is to design a master plan for the Bendosari Edutourism Garden in accordance with the knowledge possessed by the author, namely the field of architecture. In architecture, some of the characteristics of edutourism facilities and services are protecting the surrounding environment, both in the form of the natural environment and local culture, having minimal impact on the natural environment during the construction and operation period, according to the cultural and physical context of the local area. Based on this, the design that responds to nature is very important in the process of designing an edutourism area. The methodology used is a descriptive method, starting with the preparation stage, with data collection through interviews to determine the assessment of user requests and data collection in the form of literature review, then proceed with survey/inventory and observation stages to be able to conduct site analysis, finally making a master plan design. The results of this study are in the form of a master plan design for the Bendosari edutourism garden area which is designed according to the natural conditions at the site location, taking into account the conditions of the direction of sunlight, wind speed and direction, topography, and the direction of water flow.

The Use of Saturated MgSO4 Compared to Saturated Sucrose in the Flotation Method to Identify Eggs and Larvae of Soil-Transmitted Helminths from Plantation Soil

Worms infection is still common in Indonesia with a prevalence that varies around 40% -60% at all ages. This disease can be caused by infection of Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) that require soil media to infect humans. The many plantation lands in Jember are a suitable environment for the development of STH and STH identification in soil can be done by flotation method using MgSO4 solution or sucrose. The comparison of the effectiveness of the MgSO4 solution with the sucrose solution has not been widely studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of using saturated MgSO4 solution with saturated sucrose to identify eggs and larvae of STH in Sumber Wadung plantation soil, Hargomulyo Village, Silo District, Jember Regency using the flotation method. Soil samples were taken as many as 35 samples in the garden area, 35 samples around the river, and 35 samples in residential areas,. The results of identification of STH eggs and larvae obtained Ascarid eggs (1.9%) and Hookworm larvae (0.01%). The number of positive soil samples containing STH eggs and larvae using different solutions is the same as three samples (0.02%).The Wilcoxon test results showed that there was no difference in the results of using the MgSO4 solution with the sucrose solution in the flotation method (p> 0.05) so that the MgSO4 solution and sucrose solution could be used to detect eggs and larvae of STH worms and had the same effectiveness.
 Keyword: Soil-transmitted helminths, saturated MgSO4, saturated sucrose, flotation

Assessment of Perceptions and Cancer Risks of Workers at a Polychlorinated Biphenyl-Contaminated Hotspot in Ethiopia.

Background.Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic and persistent toxic chemicals with a high potential to bioaccumulate in human tissue. There is no existing literature on workers' perceptions and occupational cancer risk due to exposure to PCBs in Ethiopia.Objectives.The aim of the present study was to assess workers' perceptions of occupational health and safety measures of PCB management and to evaluate the cancer risk posed by PCBs to workers handling these chemicals in Ethiopia.Methods.A total of 264 questionnaires were administered to workers at the study area to obtain information about PCB management. A mathematical model adopted from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was used to assess the potential cancer risk of people working in PCB-contaminated areas.Results.The results showed that the majority of the workers had little knowledge of safe PCB management practices. Furthermore, 82.6% had not received training on chemical management and occupational health and safety protocols. The association between respondents' responses on the impact of PCBs to the use of personal protective equipment was statistically significant (p <0.005). Accidental ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation exposure pathways were considered in assessing the cancer risk of people working in these areas. The estimated cancer risk for PCBs via dermal contact was higher than for the accidental ingestion and inhalation pathways. The health risk associated with dermal contact was 73.8-times higher than the inhalation exposure route. Workers at the oil tanker and oil barrel area and swampy site are at higher risk of cancer via dermal contact at the 95th centile (879 and 2316 workers per million due to PCB exposure, respectively). However, there is very low cancer risk at the staff residence and garden area via the inhalation route.Conclusions.Training programs would help improve the knowledge of workers in the area of occupational health and safety of chemical handling. Further studies on PCBs in the exposed workers will provide information on their blood sera PCB levels and consequently identify potential health impacts.Participant Consent.ObtainedEthics Approval.Ethics approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Review Committee of Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia.Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests.

The role of food gardening in addressing urban sustainability – A new framework for analysing policy approaches

In recent years, urban gardens have received increased interest from urban citizens as well as urban planners as a tool to promote sustainable urban development. The increased demand by citizens and planners for different forms of garden areas, however, is at odds with a densifying city and the loss of green spaces. Urban planners are therefore faced with the challenge of rethinking the functions and objectives of city gardens and, in turn, adapting the governance mechanisms with regard to sustainable urban development. The aim of this paper is to develop a new framework to analyse governance mechanisms, expressed as policy approaches to urban food garden development, which can serve as an analytical tool to enable comparison of cities and to analyse their efforts to achieve urban sustainability. The framework is based on case study analysis of public policies towards urban food gardening in the Swiss cities Berne, Lausanne and Zurich. We identified three core dimensions to characterise policy approaches in cities for the further development of city gardening: frames, level of institutionalisation, and policy-society relationship. Frames refer to the perception of gardening which is expressed by the objectives set by the city policy and the contributions gardening should fulfil in urban development. Level of institutionalisation provides information on the extent to which garden support is anchored in urban policy. Policy-society relationship refers to the type of leadership by city politics and the possibility for non-political actors to participate. For the further development of urban food gardening, the challenge for urban planners is to find the best possible combination of the three elements for their cities, adapted to the respective city context, the dominant sustainability goals and the social actors involved.

Diversity of Parasitoid Insects (Order: Hymenoptera) in Rice Field and Vegetable Garden

Background: The Hymenoptera Order is one of the most dominant orders in the insect class, both in number of species and in their distribution in various habitats. The role of the Hymenoptera Order, especially parasitoids, is very important in a habitat. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of parasitoid insects, especially the order Hymenoptera in rice fields and vegetable gardens. Methods: This research is analytic descriptive. The research method used is a line transect using a sampling technique. The study was conducted in two research areas (rice fields and vegetable gardens) and used three fishing gears (malaise traps, buckets, and insect nets). Results: The results showed that the total number of insects caught was 5037 individuals from 10 orders and 80 family. The diversity of parasitoid insects in this study is in the rice fields H' = 1.80 (moderate diversity) and vegetable gardens H' = 2.26 (moderate diversity). Conclusions: Hymenoptera parasitoid insect diversity was highest in the vegetable garden area.

Identifikasi morfometri dan pola ruang taman setra di Kecamatan Kuta Utara, Kabupaten Badung, Provinsi Bali

Bali island has three types of garden. One of garden’s types that exist in Bali is setra. Setra garden in Bali had been used for spiritual ceremonies like Ngaben. There were more than 1500 setra gardens that had not been yet identified in Bali. Therefore, identifying, collecting data, and mapping of setras garden were needed in analyzing the setras. Setras garden in which located in North Kuta sub-district was chosen in this research because there was not any database yet which was related to the setras especially for its space pattern and morphometry. This research aimed to identify the morphometry, space pattern, factors that affecting space pattern, and utilization of the setras in North Kuta sub-district. The research method used was survey method. This research used descriptive qualitative, and quantitative analisys. In the results, this research found that Kerobokan traditional village had the highest percentage number of setra garden which was 38,1%. Setra Tuka was located in the higest elevation (122,34 msal), while the 80% of setras was in the flat topography. The average area of setras garden in North Kuta was about 0,12 Ha. Direction of centre, and southeast was the most setras position (19%). The whole setras garden in North Kuta applied Tri Mandala concept as its space pattern and all of its space pattern was affected by tradition factor. For setras additional utilization, Caru and Ngereh have the highest percentage, while Ngelungah and Ngelangkir is more attractive activity for tourism.