Game Situations Research Articles

An Information Dissemination Model Based on the Rumor and Anti-Rumor and Stimulate-Rumor and Tripartite Cognitive Game

This study proposes a tripartite cognitive model of information dissemination based on the symbiosis and antagonism of multiple types of messages, as well as the polymorphism of user cognitive process under the influence of multi-messages. To begin, the euphoric state induced by users’ exposure to multi-messages is proposed, which can be used to more realistically describe the complex psychological state of users during the cognitive game of multi-messages. Secondly, the tripartite cognitive game theory is used to construct the user’s state transformation drive force. Meanwhile, the information entropy is introduced to further quantify message forwarding drive force, taking into account differences in the amount of information that users’ cognitive processes transform. Finally, a comprehensive macro model based on the tripartite cognitive game and the rumor & anti-rumor & stimulate-rumor information dissemination model is proposed. Meanwhile, the Lotka–Voltaila equation is used to analyze and evaluate the coexistence/confrontation relationship of multi-messages and the game state of user cognitive process from a micro perspective. Experiments show that the model can not only depict the coexistence/confrontation relationship of multiple messages, but it can also perceive the game situation of multiple messages.

Pickleball Sound 102 - Time History and Spectral Analysis of Pickleball Sound

The sounds from pickleball have unique time and spectral characteristics. Each time a paddle strikes a ball, a pulse of sound is generated. The loudness of this impact depends on the paddles and balls used, the skill of each player, and the force of each impact. To understand the sound generated by different paddles and balls, a simple anechoic chamber was constructed for testing paddles and balls. A test procedure was created, and a data collection process was implemented. The test chamber was used to measure impact sounds with a constant ball speed. The time history and frequency content of several paddle and ball impacts were measured. The time history and spectral content from different balls and from different paddles varied significantly. These sounds are markedly different from the sounds from a tennis racquet. The measurements show that this test chamber and this test method are good tools for measuring impact sound from pickleball paddles and balls. The measured results can be used to rank paddles based on their noise signatures. These results at a constant speed in a test chamber can also be used to estimate higher sound levels with higher force of impact in game situations.

Decision-Making Time and Neuromuscular Coordination in Youth and Senior Soccer Goalkeepers.

The aim of this study was to compare soccer goalkeepers' decision-making times following a shot on goal and to determine goalkeepers' movement pattern structures using EMG in a typical game situation (two-on-one). Two groups of goalkeepers (n = 60) took part in the study: Group A, the senior group (22.00 ± 2.35 years of age), and Group B, the youth group (15.38 ± 1.32 years of age). The goalkeepers' decision-making times were measured by using EMG from the moment the attacker struck the ball until the completion of the saving action by the goalkeeper. Subsequently, the goalkeepers' movement pattern structure was determined (for both Groups A and B), and the values of muscle bioelectrical tension during a typical defensive situation in training conditions were revealed. The findings clearly indicate a significantly (p = 0.001) shorter decision-making time in experienced goalkeepers (250-260 ms) than in novices (300-320 ms). In addition, the movement pattern structure confirmed the hypotheses on the economization of effort and the visual-muscular coordination of the postural muscles (calf muscles) that affect soccer goalkeepers. The study also demonstrated a lower bioelectric tension of the gastrocnemius muscle (GAS.MED. RT-p = 0.008; GAS.LAT. RT-p = 0.030) in the expert goalkeepers.

Cognitive representations of handball tactic actions in athletes-The function of expertise and age.

The tactical cooperation for the optimal interaction of team members is an essential performance-determining variable in sports games. The underlying cognitive memory structures of cooperative tactical actions have so far been little researched. Therefore, this study investigated the cognitive memory structure of tactical knowledge of handball actions in teams of different expertise and age groups. In the first experiment, tactical mental representation structures (TMRS) of 30 adult handball players of two different level of expertise were investigated. In the second experiment, TMRS of 57 youth handball players from three age levels were investigated. In both experiments the TMRS was measured with the structure dimensional analysis of mental representation (SDA-M) method. The SDA-M commences with a splitting procedure of a given set of concepts and reveals with a cluster analysis the relational structures of the concepts on an individual and a group level. Experiment one revealed that the TMRS differed significantly between skilled either/or less experienced handball players. Skilled handball players showed a hierarchical organized representation that shared more features with the basic tactical structure of the handball game than less experienced players. The second experiment revealed age-related differences of the TMRS between the age groups of the U15, U17 and U19 teams. Further data analysis revealed significant differences of the TMRS between experienced and less experienced handball players and between local and regional competition level players. We conclude that our current findings suggest that tactical expertise is mediated by elaborate cognitive tactical knowledge in memory. Furthermore, our results indicate that tactical knowledge plays a substantial role during tactical skill learning as it differs as function of age, experience, and competition level. From this point of view, team representations of game situations can be seen as a crucial factor for efficient and common interaction in fast-paced team sports.

쇼트트랙 스피드스케이팅의 경기상황 속 선수의 실존

The purpose of this study is to find out what kind of action and what kind of existence he reveals himself as in the competition situation of short track speed skating, with the subject of the athlete"s existence in the competition situation. To this end, based on the limited texts (existence, struggle, bloody, subjectivity) presented by Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre, we focused on clarifying the passing behavior (passing direction, passing timing) that occurs in the short track speed skating competition situation. did As a result, it suggests the importance of understanding the subjectivity of athletes, not objectivity, and clarifying their own existence. Its contents are as follows. First, the passing of an athlete is a promising future possibility. Second, it is a being infused with an existence-in-ice. Third, players are beings with subjectivity. In conclusion, a short track speed skater is a human being with subjectivity who is a bloody being in the game situation, and strives toward the future possibility in each game situation and identifies his own existence by making a choice.

패스정보를 활용한 월드컵 경기 특성 분석 : 2022 카타르 월드컵을 중심으로

The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in game results, tournament advancement, and continental characteristics using the game records of the 2022 Qatar World Cup. To achieve the aim of the study, a total of 64 games played by 32 teams were analyzed. SPSS version 25.0 was used for data collection and statistical analysis, and statistical significance was set at p.05. The study found that, first, there were no significant differences in pass information (attempts, completions, completion rate) and ball touches by region of the football field according to game results (win, draw, loss). Second, differences were found in variables such as pass distance, attempts and completions of short passes, completion rate of short and long passes, successful midfield ball touches, and attacking field ball touches, depending on whether the team advanced to the round of 16. Lastly, differences were found in all variables except for defensive area ball touches when comparing continental characteristics, especially between Asia and Europe, and Europe and Africa. Based on these results, the flow of world football can be inferred, and it is recommended to conduct research based on game situations, rather than just overall game information, to further examine the differences in game results.

Protocol for the Assessment of Individual Tactical Behavior (PADTI) – validation and reproducibility: preliminary evidence

In order to carry out the process of validation and reproducibility of the Protocol for the Assessment of Individual Tactical Behavior of Soccer athletes (PADTI), a study was carried out divided into three stages: I) preparation of the PADTI; II) logical, content and construct validation and; III) reproducibility. The PADTI was developed based on the 8 fundamental tactical principles of soccer, which were inserted in a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet, used to collect, store and process the tactical actions of soccer players during the game. The PADTI validity process was performed by 8 professionals, using a spreadsheet to account for items using a Likert scale (5 points). Reproducibility was carried out in two moments with an interval of 15 days, using as a sample the tactical behaviors of the athletes of the Brazilian team, during a soccer match of the 2018 world cup. validity (IV) of 90%. There were no significant differences between the responses of the evaluators (χ² = 12.199; p = 0.094). The intraclass correlation (ICC) values were greater than 0.814 (CI: 95%: 0.251 - 0.954; p <0.001) and Cronbach's Alpha values were greater than α = 0.814. The results indicated that the PADTI is a valid and useful methodology for assessing the tactical performance of soccer players in a game situation.

ASPECTS OF TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL TRAINING OF YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Training of sports reserve for professional football has always attracted much attention. This is evidenced by a significant number of studies devoted to this issue, within which experts in professional children's and youth football emphasize the lack of necessary engagement in elite sport young athletes, well-prepared in terms of technical and tactical skills. One of adequate responses in the considered aspect is further improvement of efficient training of a prospective competitive sports reserve based on intensified improvement of quality of scientific and methodical support during training process. The aim of the research work is to substantiate scientific approaches to formation of a step-by-step management system within the long-term process of developing football players’ technical and tactical skills. We have carried out the analysis of program documents, literature sources and practical activities of children's coaches in the process of implementing long-term training programs for young football players in leading European football academies and national federations. A number of fundamental and systemic differences between traditional and progressive approaches to arrangement of educational and training process have been shown. It has been determined that the existing “organized” football, the system of conducting children's and youth competitions, as well as pedagogical approaches to training young talents, are aimed at speeding up training process, achieving instant results, team-group form of conducting classes, which do not contribute to individual development and training of a smart player, capable of creatively approaching the solution of tactical and technical tasks. We have substantiated approaches to making changes in the practice of long-term training for young football players based on application of situational game method, which is a key point for effective training, development of individual capabilities and formation of game intelligence. A strategy for managing training process has been determined based on the introduction of a phased (gradual) system of tactical and technical training for young football players, which will further determine player's potential at professional level. We have indicated the necessity of making changes to pedagogical approaches of managing sports activities for young football players and evaluating the effectiveness of children's coaches’ work.

Virtual reality as a representative training environment for football referees

Visual experience plays an important role in facilitating referee decision-making. Video training can be used to train these perceptual-cognitive skills in discrete scenarios, for instance in foul situations in football, but is less suitable in other instances such as when seeking to make decisions in open-play scenarios due to a lack of representativeness. Recent technological advances enable the use of virtual reality (VR) to replicate game situations in a controlled and realistic manner. It is however not yet known how representative behaviour in VR would be of behaviour on-field in the natural environment. The aim of the study was therefore to examine the degree to which visual behaviour of football referees in virtual reality would reflect behaviour found when adjudicating matches on-field. Sub-elite football referees completed decision-making tasks in three experimental conditions: on-field (in a real match), in virtual reality and when observing video footage. Across the three environments we compared decision-making performance, visual behaviour (including search rate, fixation duration, and head movements) and the user experience of the referees. Results revealed that behaviour in the VR environment was indistinguishable from that on-field. In contrast, visual-motor behaviour when observing video footage was markedly different to that found on-field (and in VR). The results show that visual-motor behaviour in VR is representative of that found on-field and therefore suggests that VR offers promise as a representative training environment for sports officials to improve on-field performance in the natural environment.

Can Carbon Trading Promote Low-Carbon Transformation of High Energy Consumption Enterprises?—The Case of China

This paper explores the effect of carbon trading on low-carbon transformation of high energy consumption enterprises in China. Based on the mechanism of interaction and restriction among high energy consumption enterprises, carbon verification agencies and the government, a tripartite evolutionary game model is constructed. The three-dimensional dynamic system is built to analyze the behavior patterns of the three parties. The evolution path of the tripartite game is visualized, and the low-carbon transformation states of high energy consumption enterprises in different situations are described. The results show that the high energy consumption enterprises, verification organization and the government cannot reach the optimal game equilibrium (low-carbon transformation, verification and supervision) temporarily when seeking their own interests. The corresponding measures should be taken with different situations of the tripartite game. No matter what strategy the government chooses, the low-carbon transformation could be promoted by carbon trading through carbon verification mechanism.

Обеспечение участия лиц, имеющих психические расстройства и нарушения речи, в оценке их навыков и возможностей при помощи средств альтернативной и дополнительной коммуникации

<p style="text-align: justify;">Determination of skills and capabilities of the individuals with mental disorders and speech disabilities is an impor­tant task for specialists. At the experimental stage, 50 respondents were interviewed to reveal the possibilities of their participation in the follow-up evaluation of the independent living skills and level of required support. The methods of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and visual support were used. The study of the process of development of special conditions for the interview was carried out in the setting of psychoneurological residential institutions. We identified conditions, which are required for the participants: establishing of the primary contact, determining the communication means and the level of understanding of oral speech etc. Methods of directed obser­vation, learning game situations, and practical tasks were used. The case study method was used to analyze the opti­mal choice of AAC and visibility means. A productive contact was established with 92% of respondents, they agreed to participate in the interview. Full understanding of the interview’s objectives was achieved in 33% cases. 74% of respondents were able to complete the interview. It was determined that the development of special conditions for the participation of the respondents in an interview and the choice of AAС methods involves the following factors: assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the communicative abilities; available means of communication; pos­sibilities of using AAC symbols and teaching the respondents to use them etc. The results can be used in carrying out further stages of research to determine the skills and capabilities of persons who do not use speech as the main means of communication.</p>

Игрофикация учебно-воспитательного процесса вузов

Training of highly qualified specialists in modern conditions requires gamification of the educational process itself in higher education. The article is aimed at substantiating the need to expand the field of game practice in the system of higher education by including gamification of the educational process of universities and outlining the conceptual foundations of the author’s innovative method of organizing the educational and educational process in the system of higher education VIRTUOZ (‘Variable Game Solution of Difficult Educational Tasks’). The article provides a detailed review of the subject field of scientific publications of domestic and foreign researchers on games and game practices in higher education, which showed that they comprehensively consider gamification in higher education, with attention to various types of games. However, the problem of gamification of the educational and upbringing process itself, the tasks solved by it before the author, no one in the Russian Federation and abroad has investigated and implemented in practice. The author substantiates that it is advisable to gamify the organization of educational activities of the university in order to make this process meet the requirements of the transformation of national education, deeper and more justified. The VIRTUOZ method is designed to help in the effective formation of competencies in solving the corresponding specific task: writing a WRC, undergoing practical training and others. The uniqueness of the project lies, first of all, in the fact that it involves the comprehensive interaction of all participants in the educational process; is implemented on the basis of the results of a sociological survey on a particular problem to identify the most difficult tasks; simulates the game situation, based on the specifics of the university, the subject and other factors; ensures effectiveness for all participants in the educational process. The VIRTUOZ project makes extensive use of end-to-end technologies and digital tools. The VIRTUOZ method opens the way for the development and implementation of other innovative game methods for organizing the educational process in higher education.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ІГРОВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ У ДІТЕЙ З ОСОБЛИВОСТЯМИ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The article considers game technologies as a form of work with children with moderate and severemental retardation. The article describes the peculiarities of the development of play activities of children with moderate and severemental retardation,definescertaing a metechnologies that are used in work with this category of children. Play is the mainactivity of a preschoolchild. Through the game, the childgets to know thew orld aroundhim, his mental processes develop in the game. It was determined that children with moderate and severemental retardation of preschool ageplay very primitively, their game consists of monotonous movements. Attheinitial stage of organizing the behavior of this category of children, the most accessibleand useful are dance and movement games, which are accompaniedby a simplesongtext. In suchgames, the child gets the opportunity to perform exercises that gradually become more difficult and thatare easily in cludedin the game situation. In the life of a child with intellectual disabilities, play should be come a leading activity, providing the zone of his immediate development. However, this happens only when special conditions are created and the child is in cluded in the process of corrective and educational work, part of which is the purposeful formation of play activities. Most children with intellectual disabilities show aninsufficiently expressed and weakinterestintoys, this is a signof generall ow cognitiveactivity. In most cases, such children do not have favorite toys, as a resul to fwhich they begin to perform game actions with those who at the moment fall into their field of vision or attract them with their appearance, and not with the opportunity to realize a specific go a lin life, as happens in children with norm of development. Based on this, the interestis short-lived, unstable and the child quickly throws the toy away. All the sefeaturesle ad to a long delay in the development of all components of game activity. Some children have a selective interestintoys, their favorite toys stand out. However, this interest is blurred, unstable, which is manifested in the absence of even a short- termin clusion in the game process. The child is quickly distracted. There fore, properly organized play activity has a positive effect on the physical development of preschool children with intellectual disabilities, promotes the activation of their intellectual sphere, forms the arbitrariness of mental processes, there for econtributes to the harmonious development of the child's personality. In addition, the game develops and improves communication skills, which affects the success of socialization.

Football as a basic tool of physical education for higher education acquires

The purpose of the work: to reveal the importance of football in the physical education of students of higher education. Methodology: theoretical research methods were used, in particular, analysis and generalization of methodological, psychological-pedagogical and educational-methodical literature, which made it possible to reveal the importance of football in the physical education of students of higher education. Scientific novelty: it has been proven that systematic and regular football training produces the ability to quickly master motor actions and quickly rebuild them in accordance with situational tasks. Agility in football is manifested in movements with the ball, without the ball, in constantly changing game situations. Movements associated with dribbling, passing, tackling and kicking the ball require players to display the widest range of coordination abilities. In addition, this motor activity in football takes place in the conditions of martial arts and constantly changing external conditions (state of the field, spectators, weather), which requires a high level of speed.
 Conclusions: therefore, football is a sport that contributes to the versatile physical development of the individual in the greatest way. After all, the game of football, associated with the need to maintain high performance for a long time and perform work with maximum intensity against the background of significant general fatigue and stress, requires high stability in interconnected functional systems. Therefore, the technical and tactical skills of football players are demonstrated in the game with proper efficiency only against the background of a high level of their physical fitness.
 All sports games are associated with a different nature and intensity of psychological stress, football is not the result. During the game, football players experience stress, which is vaguely reflected in their athletic and technical skills. Therefore, in order to overcome the negative stress states that can occur during the game of football and negatively affect the result, it is important to introduce football lessons into the educational process of physical education.

The pathological technical and tactical movements of a soccer player during return to sport predicts a second anterior cruciate ligament injury

Background: Return to sport after Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction remains a difficult decision-making process that is not structured on shared and homogeneous assessments. This greatly elevates the risk factors for second injuries. Objective: Highlight football-specific gestural, pathological, technical-tactical patterns that contribute to new ACL injuries (ipsilateral graft rupture or contralateral rupture of the native ACL). Material and method: For the purpose of this literature review, peer-reviewed and nonpeer-reviewed indexed journals were consulted from 1979 to the present. Studies were identified by searching them on PubMed/MEDLINE databases. The following search terms were used: “second ACL injury,” “cutting maneuver and ACL”, “sidestep cutting technique and ACL” “Valgus knee in sport” “change of direction and ACL injury” “pressing soccer” tackle in soccer”. The literature search was directed, also, to the Gray Literature. Result: An immediate pressing or re-aggression on the adversary, tackle, or cutting maneuver is clinically read as moments of risk factors, injury, or re-injury, for both the ball bearer and the defender. We found how a good deal of literature emphasizes how side-to-side gestural asymmetries, during technical and tactical movements, present during return to sport can elevate risk factors for second ACL injuries. During ball recovery, 4 main game situations have been found to elevate the risk factors of knee capsular ligament injuries: (1) during tactical moments of collective pressing or individual pressure; (2) in the postural rebalancing phase after moments of instability following the kicking of the ball; (3) dysfunctional moments from gestural instability, in landing, after a header in single-pedal support; (4) during a tackle by direct contact or indirect contact on the joint. Conclusion: Residual pathological movement’s side-to-side asymmetries and postural-dysfunctional pictures related to specific gestures after ACL reconstructive surgery are predictive factors of second ipsilateral ACL injury or injury to the contralateral limb. Given, however, the subjective interpretation of movement quality assessments, their relative reliability and validity in the diagnostic and therapeutic use of complex sports gestures, pressing, and cutting maneuvers, during the process of return to sport should be analyzed together and clinical assessments to identify other and consistent predictors of second ACL injuries.

BASKETBALL BALL-CARRYING CLASSIFICATION

In the last 20-30 years, tactical and technical movements in basketball have changed. New complex types of dribbling have appeared that allow the basketball player to beat the opponent and attack the basket. There is no systematic description of improper coordination types of dribbling in modern educational and methodological literature. The purpose of the study is to systematize dribbling in modern basketball. To achieve this, the following methods were used: analysis and summarization of specialized literature, method of systematization, questionnaire from 86 trainers. As a result of classification, description of 64 main (simple) types of dribbling was obtained. The classification of game situations gave a complete understanding in class 72 of its application during the game. Complex coordination types of dribbling include several basic - combinations of different game situations.

Error Rate in the Decisions of Elite Futsal Referees in the Context of Their Position on the Pitch

One of the primary requirements for a futsal referee is the minimum of incorrect decisions in a match. An important starting point for the possibility of the correct decision of the referee is his position on the court when deciding. The aim of the thesis is to find out whether the error rate of the futsal referee changes when assessing game situations (leading to a direct free kick) in connection with his position. The research group consisted of referees of the 1st futsal league in the Czech Republic (n = 15); average age 39.4 (SD = 6.2). A total of 685 game situations were assessed from 42 matches in the 2020/21 and 2021/22 seasons. The methods of work were: indirect observation of video recordings, notation analysis, expert assessment of game situations by an expert group (n = 5). Results: the error rate in the decisions of referees is 7%; inadequate positions detected 3%; A statistically significant relationship was found between the degree of error rate in the referees' decisions and the quality of the position (rs = .32, p < .001) but no material significance was found. We recommend a more detailed research solution to this issue.

Pursuit-evasion game strategy of USV based on deep reinforcement learning in complex multi-obstacle environment

Aiming at the confrontation game problems between pursuit-evasion unmanned surface vehicles under complex multi-obstacle environment, a pursuit-evasion game strategy is proposed. Firstly, the multi-obstacle environment is set up, and the gaming situation can be judged by the perception between pursuit-evasion USVs. For the pursuers, the model training is performed based on multi-agent deep reinforcement learning, so that they can quickly plan a reasonable obstacle avoidance and pursuit route, and form an effective encirclement posture before the evader approaches the target point. Meanwhile, the credit assignment problem among the members of the pursuing group is considered. For the evader, deep reinforcement learning is combined with imitation learning to train the escape model, so that it can reach the preset point in as short a time as possible and avoid the obstacles on the way. Finally, an adversarial-evolutionary game training method under multiple random scenarios is designed and combined with curriculum learning to iteratively update the pursuit and escape models. Through the detailed comparative analysis of the model training process and simulation experiments, it is proved that the proposed two types of models have higher convergence efficiency and stability, and they can have higher intelligence to pursue, escape and avoid obstacles respectively.

‘I’m just imitating the idiot’

This study examines how exclusionary acts of status degradation are performed through embodied stances and pejorative category ascriptions in the midst of a situated game activity where two boys align in mockful stances and stylized enactments towards a targeted boy. Drawing on a multimodal interactional approach to stance and membership categorization combined with sociolinguistic work on indexicality and identity, it shows how the cumulative patterning of derogatory stances index a deviant gender identity for the targeted boy. While the target is repeatedly cast as ‘abnormal’ and an ‘outsider’ by attributing (non-)boyhood features as ‘incompetence’ and ‘cowardness’, the two boys’ elevate own positions and display shared commitments to themselves as ‘real (warrior) boys’.

Credibilistic Cournot Game with Risk Aversion under a Fuzzy Environment

The classic Cournot game ignores the influence of the players’ psychological behavior on the decision and cannot deal with the game problem of fuzzy information. To address such game situations, a credibilistic Cournot game is developed, where the optimistic value criterion derived from credibility theory is used to describe risk-averse behavior of manufacturers and the associated parameters are characterized by fuzzy variables. Then, a concept of the (α1, α2)-optimistic equilibrium quantity is proposed and its uniqueness is shown. Finally, the relevant results of the credibilistic Cournot game are applied to an example to illustrate the availability of our model, and a sensitivity analysis of the relationship between the (α1, α2)-optimistic equilibrium quantity and confidence levels is performed. The results show that manufacturers’ (α1, α2)-optimistic equilibrium quantity is positively related to the risk aversion level of their competitors and negatively to their own risk aversion level.