Government Functions Research Articles

Implementation as the acid test: International lessons from Universal Health Coverage reforms around the world

Abstract Introduction Health systems around the world are moving towards Universal Health Coverage, which is included in the Sustainable Development Goals. However, the journey towards UHC began decades ago, with countries in Europe introducing national health services following World War II. This was mirrored in Canada and, more recently, countries in Latin America introduced health reforms as part of broader social movements. Since the millennium, reforms have also taken place in Low and Middle Income Countries as well as High Incomes Countries. However, because the introduction of UHC often necessitates far-reaching reforms, countries face significant challenges along the path of policy implementation. Methods A realist review explored international experiences of introducing and implementing UHC. Embase, Medline and Web of Science were searched. Descriptive, inductive and deductive realist analysis aided the development of Context, Mechanism, Outcome Configurations, alongside stakeholder engagement. Findings How countries go about establishing UHC depends on their social, political, cultural and economic contexts. For reforms to be facilitated, there must be cohesion and commitment across all systems, as well as the functions of financing, governance and service delivery. This includes political support, often underpinned by legislation framing healthcare as a human right, as well as communication between stakeholders and the development of a strong primary care sector. Conversely, fragmentation across these systems and functions pose significant barriers to reform. Conclusions Examining international experiences of UHC reforms supports learning around the factors that facilitate or challenge implementation. These learnings empower policy makers and health system leaders by providing roadmaps for reform implementation. Finally, this research provides insights into health inequities that are rebalanced through the implementation of UHC reforms.

The procedure for selecting declarations for NACP’s full audit: novelties and challenges

Every year, from 600 to 900 thousand declarations are submitted to the Unified State Register of Declarations of Persons Authorized to Perform State or Local Governance Functions. Meanwhile, only 27 employees of the National Agency on Corruption Prevention (NACP) are responsible for conduction the full audit of these declarations. In such circumstances, the question of methodology under which the NACP selects declarations for full audit comes to the fore. Prior to the full-scale invasion on Ukrainian territory, national legislation had several provisions that defined the procedure for selecting declarations for full audit. The selection system in place at the time resulted in most full audits being conducted only on a very limited number of top officials. During martial law, in September 2023 - June 2024 the system of selecting declarations for full audit was significantly changed. Inter alia, the NACP adopted three new Procedures to regulate these issues. According to the updated regulations, all submitted declarations undergo a computerized risk assessment, after which declarations with the lowest risk are sent for automated audit, and the declarations with the highest risk are selected for full audit according to four levels of priority. While the new system of selection is certainly a significant step forward, it is not without drawbacks. Firstly, it involves unreasonable concealment of the rules of logical and arithmetic control (LAC) from the public, i.e. the criteria by which the NACP calculates the risk rating of each submitted declaration. Secondly, the institution of automated audit introduced in November 2023 is currently of low practical value and in some cases may even hinder the effective selection of declarations for full audit. To address these shortcomings, the NACP is recommended to make the LAC rules publicly available and provide an opportunity for their public discussion, as well as to abandon the mechanism of automated audit in the form in which it currently exists.

ANALISIS PENGARUH BELANJA PEMERINTAH, IPM, DAN INVESTASI DALAM NEGERI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI PROVINSI PAPUA

Economic growth is a benchmark for analysis of a region's development. So it is necessary to pay attention to the determinants of economic growth. Papua is a case study in this analysis because the level of economic growth is in the high category, in addition to the human development index remaining low in the last ten years. This research aims to analyze the influence of government spending according to function, human development index and investment on economic growth in Papua Province in 2011-2019. The type of data used is panel data from 29 districts/cities for eight years using the panel data regression analysis method. The results of this research show that government spending has different results for each type of government function spending. It was found that education spending and economic spending had no influence on economic growth, but the opposite was true for health spending. Apart from that, the human development and investment index explained through PMTB also has an influence on economic growth. These findings could have implications for the government in deciding policies for allocating government spending, especially for education and economic spending functions, which are still not efficient in stimulating economic growth in the Papua region.

Семья как субъект правореализации на современном этапе развития российского законодательства

Today family as a collective subject of law enforcement performs a number of important for government functions: upbringing, educational, reproductive. Creation of conditions for full realization families` rights and opportunities becomes the State`s task. The article considers the problem of family recognition as an independent subject of law enforcement, reviews forms of rights realization by the family and its members, characterizes the main measures of state support, its influence on the level of legal protection and family well-being.

Транспарентность и политические риски: вызовы и перспективы для российской государственной системы

The article analyzes the problems of political risks and transparency of state power, paying special attention to domestic and foreign research in this area. The author points out the insufficient systematization and understanding of political risks in Russian science. Special attention is paid to the concept of transpar-ency as a key principle of the functioning of modern government. The article examines examples of legal regulation of transparency in countries such as Australia, the Netherlands and New Zealand. The author emphasizes the importance of creating a balanced system where transparency must be combined with the need to protect national security. In addition, the article discusses the problem of "double standards" in international politics, considered as an instrument of information warfare and a means of manipulating public consciousness.

Confucianism And Stock Price Synchronization

This paper empirically examines the effect of Confucian culture on stock price synchronization by selecting data from listed companies from 2008-2021. The results show that Confucian culture can significantly reduce the level of stock price synchronization and does so mainly by suppressing managers' self-interested motives and improving the quality of corporate information. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the inhibitory effect of Confucian culture on stock price synchronization is more pronounced in firms that have not been exposed to foreign cultural shocks and have less analyst attention. The findings provide empirical evidence to support the governance function of Confucian culture and have important practical implications for improving capital market pricing efficiency.

Does greater filial piety bring more gender income advantages? Exploring the influence of traditional Chinese filial piety on the gender wage gap

PurposeBased on traditional Chinese filial piety, this article examines the impacts and mechanisms of the two-dimensional filial piety concept “Qinqin – Zunzun” on gender wages in China via China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) conducted in 2014 and 2018.Design/methodology/approachThis article construct regression models to examine the relationship between filial piety concepts and wages. Also, it uses unconditional quantile regression and decomposition to explore the impact of filial piety concepts on the wage gap.FindingsIt is found that: (1) The effects of two-dimensional filial piety are heterogeneous in terms of gender. Specifically, authoritarian filial piety significantly suppresses individual wages and has a stronger suppressive effect on women’s wages, whereas affinity filial piety significantly enhances individual wages without gender heterogeneity; (2) Parents' time support in the intergenerational exchange model is a crucial mechanism by which filial piety affects wages, exhibiting significant gender heterogeneity; (3) Regarding wage distribution, authoritarian filial piety mainly widens the gender income gap in the low and middle income-groups, while affinity filial piety narrows the gender wage gap by “raising the floor”, with its converging effect being most significant in the middle and high-income groups. This article deepens the understanding of the gender wage gap and intergenerational income mobility, providing policy references for better utilizing the social governance function of culture.Originality/valueThe article deepens the understanding and mechanisms of the gender wage gap and inter-generational income mobility, providing policy reference for better utilizing the social governance function of culture.

Research on the System of First Violation without Penalty

With the continuous deepening of the construction of a digital rule of law government and the implementation of the principle of inclusive and prudent supervision in multiple fields represented by the business sector, the latest revised Administrative Penalty Law of the People's Republic of China in 2021 has for the first time stipulated the first violation without penalty system in Article 33. The "first violation without penalty " system draws on the "minor violation without punishment" system and conforms to the trend of government function transformation, which is a novel measure in the field of administrative law enforcement. In this article, the author will analyze the system from two levels. At the theoretical level, the connotation of the system will be explained through its origin, practical significance, and comparison with "minor non punishment"; At the practical level, analyze the practicality of the system by combining the "first violation without penalty " lists from multiple regions. The author will also analyze the problems that exist during the implementation of the system and provide their own suggestions.

International cooperation for the decarbonization of energy-intensive industries: unlocking the full potential

ABSTRACT This article investigates the state of global governance for the deep decarbonization of energy-intensive industries (EIIs) and identifies key options for mobilizing the so far underexploited potential of this global governance. Focusing on four main EIIs (i.e. iron and steel, cement and concrete, chemicals, and aluminium) the analysis is advanced in three steps. First, we establish the theoretical potential of international institutions to address the main barriers to EII decarbonization focusing on six main governance functions. Second, the article provides an up-to-date account of the global governance landscape for EII decarbonization and the contribution it has made to addressing the main barriers. This assessment also identifies major gaps and underexploited potentials of global governance. Finally, we systematically appraise key options for advancing global governance for EII decarbonization based on clear assessment criteria (membership, institutional capacity, legitimacy, feasibility). The major findings are that: (a) global governance has advanced significantly in the 2020s across all governance functions, in particular through the emergence of several initiatives focused on industrial decarbonization, including the recent Climate Club; (b) key priorities for advancing global EII decarbonization concern rules for collective action, means of implementation, landscape orchestration/coordination, and a more equal coverage of different sub-sectors and regions. We argue that the main barrier to addressing these priorities is rooted in (geo)politics rather than a lack of suitable institutions. Consequently, the global governance for EII decarbonization may best be advanced through incrementally developing existing rather than creating major new institutions.

STRATEGI PEMERINTAH DAERAH KABUPATEN BANYUMAS DALAM MENCEGAH KORUPSI ANGGARAN PENDAPATAN DAN BELANJA DAERAH (APBD) DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

Abstrak . Banyumas Regency is one of the regencies that received the highest ranking for corruption prevention. According to the Corruption Eradication Commission's Monitoring Center for Prevention (MCP) corruption prevention instrument, Banyumas Regency is ranked sixth at the national level with an index of 95.79. This research was conducted to find out the strategies of the Banyumas Regency Regional Government in preventing corruption of the Regional Budget (APBD) in Banyumas Regency and the obstacles of the Banyumas Regency Regional Government in implementing strategies to prevent corruption of the Regional Budget (APBD) in Banyumas Regency. The research method used is normative juridical using secondary data sources and primary data sources in the form of data from interviews with the Banyumas Regency local government consisting of the Regional Secretariat of the Legal Section and the Banyumas Regency Regional Inspectorate. Based on the results of the study, that the strategies and effective efforts of the Banyumas Regency local government in preventing corruption of the Regional Budget (APBD) in Banyumas Regency can be done through the establishment of regulations, handling conflicts of interest, fostering the State Civil Apparatus (ASN), using the Monitoring Center for Prevention (MCP), using the Whistleblowing System (WBS), using complaint stalls, conducting investigative audits, implementing the Government Internal Control System (SPIP), and carry out the duties and functions of local government on the regional revenue and expenditure budget (APBD). The obstacles of The Banyumas Regency Regional Government in preventing Corruption in the Regional Budget (APBD) in Banyumas Regency include delays in the implementation of activity schedules, the effectiveness of regulations, and the incompatibility of public complaints. Keyword: Corruption, APBD, Banyumas Regency.

Determinants of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Local Government Authorities (LGAs): Evidence from Morogoro Region of Tanzania

This study examines the determinants of internal audit effectiveness in Local Government Authorities (LGAs), addressing the growing importance of robust Internal Audit Function (IAF) in public sector governance. The study employed the descriptive research design based on a mixed research approach integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected from 45 purposively selected respondents with extensive auditing experience. A multiple linear regression model was used to assess the impact of these factors on internal audit effectiveness. The empirical results indicate that the four factors account for 65.7% of the variance in internal audit effectiveness, with IT utilization being the most significant contributor (R² = 0.657, Adjusted R² = 0.616). The ANOVA results further validate the model, showing a statistically significant F-statistic of 3.2976 with a p-value of 0.001, indicating the robustness of the findings. Top management support was found to be critical in fostering a culture of accountability, while the independence of internal audit ensures objectivity and unbiased assessments. IT utilization was identified as a key driver in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of audit processes. Finally, the competence of internal auditors was shown to significantly influence the quality and accuracy of audit outcomes. The study recommends the need for institutionalizing top management support, safeguarding auditor independence, advancing IT utilization, and promoting continuous professional development for auditors. These measures are essential for improving governance and accountability within LGAs, thereby contributing to more effective and reliable internal audit practices.

Digital Public Services in Indonesia Show High Satisfaction and Adaptation Challenges Remain

General background: Public service is an essential function of government, aimed at fulfilling citizen needs through the provision of goods, services, and administrative support in accordance with regulations. Effective public service requires continuous bureaucratic reforms. Specific background: Lemujut Village, in collaboration with the Population and Civil Registration Service of Sidoarjo Regency, introduced the Online Service (Plavon) application to improve population administration and civil registration services. However, the effectiveness of the Plavon application remains underexplored. Knowledge gap: There is limited research on the effectiveness of digital public service platforms like Plavon in rural Indonesian settings, particularly in terms of productivity, efficiency, satisfaction, and adaptability. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Plavon application in improving public service quality in Lemujut Village by analyzing five key elements: productivity, efficiency, satisfaction, adaptation, and development. Results: Findings indicate that productivity is high, with Plavon operators following procedures and maintaining public trust. However, efficiency is lacking, as some administrative processes fail to meet service time standards. Community satisfaction is notably high at 98.98%, but adaptation to digital services remains suboptimal due to inadequate socialization. Development efforts, such as coordinating via WhatsApp and establishing a call center, show significant progress. Novelty: This study provides a detailed evaluation of the Plavon application’s impact on village-level public services, highlighting the role of digitalization in improving service delivery while identifying challenges in community adaptation and efficiency. Implications: The findings suggest the need for enhanced socialization of digital services and continued development of digital infrastructure to ensure equitable access and efficiency in rural public services. Highlights: High public satisfaction, but service delays persist. Digital adaptation slow due to lack of community awareness. Effective coordination boosts service improvement efforts. Keywords: Public service, digital platform, Plavon, effectiveness, rural Indonesia

Artificial intelligence and decision-making in government functions: opportunities, challenges and future research

Purpose Artificial intelligence (AI) has received much attention due to its promethean-like powers to transform the management and delivery of public sector services. Due to the proliferation of research articles in this context, research to date is fragmented into research streams based on different types of AI technologies or a specific government function of the public sector (e.g. health, education). The purpose of this study is to synthesize this literature, identify challenges and opportunities, and offer a research agenda that guides future inquiry. Design/methodology/approach This paper aggregates this fragmented body of knowledge by conducting a systematic literature review of AI research in public sector organisations in the Chartered Association of Business Schools (CABS)-ranked journals between 2012 and 2023. Findings The search strategy resulted in the retrieval of 2,870 papers, of which 61 were identified as primary papers relevant to this research. These primary papers are mapped to the ten classifications of the functions of government as classified by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the reported challenges and benefits aggregated. Originality/value This study advances knowledge by providing a state-of-the-art of AI research based the OECD classifications of government functions, reporting of claimed benefits and challenges and providing a research agenda for future research.

Effectiveness of Community Forest Management as an Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Strategy in the Context of Nepal

Objectives: This study attempted to explore the effectiveness of community forest (CF) management as an ecosystem based adaptation (EbA) strategy in combating and adapting with the climate change impacts upon local ecosystems and communities. Method: In order to identify EbA options, effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, governance and socioeconomic function of CF were analyzed. Effectiveness and sustainability were examined and compared through Land Use Land Cover (LULC) database during 1996 and 2021. Efficiency was explored through the economic valuation of provisioning and cultural services, using economic approach–revealed price (market price) method. Socioeconomic functions and governance were examined through the existing plans/policies and secondary data review. Findings: CF is effectively and sustainably managing the available resources. It has increased forest cover, water body, grassland and remarkable decline in bush and sand area. Bush area (79.25 ha in 1996) dropped (to 6.52 ha in 2021) while forest cover increased from 340.46 ha to 375.54 ha. Waterbody (pond or lake area) was limited to 0.88 ha that expanded to 5.04 ha in 2021 due to the conservation oriented management practices. Meanwhile, economic value of provisioning services is USD 7182 accounting wood and timber the highest (average annual USD 4800) among the provisioning services while average annual value of firewood and poles is USD 1367 and NTFP (fish and rubber) is USD 1015 whereas the economic value of cultural services is USD 18803. Novelty: The novelty of the research work lies in the unique methodology and the selection of CF for the EbA case study, which is least explored. By exposing the integration of ecological and socio-economic considerations, this research underscores the significance CF as EbA option in shaping sustainable development pathway in Nepalese context. Keywords: Ecosystem Services, Ecosystem Based Adaptation, Community Forest, Nepal, Land Management

ANÁLISES DA EXECUÇÃO ORÇAMENTÁRIA DO ESTADO DO AMAZONAS (2016 – 2023) SOB A ÓTICA DA TEORIA DO EQUILÍBRIO PONTUADO

This study aims to examine budget execution in the State of Amazonas between 2016 and 2023, using the Punctuated Equilibrium Theory as a basis to identify periods of stability and abrupt changes. The methodology used was quantitative, with analyzes conducted based on data updated until December 31, 2023. To assess the normality of the distributions, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were applied, with a confidence level of 5%. The results indicated that budget decisions, both in expenses by nature groups and by government functions, showed atypical behavior. The presence of periods of stability with interruptions was observed, which validates the central hypothesis that the Punctuated Equilibrium Theory is applicable to the analysis of budget variations in Amazonas. It was found that, although budgets are prepared incrementally, their execution reveals an interrupted pattern of stability. This research advances the literature on the execution of budgetary policies by including the analysis of total revenue and expenses paid by personnel group.Theoretical contributions cover discussions on budget preparation in Brazil, the impacts of party changes on budget execution and financial imbalance.

Is participatory budgeting a driving force behind excessive social welfare spending?

ABSTRACT Participatory Budgeting (PB) allows citizens to directly influence public fund allocation, often enhancing poverty reduction and administrative efficiency. This study explores PB’s impact on social welfare spending in 214 Korean municipalities, identifying a significant increase in such expenditures post-PB adoption. The research highlights a potential overemphasis on social welfare spending due to PB, exceeding levels justified by socio-economic, political, and fiscal factors. It also shows that legislative checks, political pressures on mayors, and diverse political orientations can counterbalance the spending surge. The study cautions against a PB’s disproportionate focus on social welfare, which might neglect other government functions.

Pengaruh Dukungan Sosial terhadap Stress Kerja pada Anggota Polri di Polres Karanganyar

The police are a civil intermediary who regulates order and law. The function of the police is a state government function in the field of maintaining and securing public order. Therefore, the police's job is quite difficult, the challenges and pressure at work cause work stress. Social support from various parties is very effective in reducing work stress for police officers. This research aims to determine the effect of social support on work stress among police officers at the Karanganyar Police Station. The hypothesis proposed is that there is an influence between social support and work stress among police officers at the Karanganyar Police Station. This research uses quantitative methods with data collection techniques using questionnaires distributed to members. The conclusion of this research is that there is a significant influence between social support on work stress among police officers at Karanganyar Police. The higher the level of social support, the lower the level of work stress and conversely, if the social support is lower, the level of work stress will be higher. Therefore, social support can reduce or prevent work stress.

Are the normative rationales of local autonomy related to democratic legitimacy justified? Evidence from 57 countries in Europe and beyond (1990–2020)

ABSTRACT Frequently, increasing local autonomy is recommended to improve democratic legitimacy and government effectiveness. This paper attempts to verify to what extent these normative rationales are empirically sound. By using observations of local autonomy from the LAI 2.0 project (57 countries from 1990 to 2020) as independent variables and a set of governance indicators as dependent variables, we examine the possible impacts of local autonomy on various input-, output-, but also throughput-related aspects of legitimacy. The results show that local autonomy positively influences various aspects of input and throughput legitimacy, but not across the entire array of examined indicators. Our fixed effects regression models indicate that local autonomy is significantly related to the existence of elected local government, quality of democracy, accountability, transparency, equality of participation and openness. This research allows us to justify the normative claims of local autonomy facilitating efforts towards a more legitimate functioning of local governments.

Government of Batam City's Strategy in Implementing SEZ Policy

Regional autonomy, FTZ, KEK, institutional dualism, and special autonomy One of Indonesia's cities with the quickest growth is Batam. The Batam Authority, now known as BP Batam, constructed Batam Island in the 1970s, and it has since grown and gained a number of economic advantages. The issues Batam City is currently experiencing have existed since Batam implemented regional autonomy. An institutional dualism with the BCG, which had existed since the 1970s, evolved as a result of the BCG's arrival in 2000. The BCG served as the regional autonomy's executor and had a very strong legal and political standing. This study's goal is to acquire a general understanding of the difficulties that the City is now facing. One essential role of regional governments in the planning of regional development is their capacity to manage and implement regional development projects. because the success of the process of managing government and development operations in the region is dependent on the regional government. In Manatuto District, the community, village, village council, sub-district, and regional stakeholders are involved at the beginning of the regional development planning process. The community was unhappy when it looked at the central government's procedure for approving regional planning papers because it found that it was not based on the planning documents that were submitted to the central government. This study's objectives were to: a) Describe and examine the function of local government as an entrepreneur, coordinator, facilitator.

Perceived social fairness and trust in government serially mediate the effect of governance quality on subjective well-being

Governance quality refers to how well the processes and institutions of public governance function and is widely recognized as having an important influence on human well-being. We developed and tested a theoretical model that elucidates the relationship between governance quality and the subjective well-being of residents in China by revealing the serial mediation effects of perceived social fairness and trust in government. Using data from the nationally representative Chinese Social Survey conducted in 2021 (n = 5019), we performed structural equation modeling to empirically examine our hypotheses. The results indicated that governance quality exerted a significant positive fully indirect impact on subjective well-being through perceived social fairness, trust in government, and their serial mediation effects. This study contributes to the literature by providing valuable insights into the determinants of subjective well-being and highlighting the serial mediating roles of perceived social fairness and trust in government in the relationship between governance quality and subjective well-being. The findings also provide practical insights for policymakers, as they indicate that promoting perceived social fairness and fostering trust in government are essential to translate governance quality into subjective well-being.